scholarly journals Prenatal glucocorticoids and long-term programming

2004 ◽  
Vol 151 (Suppl_3) ◽  
pp. U49-U62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Prenatal Exposure ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Low Birth Weight Babies ◽  
Physiological Variations

Epidemiological evidence suggests that low birth weight is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular, metabolic and neuroendocrine disorders in adult life. Glucocorticoid administration during pregnancy reduces offspring birth weight and alters the maturation of the lung and other organs. We hypothesised that prenatal exposure to excess glucocorticoids or stress might represent a mechanism linking foetal growth with adult pathophysiology. In rats, birth weight is reduced following prenatal exposure to the synthetic steroid dexamethasone, which readily crosses the placenta, or to carbenoxolone, which inhibits 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11beta-HSD2), the physiological feto-placental 'barrier' to maternal glucocorticoids. As adults, the offspring exhibit permanent hypertension, hyperglycaemic, increased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity and behaviour reminiscent of anxiety. Physiological variations in placental 11beta-HSD2 activity correlate directly with foetal weight. In humans, 11beta-HSD2 gene mutations cause low birth weight. Moreover, low-birth-weight babies have higher plasma cortisol levels throughout adult life, indicating HPA axis programming. The molecular mechanisms may reflect permanent changes in the expression of specific transcription factors, key among which is the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) itself. The differential programming of the GR in different tissues reflects effects upon one or more of the multiple tissue-specific alternate first exons/promoters of the GR gene. Overall, the data suggest that both pharmacological and physiological exposure prenatally to excess glucocorticoids programmes cardiovascular, metabolic and neuroendocrine disorders in adult life.

scholarly journals IGF-2R-Gαq signaling and cardiac hypertrophy in the low-birth-weight lamb

2015 ◽  
Vol 308 (7) ◽  
pp. R627-R635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberley C. W. Wang ◽  
Darran N. Tosh ◽  
Song Zhang ◽  
I. Caroline McMillen ◽  
Jaime A. Duffield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Cardiac Hypertrophy ◽  
Histone Acetylation ◽  
Troponin I ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy ◽  
Average Birth Weight ◽  
Increased Risk

The cardiac insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (IGF-2R) can induce cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in a heterotrimeric G protein receptor-coupled manner involving αq (Gαq) or αs (Gαs). We have previously shown increased left ventricular weight and cardiac IGF-2 and IGF-2R gene expression in low-birth-weight (LBW) compared with average-birth-weight (ABW) lambs. Here, we have investigated the cardiac expression of IGF-2 gene variants, the degree of histone acetylation, and the abundance of proteins in the IGF-2R downstream signaling pathway in ABW and LBW lambs. Samples from the left ventricle of ABW and LBW lambs were collected at 21 days of age. There was increased phospho-CaMKII protein with decreased HDAC 4 abundance in the LBW compared with ABW lambs. There was increased GATA 4 and decreased phospho-troponin I abundance in LBW compared with ABW lambs, which are markers of pathological cardiac hypertrophy and impaired or reduced contractility, respectively. There was increased histone acetylation of H3K9 at IGF-2R promoter and IGF-2R intron 2 differentially methylated region in the LBW lamb. In conclusion, histone acetylation of IGF-2R may lead to increased IGF-2R mRNA expression and subsequently mediate Gαq signaling early in life via CaMKII, resulting in an increased risk of left ventricular hypertrophy and cardiovascular disease in adult life.

scholarly journals Knowledge Regarding Care of Low Birth Neonates among Nurses of Morang, Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
pp. 66-70
Author(s):  
Anuja Kachapati ◽  
Kavita Lamichhane ◽  
Sangam Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Adequate Care ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Low Birth Weight Babies ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
High Level

INTRODUCTION Babies born preterm or at low birth weight are at increased risk of immediate life-threatening health problems as well as long-term complications and developmental delays. The occurrence of this condition causes substantial morbidity and mortality in children. The nurses are the key persons to provide care for the low birth weight neonates. The role of nurses to assess the low birth weight babies and to protect them from various complications. MATERIAL AND METHODS  A descriptive cross-sectional design was used to find out the level of knowledge regarding care of low birth weight neonates among 60 registered nurses of Nepal (staff nurses and bachelor nurses) by using enumerative technique in Koshi Hospital, Biratnagar, Nepal. Semi-structured, pre-tested interview schedule was used to collect data and analysed by using descriptive and inferential statistic with SPSS version 16. RESULTS The study findings revealed that 63.3% of the respondents had high level of knowledge regarding care of low birth weight neonates. There was no statistically significant association between respondents' professional qualification and respondents' level of knowledge regarding care of low birth weight neonates. CONCLUSION The study concluded that more than half of the respondents had high level of knowledge regarding care of low birth weight neonates. Nurse is an important primary care provider and therefore, her education and access to information on care of low birth weight new born will help her provide adequate care and prevent complications in low birth weight babies.  

scholarly journals A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY: ASSESSMENT OF MATERNAL RISK FACTORS FOUND IN LOW BIRTH WEIGHT NEONATES

2020 ◽  
pp. 11-13
Author(s):  
Nikulkumar Thakkar ◽  
Shalini Panday ◽  
Nomeeta Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Maternal Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Maternal Risk ◽  
Increased Risk

Introduction Birth weight is one of the important factors for the survival, normal growth and development of a child. LBW is associated with compromised growth, disabilities, hospitalizations, brain damage, and poorer language development, increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders in adult life. Maternal risk factor that may contribute to LBW include age, stature, socioeconomic status, multiple pregnancies, previous LBW infants and poor nutrition. Method: The present cross-sectional study was carried out in the postnatal care wards and NICU of Janta trust hospital, Patan. All live born babies born at Janta Hopsital with birth weight of less than 2.5kg during July 2019 to June 2020 were included after written consent from parents. The information regarding the study variables was record on predesigned, pretested questionnaire. Result: Out of 65 LBW babies, 46.2% were boys. Percentage of LBW babies was similar in second para and above (52.3%) as compared to primiparous mothers (47.7%). Eighteen babies (18, 27.7%) were born pre term. About 3.1% LBW babies had very low birth weight. The proportion of LBW babies was higher in 20-24 year age group (52.3%). Majority of mothers studied up to primary (84.8%). Total 63.1% had an antenatal registration with in the first trimester. Half of mothers (52.3%) visited adequately during antenatal period. Most common maternal factors found in LBW mothers were anemia (55.4%), PIH (12.0%) followed by UTI (7.7%) fever (6.2%) and APH (6.2%). Conclusion: Maternal factors like teenage pregnancy, illiteracy of the mothers, lower socioeconomic status, short birth spacing, lack of antenatal care were observed higher among low birth weight newborn. There is the need to strengthen the maternal services at community level.

scholarly journals Akt signaling as a mediator of cardiac adaptation to low birth weight

2017 ◽  
Vol 233 (2) ◽  
pp. R81-R94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberley C W Wang ◽  
Kimberley J Botting ◽  
Song Zhang ◽  
I Caroline McMillen ◽  
Doug A Brooks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Increased Risk

Intrauterine insults, such as poor nutrition and placental insufficiency, can alter cardiomyocyte development, and this can have significant long-term implications for heart health. Consequently, epidemiological studies have shown that low-birth-weight babies have an increased risk of death from cardiovascular disease in adult life. In addition, intrauterine growth restriction can result in increased left ventricular hypertrophy, which is the strongest predictor for poor health outcomes in cardiac patients. The mechanisms responsible for these associations are not clear, but a suboptimal intrauterine environment can program alternative expression of genes such as cardiac IGF-2/H19, IGF-2R and AT1R through either an increase or decrease in DNA methylation or histone acetylation at specific loci. Furthermore, hypoxia and other intrauterine insults can also activate the IGF-1 receptor via IGF-1 and IGF-2, and the AT1 receptor via angiotensin signaling pathways; both of which can result in the phosphorylation of Akt and the activation of a range of downstream pathways. In turn, Akt activation can increase cardiac angiogenesis and cardiomyocyte apoptosis and promote a reversion of metabolism in postnatal life to a fetal phenotype, which involves increased reliance on glucose. Cardiac Akt can also be indirectly regulated by microRNAs and conversely can target microRNAs that will eventually affect other specific cardiac genes and proteins. This review aims to discuss our understanding of this complex network of interactions, which may help explain the link between low birth weight and the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in adult life.

Small size at birth predicts decreased cardiomyocyte number in the adult ovine heart

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 618-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Vranas ◽  
G. K. Heinemann ◽  
H. Liu ◽  
M. J. De Blasio ◽  
J. A. Owens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Left Ventricle ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Cardiomyocyte Number

Low birth weight is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) hearts have fewer CMs in early postnatal life, which may impair postnatal cardiovascular function and hence, explain increased disease risk, but whether the cardiomyocyte deficit persists to adult life is unknown. We therefore studied the effects of experimentally induced placental restriction (PR) on cardiac outcomes in young adult sheep. Heart size, cardiomyocyte number, nuclearity and size were measured in control (n=5) and PR (n=5) male sheep at 1 year of age. PR lambs were 36% lighter at birth (P=0.007), had 38% faster neonatal relative growth rates (P=0.001) and had 21% lighter heart weights relative to body weight as adults (P=0.024) than control lambs. Cardiomyocyte number, nuclearity and size in the left ventricle did not differ between control and PR adults; hearts of both groups contained cardiomyocytes (CM) with between one and four nuclei. Overall, cardiomyocyte number in the adult left ventricle correlated positively with birth weight but not with adult weight. This study is the first to demonstrate that intrauterine growth directly influences the complement of CM in the adult heart. Cardiomyocyte size was not correlated with cardiomyocyte number or birth weight. Our results suggest that body weight at birth affects lifelong cardiac functional reserve. We hypothesise that decreased cardiomyocyte number of low birth weight individuals may impair their capacity to adapt to additional challenges such as obesity and ageing.

scholarly journals Adverse Reproductive Outcomes Associated With Teenage Pregnancy

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siddhartha Yadav ◽  
Dilip Choudhary ◽  
Narayan KC ◽  
Rajesh Kumar Mandal ◽  
Achyut Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Teenage Pregnancy ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Preterm Births ◽  
Teenage Mothers ◽  
Reproductive Outcomes ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Low Birth Weight Babies

Introduction– It is debated whether teenage pregnancy is associated with an adverse reproductive outcome. This study assessed the reproductive outcomes in teenage pregnancy in Nepal, a developing setting. Methods – Ahospital based retrospective cohort study of 4,101 deliveries to compare the outcomes between teenage and non-teenage pregnancies. Results – Pregnancy in teenagers was associated with significantly increased risk (P<0.05) of delivery of very and moderately preterm births and Low Birth Weight babies. There was no significant difference in risk of having small for gestational age babies, low APGAR score at birth at 1 min and 5min, stillbirth, neonatal death, and post partum hemorrhage. However, the risk of having delivery by episiotomy, vacuum or forceps and Caesarean section was significantly lower (P<0.05) among teenage mothers. Conclusion – Teenage women were more likely to have preterm births and low birth weight babies. However, they were less likely to have delivery by episiotomy, forceps or vacuum and Caesarean sections. In other respects, there were no significant differences between teenage and non-teenage mothers.

Pengaruh Perawatan Metode Kanguru (PMK) terhadap Pencegahan Hipotermi pada Bayi Baru Lahir

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
Parti ◽  
Sumiati Malik ◽  
Nurhayati
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Kangaroo Mother Care ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
P Value ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Low Birth Weight Babies ◽  
Before And After

Most causes of infant death are problems that occur in newborn/neonatal (0-28 days old), Low Birth Weight Babies (LBW) is one of the factors which has a contribution to infant mortality, especially in the neonatal period. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is a benchmark in determining the degree of public health, both at the National and Provincial levels. This study aimed to determine the effect of the Kangaroo Mother Care Method (KMC) on the prevention of hypothermia in low birth weight infants at Morowali District Hospital in 2019. The type of research used was a quasi-experiment. The population is all low birth weight babies born from May to July 2019. The sample in this study was all newborns with low birth weight born from May to July 2019, totaling 30 babies. There is a difference (influence) on the baby's body temperature before and after KMC with a p-value=0,000. The kangaroo mother care can continue to be affiliated considering its benefits for both infants and mothers, as well as increasing the ability of health workers in conducting KMC so that they can provide in-house training for mothers to be carried out at home.

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