Investigation of electrical characteristics using various electrodes for evaluating the moisture content in wood

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 7040-7055
Author(s):  
Sung-Wook Hwang ◽  
Sung-Yun Hwang ◽  
Taekyeong Lee ◽  
Kyung-Sun Ahn ◽  
Sung-Jun Pang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Larix Kaempferi ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Electrically Conductive ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Resistance Data

Electrical resistance and resistivity were measured with various types of electrodes to evaluate the moisture content of wood. The conventional two-pin method, electrically conductive fabrics, and multi-pin electrodes were used to measure the electrical resistance of Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) wood, and a four-pin probe was used for resistivity measurements. The resistance in the longitudinal direction measured with the two-pin electrode was slightly affected by the dimensions of the wood sample, whereas the resistance measured with the conductive fabric and multi-pin electrodes was clearly affected by the end surface area in contact with the electrode and the length between electrodes. The resistivity calculated from the relationship between the electrical resistance and sample dimensions also showed differences based on the sample dimensions. The least squares regression model trained with the resistance data based on the two-pin method predicted the moisture content with a high coefficient of determination of 0.986. The four-pin probe produced the most stable resistivity regardless of the sample dimensions, making it a feasible approach for the moisture evaluation of large wood members.

scholarly journals Hubungan Motivasi Kerja dengan Kinerja Guru Taman Kanak Kanak di Kecamatan Padang Utara Kota Padang

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Fadhila Rahmi ◽  
Zulminiati Zulminiati
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Work Motivation ◽  
Kindergarten Teachers ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Meaningful Relationship ◽  
The Relationship

This study aims to determine the relationship between work motivation and the performance of kindergarten teachers in Padang Utara District, Padang City. The hypothesis in this study proposed is that there is a meaningful relationship between work motivation and the performance of kindergarten teachers in Padang Utara District,Padang City. This type of research correlational with a kuantatif approach,which describes the relationshipof work motivation with the performance of kindergarten teachers in Padang Utara District, Padang City. The population in this study, with 82 teacher  who taught in kindergarten in Padang Utara Subdistrict,Padang City,and were sampled in this study,with 43 people taken using the stratified Proposional Random Sampling techninque. The instruments in this study are likert scale model questionnaires that have been tested for validity and reability and the result are valid and reabel. Data were analyzed using Produt Moment correlation formula with SPPS version 17. Based on data analysis,the coefficient of determination of work motivation was obtained at 0,512. The correlation coefficient between work motivation and the performance of kindergarten teachers is 0,715.This means that motivation is 71,5% towards the performance of significant 5% kindergarten teachers. Based of these data it can be concluded work motivation has a positive relationship with the performance of  kindergarten teacher in Padang Utara District,Padang City.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PENGARUH DEBT CAPITAL DAN EQUITY CAPITAL TERHADAP SISA HASIL USAHA (SHU) KOPERASI

EkoPreneur ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Adih Supriadi
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Equity Capital ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Business Unit ◽  
Business Results ◽  
Debt Capital ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Research Analysis

This study is entitled Analysis of the Effect of Debt Capital and Equity Capital on the Remaining Operational Results of Cooperatives. The research is descriptive quantitative, the population used as the unit of research analysis is the Cooperative in the City of South Tangerang with the category thirty large cooperatives in the City of South Tangerang, with the criteria of having more than one business unit, and routinely carrying out RATs  the last three years in a row. The number of cooperatives that will be sampled in this study are thirty cooperatives. The research method used is causal analytical associative meaning a causal relationship where the variable x will affect the variable y. This method aims to determine the relationship between two or more variables, by explaining, predicting and controlling a symptom. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Debt Capital and Equity Capital on the Remnants of Cooperative Business Results in the City of South Tangerang. From the results of the study note that Debt Capital partially has a significant effect on the Remaining Operating Results, with a coefficient of determination of 72.29%, the remaining 27.71% is influenced by other factors. Equity Capital partially has a significant effect on the Remaining Results of Operations, with a coefficient of determination of 74.67%, the remaining 25.33% is influenced by other factors. Debt Capital and Equity Capital simultaneously have a significant effect on the Remaining Operating Results, with a coefficient of determination of 81.81%, the remaining 18.19% is influenced by other factors.Keywords: Cooperative, Debt Capital, Equity Capital, Remaining Operating Results

scholarly journals Determination of selected physical properties of Brachystegia eurycoma seeds

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 165-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.C. Ndukwu
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Solid Density ◽  
Axial Dimension ◽  
Design And Construction

The research looked at some selected physical properties of <I>Brachystegia eurycoma</I>, such as axial dimension, roundness, sphericity, surface area, bulk density, solid density, porosity, and volume which are essential in the design and construction of the processing and handling equipments of <I>Brachystegia eurycoma</I>. All the above physical properties measured showed some deviations from the average values which is typical of agricultural biomaterials. Solid density showed the highest deviation of 4.04 g/mm<sup>3</sup> while the volume showed the least deviation of 0.01 mm<sup>3</sup> when compared to those of other physical properties. The angle of repose increased with the increase in the moisture content with a coefficient of determination of 0.98.

Efikasi Diri, Kecemasan Matematis dan Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Siswa dalam Pembelajaran Berbasis Saintifik

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-38
Author(s):  
Isna Rafianti ◽  
Siti Nurul Afifah ◽  
Abdul Fatah
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Ability Test ◽  
Mathematical Anxiety ◽  
Class Viii ◽  
The Relationship

This study aims to determine the relationship between self-efficacy and mathematical anxiety with the problem solving ability of students of class VIII SMP in scientific based learning. This research is quantitative research. The instruments of this study were self-efficacy questionnaire, mathematical anxiety questionnaire and problem solving ability test questions. The results of this study are: (1) there is a positive and significant relationship between self-efficacy and problem solving ability with a regression coefficient value of 22.1% (2) there is a negative and significant relationship between mathematical anxiety towards problem solving ability with a coefficient of determination of 13 % (3) there is a significant relationship between self-efficacy and mathematical anxiety with the ability to solve problems with a coefficient of determination of 22.4%.

HUBUNGAN ANTARA BELAJAR BERDASAR REGULASI DIRI DENGAN SIKAP TERHADAP EKSTRAKURIKULER PADA SISWA KELAS XI SMA MARDISISWA SEMARANG

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
Randwitya Ayu Ganis Hemasti
Keyword(s):  
Extracurricular Activities ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Emotional Factors ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Effective Contribution

This study aimed to determine the relationship between learning based on self-regulation with attitudes toward extracurricular activities, and to determine the effective contribution of learning based on self-regulation. The population in accordance with the characteristics in this study amounted to 113 students in Mardisiswa Semarang High School. Data collection uses a scale of learning based on self-regulation consisting of 31 items (α = 0.939), and a scale of attitude towards extracurricular consisting of 30 items (α = 0.970). The results of hypothesis testing show that learning based on self-regulation is positively related to attitudes towards extracurricular activities indicated by rxy = 0.529 with a significance level of correlation of 0,000 (p <0.05). The test results obtained coefficient of determination of 0, 280. It means that learning based on student self-regulation gives an effect of 28% on attitudes toward extracurricular. While 72% of attitudes towards extracurricular are influenced by other factors outside the variables of this study. These factors include personal experience, the influence of others who are considered important, the influence of culture, mass media, religious institutions, and the influence of emotional factors.   Keywords: self-regulation, Extracurricular.   Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara belajar berdasar regulasi diri dengan sikap terhadap ekstrakurikuler, dan untuk mengetahui sumbangan efektif belajar berdasar regulasi diri. Populasi yang sesuai dengan karakteristik dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 113 siswa di SMA Mardisiswa Semarang. Pengumpulan data menggunakan skala belajar berdasar regulasi diri yang terdiri dari 31 item (α = 0,939), dan skala sikap terhadap ekstrakurikuler yang terdiri dari 30 item (α = 0,970).Hasil pengujian hipotesis menunjukkan bahwa belajar berdasar regulasi diri berhubungan secara positif dengan sikap terhadap ekstrakurikuler yang ditunjukkan dengan rxy= 0,529 dengan tingkat signifikansi korelasi sebesar 0,000 (p<0,05). Hasil pengujian diperoleh nilai koefisiensi determinasi sebesar 0, 280. Artinya adalah belajar berdasar regulasi diri siswa memberikan pengaruh sebesar 28% terhadap sikap terhadap ekstrakurikuler. Sedangkan 72% sikap terhadap ekstrakurikuler dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor lain di luar variabel penelitian ini. Faktor- faktor tersebut antara lain adalah pengalaman pribadi, pengaruh orang lain yang dianggap penting, pengaruh kebudayaan, media massa, lembaga agama, dan pengaruh faktor emosional   Kata kunci: Regulasi Diri, Ekstrakurikuler

A single point NMR method for an instantaneous determination of the moisture content of wood

Holzforschung ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maks Merela ◽  
Primož Oven ◽  
Igor Serša ◽  
Urša Mikac
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Wood Sample ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Proton Density ◽  
Nmr Method ◽  
Free Induction ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) enables an instantaneous determination of the proton density in liquids and is thus convenient for determining the moisture content (MC) of wood. We demonstrated that the MC of a wood sample can be determined instantaneously on the basis of its mass (m) and the amplitude of its NMR free-induction-decay (FID) signal. The measurement is based on the assumption that the only liquid in the wood is water and that the relationship between the amplitude of the FID signal (S) and the mass of the water (m w ) in the sample is linear, i.e., S=k m w +k′ (m-m w ), and can be precisely calibrated for a given NMR probe and NMR spectrometer setup (in our case k=105 AU g-1 and k/k′ =34). With the FID signal converted into the mass of water, the MC is calculated as: MC=(S-m k′)/(m k-S). After the initial calibration of the FID signal with respect to the content of water, the correctness of the method was verified on samples of different wood species with various MCs. The results confirmed that the proposed method is comparable in terms of accuracy and reliability to the gravimetric method, regardless of the species of wood. As the method is instantaneous, it might become the method of choice in applications where a short measurement time combined with a high accuracy is demanded.

scholarly journals Estimate of the density of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden using near infrared spectroscopy

CERNE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 647-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silviana Rosso ◽  
Graciela Ines Bolzon de Muniz ◽  
Jorge Luis Monteiro de Matos ◽  
Clóvis Roberto Haselein ◽  
Paulo Ricardo Gherardi Hein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Old Trees

This study aimed to analyze use of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to estimate wood density of Eucalyptus grandis. For that, 66 27-year-old trees were logged and central planks were removed from each log. Test pieces 2.5 x 2.5 x 5.0 cm in size were removed from the base of each plank, in the pith-bark direction, and subjected to determination of bulk and basic density at 12% moisture (dry basis), followed by spectral readings in the radial, tangential and transverse directions using a Bruker Tensor 37 infrared spectrophotometer. The calibration to estimate wood density was developed based on the matrix of spectra obtained from the radial face, containing 216 samples. The partial least squares regression to estimate bulk wood density of Eucalyptus grandis provided a coefficient of determination of validation of 0.74 and a ratio performance deviation of 2.29. Statistics relating to the predictive models had adequate magnitudes for estimating wood density from unknown samples, indicating that the above technique has potential for use in replacement of conventional testing.

scholarly journals Direct Determination of Moisture in Powder Milk Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy

2006 ◽  
Vol 2006 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Nagarajan ◽  
Parul Singh ◽  
Ranjana Mehrotra
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Direct Determination ◽  
Wavelength Region ◽  
Calibration Model ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Karl Fischer

Moisture content in commercially available milk powder was investigated using near infrared (NIR) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy with an Indian low-cost dispersive NIR spectrophotometer. Different packets of milk powder of the same batch were procured from the market. Forty-five samples with moisture range 4–10% were prepared in the laboratory. Spectra of the samples were collected in the wavelength region 800–2500 nm. Moisture values of all the samples were simultaneously determined by Karl Fischer (KF) titration. These KF values were used as reference for developing calibration model using partial least squares regression (PLSR) method. The calibration and validation statistics areR cal2:0.9942,RMSEC:0.1040, andR val2:0.9822,RMSEV:0.1730. Five samples of unknown moisture contents were taken for NIR prediction using developed calibration model. The agreement between NIR predicted results and those of Karl Fischer values is appreciable. The result shows that the instrument can be successfully used for the determination of moisture content in milk powder.

Determination of Optical Parameters and Moisture Content of Wood with Visible–Near Infrared Spectroscopy

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 571-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ataollah Haddadi ◽  
Guillaume Hans ◽  
Brigitte Leblon ◽  
Zarin Pirouz ◽  
Satoru Tsuchikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Scattering Coefficient ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Optical Parameters ◽  
Quaking Aspen ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Scattering Coefficients

We used the Kubelka-Munk theory equations for calculating the absorption coefficient (Kλ), the scattering coefficient ( Sλ), the transport absorption (σλa), the reduced scattering coefficient [σλs(1 – g)] and the penetration depth (δλ) from visible-near infrared reflectance spectra acquired over thin samples of quaking aspen and black spruce conditioned at three different moisture levels. The computed absorption and scattering coefficients varied from 0.1 mm−1 to 4.0 mm−1 and from 5.5 mm−1 to 10.0 mm−1, respectively. The absorption coefficients varied according to the absorption band, but the scattering coefficients decreased slowly towards high wavelengths. The sample moisture content was then estimated using the partial least squares (PLS) regression method from the Kλ and/or Sλ spectra, and the resulting PLS models were compared to those obtained with raw and transformed [multiplicative scatter corrected (MSC), first and second derivative] absorption spectra. The best PLS models for black spruce, quaking aspen and both species were obtained when only the 800–1800 nm range was used with the raw or MSC spectra. They led to a root mean square error of cross validation ( RMSECV) of 1.40%, 1.09% and 1.23%, respectively, and to a coefficient of determination ( R2CV) higher than 0.94. We also found that the Kλ spectra between 800 nm and 1800 nm can provide PLS models having an acceptable accuracy for moisture content estimation ( R2CV = 0.83 and RMSECV = 2.32%), regardless of the species.

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