Species composition and forest conditions of true mangroves in Kapa at Kadan Island, Myeik Archipelago, Myanmar

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 92-99
Author(s):  
Soe Win U
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Forest Density ◽  
Nypa Fruticans ◽  
Rhizophora Apiculata ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Point Center ◽  
Forest Conditions

The survey was conducted in the mangrove forest around the Kapa Village in Kadan Island, Myeik Coastal area, in April 2018. Transect lines in shoreline, seaward and landward, and plot based on Point Center Quarter Method (PCQM) P-DATA PRO were used. A total of 18 species of true mangroves were record. Among than 1 species in Near Threaten(NT), 1 species in Critically Endangered(CR), 2 species in Endangered(EN) considered under the IUCN red list. Rhizophora apiculata and R.mucronata are the dominant species in the area. Aegialitis rotumdifolia, Avicennia marina, Excoecaria aglocha, Heritiera littoralis, Sonneratia graffithii, Xylocarpus mucronata and Nypa fruticans are the least species in the area. Among the three study sites of Kapa, Landward zone is the most distributed of species and shoreline zone is the least distributed. The complexity index was found 2.5 to 67.3.The total forest density 0.17 to 0.39m2 and mean height 3.2 to 4.7m. The mean important value of Rhizophora apiculata was heights; the Nypa frucan was least. The environmental parameters such as salinity and temperature of seawater, and temperature and pH of soils of each study site were presented.

scholarly journals Diversity and distribution of true mangroves in Myeik coastal areas, Myanmar

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 154-161
Author(s):  
Tin-Zar-Ni Win
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Bruguiera Gymnorrhiza ◽  
Aegiceras Corniculatum ◽  
Nypa Fruticans ◽  
Rhizophora Apiculata ◽  
Sonneratia Alba ◽  
Heritiera Fomes ◽  
Study Sites

A total of 21 species of true mangroves, namely Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, B. sexangula, B. cylindrica, B. parviflora, Ceriopstagal, C. decandra, Avicennia alba, A. officinalis, A. marina, Xylocarpus granatum Heritiera fomes, X. moluccensis, Sonneratia alba, S. graffithii, Heritiera forms, H. littoralis, Aegialitis rotundifolia, Aegiceras corniculatum, Excoecaria agallocha and Nypa fruticans were recorded from five study sites; Kapa, Masanpa, Panadoung, Kywekayan and Kyaukphyar in Myeik area from December 2017 to July 2018. Among these, 2 species were Near Threatened (NT), 1 species was Critically Endangered (CR) and 1 species was Endangered (EN) under the IUCN Red List. Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata,Avicennia officinalis, Sonneratia alba, Aegiceras corniculatum, and Nypa fruticans were distributed in all 5 study sites whereas Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Heritiera littoralis are rarely found only in one study site. Kapa was designated as an area of the most abundant species composition representing 17 species, whereas Kyaukphyar representing 12 species as the least composition. The mangrove area in Kyaukphyar is the most degraded area among the study sites, due to urban development and industrialization. The environmental parameters such as salinity and temperature of seawater, and temperature and pH of soils of each study site were presented.

scholarly journals Vegetative structure and zonal distribution of true mangroves in Shwe-Thaung-Yan coastal areas, Myanmar

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
Soe- Win
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Red List ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Zonation Pattern ◽  
Zonal Distribution ◽  
Rhizophora Apiculata ◽  
Bruguiera Gymnorhiza ◽  
Point Center

The survey was conducted in the mangrove forests around the Magyi and Utto Creeks at Shwe-Thaung-Yan coastal areas in Ayeyarwady Delta region, April 2018. Transect lines were laid as lower, middle and upper, and quadrate plots based on Point Center Quarter Method (PCQM) P-DATA PRO were used. A total of 15 species of true mangrove was recorded. Rhizophora apiculata and Bruguiera gymnorhiza are the most dominant and distributed species in the study area. Followed by Bruguiera sexangulata, Cerop tagal and Rhizophora mucronata then remaining species. Zonation pattern of mangroves species as lower, middle, upper was also examined in study areas. Among than 1 species in Near Threaten (NT), 1 species in Critically Endangered (CR), 1 species in Endangered (EN) and remaining species are Least Concern (LC) had been considered according with IUCN red list. The environmental parameters such as water salinity and temperature, soil salinity, soil temperature and soil pH of study area were also recorded.

scholarly journals Inventarisasi Jenis Tumbuhan Obat Di Hutan Mangrove Desa Margasari Kecamatan Labuhan Maringgai Lampung Timur

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Supriyanto . ◽  
Indriyanto . ◽  
Afif Bintoro
Keyword(s):  
Mangrove Forest ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
The Public ◽  
Nypa Fruticans ◽  
Rhizophora Apiculata ◽  
Acanthus Ilicifolius ◽  
Low Diversity ◽  
Important Value Index

Mangrove forest in Lampung Mangrove Center (LMC) Margasari village at East Lampung is one area that still has good condition to keep a variety of potential to be explored such as medicinal plants.Purpose of this study was to determine of species, diversity, and functional properties of mangrove plants for medicine.Research conducted in April 2012 in village 12 Translok at Margasari village East Lampung.Data retrieval is using method checkered lines, and interviews with the public, as well as literature.Number of sample plots used 12 pieces.Data were analyzed using the formula density, relative density, frequency, relative frequency, important value index, and diversity index Shannon.Based on the result of the research have been known 7 species of plants as medicine, among others: api-api (Avicennia marina) to cure rheumatism and toothache; jeruju (Acanthus ilicifolius) cure for cancer and diabetic; nipa (Nypa fruticans) medication for asthma and diabetes; bakau (Rhizophora apiculata) for antiseptic; beluntas (Pluchea indica) for body odor; jenu (Derris trifoliata) for a laxative; and tapak kuda (Ipomoea pescaprae) to cure wounds and ulcers.Api-api is a dominant plant and widest spread because it has an important index as value high as 144,24% and frequency 67,5%. Beluntas plant has the highest density of 12.708,33 individual/ha.Mangrove forest Margasari village at village 12 Translok have low diversity, because the calculation of the index obtained values Shannon H’=0, 44. Key words : inventory, mangrove forest, medicinal plant

scholarly journals Karakteristik Mangrove Di Muara Sungai Timur Kawasan Laguna Segara Anakan, Kabupaten Cilacap Jawa Tengah

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 416-422
Author(s):  
Raditya Rizki Ananta ◽  
Nirwani Soenardjo ◽  
Rini Pramesti
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Hemispherical Photography ◽  
Bruguiera Gymnorrhiza ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Nypa Fruticans ◽  
Sonneratia Caseolaris ◽  
Rhizophora Apiculata ◽  
Sonneratia Alba ◽  
Avicennia Alba

ABSTRAK: Ekosistem mangrove adalah komunitas tumbuhan tropis yang berada di daerah tepi pantai yang memiliki kemampuan adaptasi pada perairan asin di wilayah intertidal yang dipengaruhi oleh pasang surut air laut. Struktur komunitas mangrove merupakan salah satu parameter dalam menentukan kondisi mangrove. Kawasan ekosistem mangrove yang memiliki karakteristik dinamis komposisi jenis mangrove terdapat di Segara Anakan. Akan tetapi memiliki penurunan luasan hutan mangrove. Hal ini adanya beragam faktor kondisi lingkungan di Segara Anakan, sehingga menyebabkan variabilitas mangrove wilayah Segara Anakan berbeda. Namun kondisi terkini belum banyak dilakukan dalam suatu penelitian sehingga dibutuhkan informasi ilmiah terkini untuk mengetahui komposisi jenis mangrove. Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut maka dilakukan penelitian struktur komunitas untuk mengetahui kondisi ekologi mangrove di Segara Anakan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menggambarkan kondisi struktur komunitas mangrove di muara timur Segara Anakan. Lokasi penelitian berada di muara sungai bagian Timur (Sungai Donan). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif. Penentuan titik pengambilan data atau sampel di setiap lokasi dilakukan dengan teknik purposive sampling. Selain itu, digunakan teknik transek kuadrat 10x10 m dan Hemispherical Photography. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kerapatan pohon sebesar 90,6 /ha. Kerapatan sapling rata-rata bernilai 1023 /ha. Kerapatan seedling bernilai 1746 /ha di Muara Timur. Tutupan kanopi komunitas mangrove memiliki persentase kurang dari 75%. Tinggi dan diameter pohon didapatkan sebesar 5,97 m dan 3,1 cm. Spesies mangrove yang ditemukan di dalam plot berjumlah 10 spesies mangrove yaitu Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia marina, Avicennia alba, Ceriops tagal, Ceriops decandra, Sonneratia caseolaris, Sonneratia alba, Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, Xylocarpus moluccensis, Xylocarpus granatum, Talipariti tiliaceum, dan Nypa fruticans. ABSTRACT: Mangrove ecosystems are communities of tropical plants located on the coast that have the ability to adapt to salty waters in intertidal areas which are affected by tides. Mangrove community structure is one of the parameters in determining mangrove condition. Mangrove ecosystem areas that have dynamic characteristics of mangrove species composition are found in Segara Anakan. However, it has decreased the area of mangrove forests. This is because of various environmental conditions in Segara Anakan, causing variability of mangroves in the Segara Anakan area to be different. However, recent conditions have not been carried out in many studies, so the latest scientific information is needed to determine the species composition of mangroves. To overcome this, a community structure research was conducted to determine the ecological conditions of mangroves in Segara Anakan. The purpose of this study was to describe the condition of the mangrove community structure in the eastern estuary of Segara Anakan. The research location is in the mouth of the eastern river (Donan River). The method used in this research is descriptive method. Determination of data collection points or samples at each location was done by using purposive sampling technique. In addition, the 10x10 m quadratic transect technique and Hemispherical Photography were used. The results showed the tree density was 90.6 ind/ha. Saplingaveraged 1023 ind/ha. The density seedling is 1746 ind/ha in Muara Timur. The canopy cover of the mangrove community has a percentage of less than 75%. The tree height and diameter were 5.97 m and 3.1 cm respectively. There are 10 mangrove species found in the plot, namely Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia marina, Avicennia alba, Ceriops tagal, Ceriops decandra, Sonneratia caseolaris, Sonneratia alba, Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, Xylocarpus moluccensis, Xylocarpus granatum, Talipariti tiliaceum, and Nypa fruticans.   

scholarly journals Keanekaragaman Vegetasi Mangrove di Pantai Tanamon Sulawesi Utara (Diversity of Mangrove Vegetation in Tanamon Beach North Sulawesi)

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eka Yuningsih ◽  
Herni E.I Simbala ◽  
Febby E.F Kandou ◽  
Saroyo Sumarto
Keyword(s):  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Importance Value Index ◽  
Importance Value ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Terminalia Catappa ◽  
Nypa Fruticans ◽  
Rhizophora Apiculata ◽  
Xylocarpus Granatum ◽  
Sonneratia Alba ◽  
Mangrove Vegetation

AbstrakStudi keanekaragaman dan indeks nilai penting telah dilakukan pada vegetasi mangrove di kawasan Pantai Tanamon dengan menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Ukuran petak ditentukan dengan menggunakan kategori pengelompokan semai (2x2 m2), pancang (5x5 m2), tiang (10x10 m2) dan pohon (20x20 m2). Keanekaragaman vegetasi mangrove di Pantai Tanamon ditentukan dengan menggunakan rumus indeks keanekaragaman Shannon-Wienner. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keanekaragaman vegetasi tergolong sedang dengan nilai indeks 1,412. Di kawasan Pantai Tanamon terdapat 6 jenis mangrove yaitu Avicennia marina, Sonneratia alba, Xylocarpus granatum, Rhizophora apiculata, Nypa fruticans dan Terminalia catappa. Indeks nilai penting tertinggi pada pada X. granatum untuk kategori semai (72,977 %), A. marina untuk kategori pancang (80,357 %), A. marina untuk kategori tiang (91,623 %) dan S. alba untuk kategori pohon (142,191 %).Kata kunci: mangrove, keanekaragaman, PantaiTanamonAbstractA study on the diversity and the importance value index of mangrove vegetation in the area of Tanamon Beach was conducted using purposive sampling method. Plot size was determined using classification category of seedling (2x2 m2), stake (5x5 m2), pole (10x10 m2) and tree (20x20 m2). The diversity of mangrove vegetation in the Tanamon Beach was determined using the diversity index formula of Shannon-Wienner. The results indicated that vegetation diversity was medium and the index value was 1.412. The mangrove vegetation consisted of 6 species, i.e. Avicennia marina, Sonneratia alba, Xylocarpus granatum, Rhizophora apiculata, Nypa fruticans and Terminalia catappa. The highest importance-value-index was in the X. granatum seedling (72.977 %), A. marina stake (80.357 %), A. marina pole (91.623 %) and S. alba tree (142.191 %).Keywords: mangrove, diversity, Tanamon Beach

scholarly journals Mangrove diversity and community structure of Mimika District, Papua, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gesang Setyadi ◽  
RUDHI PRIBADI ◽  
DIAH PERMATA WIJAYANTI ◽  
DENNY NUGROHO SUGIANTO
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Canopy Height ◽  
Bruguiera Gymnorrhiza ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Tidal Zone ◽  
Nypa Fruticans ◽  
Rhizophora Apiculata

Abstract. Setyadi G, Pribadi R, Wijayanti DP, Sugianto DN. 2021. Mangrove diversity and community structure of Mimika District, Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3562-3571. Despite being one the largest mangrove forest in the world, there are few studies on mangrove diversity and community structure in Mimika, Papua Province. The study collected data from 4 estuaries of Mimika Region, i.e. Kamora, Tipuka, Ajkwa and Minajerwi. Mangrove species, tree diameter at breast height and canopy height data were collected in 10 m x 10 m plot with three replicates for distance, specifically 0, 250, and 500m perpendicular to the riverbank. This study found 66 mangroves species consisting of 20 major, 10 minor, and 36 associate mangrove species. Their density ranged from 577-1,345 trees ha-1 with diversity Shannon-Weiner diversity indices (H’) ranging from 0.62-1.19 and Evenness Index (J’) ranging from 0.09-0.18. The canopy height of the mangrove trees was ranged from 9-42.5 m. The highest density species was Rhizophora apiculata (333 ha-1) followed by Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, and Camptostemon schultzii, while B. parviflora, S. alba, and X. granatum were the least dominant. Regarding basal area, R. apiculata and B. gymnorrhiza were the highest with medians of 7,853 cm2 ha-1 and 5,201 cm2 ha-1 respectively. In the low tidal zone area, mangrove was dominated by A. marina, Sonneratia alba and R. mucronata. Medium low to medium high tidal zones were dominated by B. gymnorrhiza, R. apiculata, and B. parviflora. The high tidal zone was more dominated by Nypa fruticans.

scholarly journals STUDI ETNOBOTANI TUMBUHAN MANGROVE DI KUPANG

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 875-884
Author(s):  
Anggreini D.N. Rupidara ◽  
Wilson L. Tisera ◽  
Mellissa E. S. Ledo
Keyword(s):  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Nypa Fruticans ◽  
Rhizophora Apiculata ◽  
Bruguiera Parviflora ◽  
Sonneratia Alba ◽  
Ceriops Tagal

Studi etnobotani berguna untuk menganalisis pemanfaatan jenis dan bagian tumbuhan mangrove secara kuantitatif berdasarkan indeks signifikansi budaya (Index of Cultural Significance) masyarakat pesisir. Penelitian dilakukan di area mangrove Taman Wisata Mangrove Kelurahan Oesapa, Pantai Manikin, Pantai Sulamanda Desa Mata Air, Desa Kelapa Tinggi di Kelurahan Tarus, Desa Oebelo dan Desa Pariti. Pengumpulan data menggunakan metode survei lapangan, observasi dan teknik wawancara semi-terstruktur tentang tumbuhan, bagian tumbuhan yang digunakan dan cara pengolahan terhadap masyarakat yang ada di sekitar hutan mangrove. Hasil wawancara diperoleh bahwa terdapat 6 (enam) spesies mangrove major, yakni: Avicennia marina, Sonneratia alba, Bruguiera parviflora, Ceriops tagal, Rhizophora apiculata, dan R. mucronata, dan 1 (satu) spesies mangrove asosiasi, yakni Nypa fruticans. Berdasarkan nilai Indeks Signifikansi Budaya (ICS), R. mucronata memiliki nilai ICS tertinggi (708), yaitu sebagai indikator lingkungan (340) dan bahan bangunan (320). A. marina, nilai ICS 114, terutama pemanfaatannya untuk bahan obat (108), dan S. alba bernilai ICS 54, terutama sebagai  pengganti sirih (12). Mangrove digunakan sebagai indikator lingkungan, kayu bakar, bahan bangunan, bahan obat, kegiatan pertanian, berkaitan dengan mitos, pengganti sirih, pembuatan garam, bahan perahu, pembuatan sirup dan pakan ternak.

scholarly journals Analisis Vegetasi Dan Pemanfaatan Mangrove Oleh Masyarakat Di Solok Buntu Taman Nasional Sembilang Kabupaten Banyuasin Provinsi Sumatera Selatan

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
Rico Febriansyah ◽  
Fitri Agustriani ◽  
Andi Agussalim
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Bruguiera Gymnorrhiza ◽  
Excoecaria Agallocha ◽  
Nypa Fruticans ◽  
Rhizophora Apiculata ◽  
Xylocarpus Granatum ◽  
Mangrove Vegetation ◽  
Avicennia Alba

Hutan mangrove di Solok Buntu Taman Nasional Sembilang telah mengalami kerusakan akibat aktifitas manusia seperti penebangan hutan untuk aktifitas tambak, kayu bakar, dan pengambilan kayu untuk kontruksi rumah masyarakat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis vegetasi dan pemanfaatan mangrove oleh masyarakat di Solok Buntu. Penelitian dilaksanakan bulan Desember 2015. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode transek kuadrat dimana ukuran plot pohon 10 x 10 meter, anakan 5 x 5 meter dan semai 2 x 2 meter. pengambilan data vegetasi mangrove dibagi menjadi dua  cara yaitu transek tegak lurus sungai dan transek sejajar sungai. Hasil yang diperoleh ditemukan 7 jenis mangrove yaitu Avicennia marina, Avicennia alba, Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Excoecaria agallocha, Xylocarpus granatum dan Nypa fruticans. Vegetasi mangrove yang terdapat disepanjang Sungai Solok Buntu Taman Nasional Sembilang yaitu Rhizophora apiculata dengan INP tertinggi sebesar 182,98% pada tingkat pohon sedangkan pada tingkat anakan Rhizophora apiculata dan Excoecaria agallocha memiliki INP tertinggi sebesar 300% dan pada tingkat semai Rhizophora apiculata memiliki nilai tertinggi sebesar 200%. Pemanfaatan mangrove oleh masyarakat di Solok Buntu banyak dimanfaatkan sebagai tempat mencari ikan, udang, kepiting. Jenis mangrove yang banyak dimanfaatkan adalah Avicennia sp karena jenis ini banyak tumbuh disekitar tempat tinggal masyarakat sehingga mudah untuk diambil.   Analysis Of Mangrove Vegetation And Utilization By Communities In Solok Buntu National Park, Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatera Province   The mangrove forests in Solok Buntu Sembilang National Park have suffered damage as a result of human activities such as deforestation for aquacultur, firewood and horsing construction. The purpose of this study was to analyze the mangrove vegetation in Solok Buntu and its utilization. The experiment was conducted in December 2015. The method used is the square of the transect method in which a plot size of 10 x 10 meter tree, 5 x 5 meter saplings and seedlings, 2 x 2 meters. Mangrove vegetation data collection is divided into two ways ie perpendicular transects and river transects parallel to the river. There are 7 mangrove species Avicennia marina, Avicennia alba, Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Excoecaria agallocha, Xylocarpus granatum and Nypa fruticans found in the location. Mangrove vegetation found along the Sungai Solok Buntu Sembilang National Park is Rhizophora apiculata with the highest INP at  tree level  is 182.98%, while at the seedling level Rhizophora apiculata and Excoecaria agallocha has the highest INP 300% and for seedlings of Rhizophora apiculata had the highest value 200%. Utilization of mangrove communities in Solok Buntu used by the public to catch fishes, shrimps, and crabs. Species of mangrove that often used are Avicennia sp because this species are widely grown in the community area.

scholarly journals KAJIAN ETNOBOTANI TUMBUHAN MANGROVE OLEH MASYARAKAT KAMPUNG NIPAH DUSUN III DESA SEI NAGALAWAN KECAMATAN PERBAUNGAN KABUPATEN SERDANG BEDAGAI SUMATERA UTARA

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Rahmadani Lubis ◽  
Jamilah Nasution ◽  
E. Harso Kardhinata
Keyword(s):  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Morinda Citrifolia ◽  
Nypa Fruticans ◽  
Rhizophora Apiculata ◽  
Acanthus Ilicifolius

Penelitian Etnobotani tumbuhan mangrove di Kawasan Kampung Nipah Dusun III Desa Sei Nagalawan Kecamatan Perbaungan Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai Sumatera Utara. Bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis tumbuhan mangrove yang dimanfaatkan oleh tiap Etnis. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif dengan metode survey dan tehnik wawancara semi terstruktur yaitu mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis tumbuhan mangrove yang dimanfaatkan. Data yang dicatat adalah nama lokal, nama latin, nama family bagian tumbuhan yang digunakan, dan cara pemanfaatannya. Hasil penelitian diperoleh 8 jenis tumbuhan dari 8 famili yang dimanfaatkan. Masing-masing famili hanya memiliki 1 jenis tumbuhan mangrove yaitu Acanthus ilicifolius (Acanthaceae), Avicennia marina (Avicenniaceae), Nypa fruticans (Arecaceae), Rhizophora apiculata (Rhizophoraceae), Scaevola tacada (Goodeniaceae), Hibiscus tiliaceus (Malvaceae), Strychnos sp (Loganiaceae) Morinda citrifolia (Rubiaceae). Kata kunci : Etnobotani, Jenis Mangrove, Kampung Nipah.         

scholarly journals Country-level determinants of the severity of the first global wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: an ecological study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. e042034
Author(s):  
Tiberiu A Pana ◽  
Sohinee Bhattacharya ◽  
David T Gamble ◽  
Zahra Pasdar ◽  
Weronika A Szlachetka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The Mean

ObjectiveWe aimed to identify the country-level determinants of the severity of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.DesignEcological study of publicly available data. Countries reporting >25 COVID-19 related deaths until 8 June 2020 were included. The outcome was log mean mortality rate from COVID-19, an estimate of the country-level daily increase in reported deaths during the ascending phase of the epidemic curve. Potential determinants assessed were most recently published demographic parameters (population and population density, percentage population living in urban areas, population >65 years, average body mass index and smoking prevalence); economic parameters (gross domestic product per capita); environmental parameters (pollution levels and mean temperature (January–May); comorbidities (prevalence of diabetes, hypertension and cancer); health system parameters (WHO Health Index and hospital beds per 10 000 population); international arrivals; the stringency index, as a measure of country-level response to COVID-19; BCG vaccination coverage; UV radiation exposure; and testing capacity. Multivariable linear regression was used to analyse the data.Primary outcomeCountry-level mean mortality rate: the mean slope of the COVID-19 mortality curve during its ascending phase.ParticipantsThirty-seven countries were included: Algeria, Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Peru, the Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, the UK and the USA.ResultsOf all country-level determinants included in the multivariable model, total number of international arrivals (beta 0.033 (95% CI 0.012 to 0.054)) and BCG vaccination coverage (−0.018 (95% CI −0.034 to –0.002)), were significantly associated with the natural logarithm of the mean death rate.ConclusionsInternational travel was directly associated with the mortality slope and thus potentially the spread of COVID-19. Very early restrictions on international travel should be considered to control COVID-19 outbreaks and prevent related deaths.

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