scholarly journals Water deficiency tolerance of genetically modified common wheat cv. Zymoyarka, containing a heterologous ornithine-δ-aminotransferase gene

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-28
Author(s):  
O. Dubrovna ◽  
G. Priadkina ◽  
S. Mykhalska ◽  
A. Komisarenko
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Common Wheat ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Soil Drought ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Water Deficiency ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Grain Productivity

Aim. To determine water deficiency tolerance of genetically modified common wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L., cv Zymoyarka), containing the heterologous ornithine-δ-aminotransferase gene, based on the analysis of grain productivity and physiological and biochemical characteristics in transgenic and non-transgenic genotypes. Methods. Biochemical spectrophotometric assays: the enzyme ornithine-δ-aminotransferase activity, the free L-proline content, and the photosynthetic pigments content; biotechnological: Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in planta; physiological: morphometric traits and elements of grain productivity; mathematical statistics. Results. It was established that the presence of an additional copy of the ornithine-δ-aminotransferase gene in transgenic plants leads to higher activity of the ornithine-δ- aminotransferase enzyme: by 1.6 times higher on average for all lines as compared to the non-transgenic plants at 70 % of fi eld capacity and by 1.5 – at 30 % fi eld capacity. However, transgenic plants did not differ significantly from the original variety in the free L-proline content either under optimal water conditions or under soil drought. The increase in the total chlorophyll (a + b) content in flag leaves of transgenic plants was established under conditions of both optimal water supply and drought, as compared with the original genotype (increase by 5–7 % and 8–11 %, respectively). The enhanced expression of the orni- thine-δ-aminotransferase gene in the transgenic plants stimulated root growth both under optimal and stressful conditions: the root length of the transformed plants exceeded that of the original variety by 3.4–3.9 cm in the variant with optimal water supply, and by 4.2–4.6 cm – under drought. They were also characterized by a more developed root system. Dry root weight of the transgenic plants exceeded the original variety both in the control (by 23–27 %), and under drought (by 37– 44 %). Under drought, the root dry weight decreased by 29 % in the plants of the original variety, compared 70 % fi eld capacity, and by 11–15 % in the lines. Under 30 % field capacity, the transgenic lines also exceeded non-transformed plants in the number of grains from the whole plant (on average for 3 lines by 26 %) and in the grain weight (by 22 %). Transgenic plants are characterized by the formation of a higher productive shoots number: from 3.2 to 3.4 compared with 2.5 in non-transgenic plants at 70 % fi eld capacity and 2.7–3.1 vs 2.2 at 30 % field capacity it was found. Conclusions. Thus, the analysis of genetically modified common wheat plants cv. Zymoyarka, containing the heterologous alfalfa ornithine-δ- aminotransferase gene, by yield structure elements, morphometric parameters and photosynthetic pigment content showed their better tolerance to soil drought as compared to non-transgenic plants. We explain the improvement of grain productivity of the whole plant in transgenic wheat lines with an additional copy of ornithine-δ-aminotransferase gene by the fact that they have a better developed root system (dry root weight of the transgenic plants exceeded the original variety both in the control by 23–27 %, and under drought by 37–44 %) and a higher (on average for 3 lines – 3.3 compared to 2.5 in non- transgenic plants at 70 % fi eld capacity and 2.9 vs 2.2 at 30 % fi eld capacity) number of productive shoots than in the origi- nal variety both under optimal and insuffi cient water supply.

scholarly journals Resistance of genetically modified wheat plants, containing a double-stranded RNA suppressor of the

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-34
Author(s):  
O. V. Dubrovna ◽  
O. O. Stasik ◽  
G. O. Priadkina ◽  
O. V. Zborivska ◽  
O. G. Sokolovska-Sergiienko
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Soil Drought ◽  
Proline Dehydrogenase ◽  
Double Stranded Rna ◽  
Enzymes Activity ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical Characteristics ◽  
Dehydrogenase Gene ◽  
Grain Productivity

Aim. Analysis of physiological and biochemical characteristics and grain productivity traits of transgenic common wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) with a double-stranded RNA suppressor of the proline dehydrogenase gene (pdh) compared to non-transgenic genotypes under conditions of soil drought. Methods. Biochemical assays: spectrophotometric measurements of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, APX) activity, proline dehydrogenase activity and free L-proline content; biotechnological assays: Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in planta; physiological: morphometric traits and elements of grain productivity; mathematical statistics. Results. The presence of a double-stranded RNA suppressor of the gene pdh in transgenic plants leads not only to a decrease in enzyme activity (on average 2 times compared to the nontransgenic plants), but also to an increase in the content of free L-proline both under optimal conditions and under soil drought (2.6–4.1 times). Under soil moisture defi ciency, transgenic plants with reduced pdh gene activity in terms of yield structure signifi cantly exceeded the corresponding values of grain productivity elements for the non-transformed ones. In terms of the grain weight from the main stem, the biotechnological plants under soil moisture defi ciency exceeded the control plants 1.5–1.6 times, while the number of grains did not differ signifi cantly. The grain productivity of the whole plant in the transformed lines under conditions of soil moisture defi ciency was somewhat inferior to those in the nontransformed plants grown under optimal conditions. Soil drought caused a signifi cant increase in SOD and APX activity (by 40 and 11 %, respectively) in plants of the original variety. On the contrary, the activity of both antioxidant enzymes under drought conditions in transgenic plants decreased: SOD – down to 73–76 %, APX – down to 82–86 %, compared with the variant of 70 % of fi eld capacity. Conclusions. The analysis of physiological and biochemical characteristics, as well as economic and grain productivity elements of transgenic common wheat plants with a double-stranded RNA suppressor of the proline dehydrogenase gene showed their increased tolerance to soil drought, compared with non-transgenic genotypes, which may be associated with higher proline accumulation and an increase in the antioxidant enzymes activity. Under soil moisture defi ciency, transgenic wheat plants with reduced pdh gene activity signifi cantly exceeded the corresponding values of grain productivity elements for non-transformed plants. The analysis of the antioxidant enzymes activity in the chloroplasts of transgenic plants showed that under physiological conditions, the antioxidant system works more actively in comparison with non-transgenic genotypes, which may be a prerequisite for increasing the tolerance of these plants to the infl uence of stressors of various origin. It is likely that the positive relationship between the level of free L-proline and the resistance of transgenic wheat plants to osmotic stress is associated either with the effect of L-proline on the expression of other genes of the stress-strain response of plants, or with the positive effect of the increased content of this amino acid on resistance at the early stages of stress development. It has been suggested that an increase in the antioxidant enzymes activity in biotechnological plants can be caused by the expression of heterologous genes.

scholarly journals Gas exchange alteration caused by water deficit during the bean reproductive stage

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauricio Endres ◽  
José L. de Souza ◽  
Iedo Teodoro ◽  
Paula M. G. Marroquim ◽  
Claudiana M. dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Vegetative Stage ◽  
Water Deficiency ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Gas Exchanges ◽  
Grain Productivity ◽  
Entire Plant ◽  
Phase Water

The purpose of the present study was to analyze gas exchanges in leaves and the parameters of productivity of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.) submitted to two water deficiency periods during which three water regimes were employed: W1 (1,0 ETo during the entire plant cycle); W2 (1,0 ETo up to the flowering period and irrigation interruption from the 37 to the 51st day following sowing, and W3 (in addition to the reproductive phase, water deficit was also applied during the vegetative stage). Photosynthesis was one of the main physiological factors affected by water deficit. This was not only caused by the stomata closure, but also by carboxilation reduction due to metabolic damage. This effect was, however, offset 24 h after rehydration. During flowering, the water deficit caused crop productivity to drop significantly, reducing the number of pods and the number of seeds per pod, independently of the water deficit during the vegetative stage. The weight of 100 seeds however, was the same regardless of treatment. These results suggest that the water deficit caused the reduction of photo-assimilates, which affected grain productivity. Nevertheless, once properly formed, seeds developed totally; a strategy of the plant to produce less seeds under stress, but viable to perpetuate the species.

scholarly journals Effects of drought at different periods of wheat development on the leaf photosynthetic apparatus and productivity

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 406-414
Author(s):  
V. V. Morgun ◽  
O. O. Stasik ◽  
D. A. Kiriziy ◽  
O. G. Sokolovska-Sergiienko ◽  
N. M. Makharynska
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Drought Impact ◽  
Grain Productivity

The problem of drought impact on crop productivity is especially relevant for the leading cereal – wheat, since significant cultivation areas of this crop are located in risky farming zones. The aim of our studies was to compare the peculiarities of drought impact during the period of vegetative growth and reproductive development on the chlorophyll content, activity of chloroplast antioxidant enzymes, the rate of carbon dioxide gas exchange and transpiration as well as productivity of the wheat plants. The studies were carried out on bread winter wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) of the Astarta and Natalka varieties grown in a pot experiment. The plants were watered daily to maintain the soil moisture level in the pots in the range 70–60% of field capacity. Drought treatment involving decrease in soil moisture to 30% of the field capacity was applied to some of the plants at late stem elongation stage (BBCH 37-45) and to other plants at heading-anthesis (BBCH 59-65) while control plants were watered as usual. After 7 days of drought, the watering of treated plants was resumed to maintain the soil moisture at the level of control plants until the harvest. The penultimate leaf at the late stem elongation stage and flag leaf at the heading–anthesis period were used for measurements of photosynthetic apparatus response to drought. Plants of both varieties treated at stem elongation stage showed lower decline in the photosynthetic activity, chlorophyll content and grain productivity than those treated at heading-anthesis. The results obtained indicated that photosynthetic apparatus of wheat has a higher drought tolerance at the stem elongation stage than during the heading-anthesis stage. Furthermore, plants stressed at the stem elongation stage revealed better compensatory growth of lateral productive shoots due to superior supply of plants with assimilates after drought termination. Astarta variety had a more drought-tolerant photosynthetic apparatus and higher grain productivity in both well-watered and drought conditions as compared to Natalka variety. The differences between varieties were more contrasting when drought was applied at heading-anthesis.

scholarly journals Impacts of transgenic plants and microorganisms on soil biota

2001 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 105-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. O'Callaghan ◽  
T.R. Glare
Keyword(s):  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Horizontal Gene Transfer ◽  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Soil Bacteria ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Soil Invertebrates ◽  
Soil Biota ◽  
Soil Ecosystem ◽  
Natural Systems

Little is known about the impacts of transgenic plants and microorganisms on soil biota and processes despite the large number of field releases of transgenic crops Recent work has shown that transgenic plants can cause changes in the soil biota (both invertebrates and microorganisms) associated with these plants Often the changes are transient but their impact on the soil ecosystem remains unknown Horizontal gene transfer from genetically modified (GM) bacteria to indigenous soil bacteria has been demonstrated but movement of genes from transgenic plants if it occurs at all has not yet been detected in natural systems Soil invertebrates appear to play an important role in horizontal gene transfer between bacteria in soil

scholarly journals ​Yield of Spring Wheat with the Combined Use of Sodium Selenite and Growth Regulators Depending on the Conditions of Water Supply

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Seregina ◽  
D.A. Chernyshev ◽  
V.I. Trukhachev ◽  
S.L. Belopukhov ◽  
I.I. Dmitrevskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Sodium Selenite ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Soil Drought ◽  
Combined Use

Background: Currently, technologies that provide the energy and nutritional value of agricultural crops under extreme growing condishions have the greatest advantage. Much research is devoted to the study of the effect of brassinosteroids and their analogs, as well as zircon, which have a multifunctional effect on the yield and the formation of elements of productivity of various agricultural plants. Also many studies have been carried out to study the effect of microelements on the formation of yield and adaptive ability of grain crops. However, some aspects of increasing the efficiency of growth regulation and microelements require further study. In this regard, studies were carried out to study the effect of the combined use of growth regulators and sodium selenite on the yield and the formation of productivity elements of spring wheat, depending on the conditions of water supply. The efficiency of the action of plants growth epin and zircon, introduced together with sodium selenit, on the yield and production process of spring wheat plants under conditions of optimal irrigation and short-term soil drought has been studies. Methods: The research was carried out in 2018-2019. In a vegetation experiment at the Russian State Agarian University-Moscow Agricultural Academy. The object of research was spring soft wheat of the Ivolga variety. The plants were grown in vessels with a capacity of 5 kg of soil. For the experiments, a soddy-podzolic medium loamy soil was used. The optimal conditions for water supply were created watering the vessels during the entire growing season. A short-trem drought was created by stopping irrigation duting the steming phase. The duration of the drought is 5-6 days. In experiments, growth regulations epin, zircon and sodium selenite were studied, which were used by treating seeds before sowing wich 0,01% solutions of preparations. In the studies, the yield of spring wheat ang the formation of productivity elements were determined. Result: Analysis of variance results for differences in the action of sodium selenite, zircon and epin, as well as their combination on various aspects of the production process of forming wheat yield. The stimulating effect of the combined use of sodium selenite and zircon on the reproductive organs of wheat was established, as a result of cariopses in an ear increased by 1.43 time. The activation of the attracting ability of the ear established when using the conscientious use of sodium selenite and epin. As a result, the wheat yield increased by 20% with optimal water supply and drought.

Specific and non-specific changes in optical characteristics of spring wheat leaves under nitrogen and water deficiency

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Yakushev ◽  
E. Kanash ◽  
D. Rusakov ◽  
S. Blokhina
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Optical Characteristics ◽  
Soil Drought ◽  
Water Deficiency ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
The Impact

The research concerns the changes of spectral characteristics of reflected radiation (360 to 1 000 nm) of spring wheat leaves under nitrogen deficiency and moderate soil drought. The efficiency of factorial influence (η2) on chlorophyll index was equal to 20% and 4% under nitrogen and water deficiency, respectively. Most significantly soil drought influenced the water index WRI (η2=55%) and the light diffusion index R800 (η2=28%), which was caused by changes in leaf structure. At low levels of nitrogen supply, these parameters did not change or changed only slightly (η2=2%). It may be deduced that the data base for crop monitoring in precision farming systems must contain a series of optical criteria for assessing specific and non-specific changes in optical characteristics of a crop canopy under the impact of various stress factors.

Molecular Dialog between Root and Shoot via Regulatory Peptides and Its Role in Systemic Control of Plant Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 985-1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Lebedeva ◽  
Ya. S. Yashenkova ◽  
I. E. Dodueva ◽  
L. A. Lutova
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Peptides ◽  
Water Deficiency ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Systemic Control ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Specific Receptors ◽  
Plant Level ◽  
Soil Influence

Abstract Plant developmental processes are very flexible and highly depend on environmental factors. This is largely due to the existence of regulatory mechanisms that systemically control development on the whole plant level. In plants, regulatory peptides produced in the roots have been identified that are activated in response to different factors influencing root system, such as variation in the level of macronutrients (first of all, nitrogen and phosphorus) in the soil, influence of symbiotic microorganisms (soil rhizobial bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi), and water deficiency. Among the systemically acting peptides, the most thoroughly investigated are CLE (CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-related) and CEP (C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDES) peptides that are capable of travelling through the xylem from the roots to the shoot and triggering responses via binding to specific receptors operating in the phloem of the leaf. This review focuses on the role of these two groups of peptides in molecular dialog between the root and shoot.

scholarly journals   Effects of compost on water availability and gas exchange in tomato during drought and recovery

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 495-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.-T. Nguyen ◽  
S. Fuentes ◽  
P. Marschner
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Permanent Wilting Point ◽  
Water Treatments ◽  
Wilting Point

Compost can increase soil water availability and nutrient uptake by plants, but it is not clear whether it can also improve the ability of plants to recover after drought stress. Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) were grown in sandy soil without compost or with compost either incorporated or mulched. There were two water treatments: (i) plants grown under sufficient water supply throughout the experiment and (ii) plants grown with sufficient water supply until day 33 after which water was withheld until stomatal conductance was close to zero. Compost addition increased water content at both field capacity and permanent wilting point, but only incorporated compost increased total available water. Compost addition increased shoot and root growth under well-watered and drought stressed conditions with a greater effect by incorporated compost. At sufficient water supply, the rates of photosynthesis and transpiration were similar in all treatments. Drought stressed plants with incorporated compost wilted earlier than control plants, whereas mulched compost increased water availability to plants and hence the number of days until wilting. Photosynthesis and transpiration recovered faster in plants grown with incorporated compost compared to other treatments. The rapid recovery of plants after drought with incorporated compost could be due to their greater root length.

RESPONSE OF BROCCOLI TO FIVE SOIL WATER REGIMES

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 953-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. MAURER
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Water Regimes ◽  
Soil Water Stress ◽  
Head Formation

Plants of broccoli, Brassica oleracea var. italica, were grown in weighing lysimeters and exposed to five soil water regimes. These regimes restored soil water to field capacity at 88% of available water for the wet treatment, 60% for the medium and 32% for the dry. In the wet–dry and dry–wet regimes, water depletion levels were changed at time of head formation. Soil water stress imposed prior to heading reduced plant size, but yield of marketable heads was not significantly reduced from that of plants grown in the wet regime when an adequate water supply was maintained after heading. Yield of marketable heads was least in the dry and wet–dry regimes and intermediate in the medium regime. Plants in the dry–wet regime did not consume as much water as those in the wet regime during the period from heading to harvest. In maritime areas which do not normally experience excessively high temperatures, withholding irrigation until heads begin to form can be recommended, provided the soil type is capable of retaining moisture and is at field capacity at planting.

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