FAMILY DIFFICULTIES IN CITIES

"It has been found in developed countries that mental health problems in children are more common among those living in inner cities than among those in towns or rural areas. It appears that this is due in large part to the higher rates of family difficulties in inner city areas. Children's psychosocial functioning can be more frequently impaired in the cities because more children live in discordant unhappy homes or have depressed or deviant parents. However, relatively little is known about the specific features of city life that have this adverse effect on family functioning. It is not urbanization per se because many medium-sized towns have rates of disorder comparable to those in rural areas; nor is it a function of population density or of industrialization, because industrial areas may have relatively low rates of psychosocial disorder. There is an urgent need to identify the features of city life that hamper family functioning and predispose to mental disorder, as knowledge on this matter carries the possibility of instituting effective preventive measures."

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Mental distress among young people in inner cities: the Resilience, Ethnicity and AdolesCent Mental Health (REACH) study

Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health ◽

10.1136/jech-2020-214315 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. jech-2020-214315

Author(s):

Gemma Knowles ◽

Charlotte Gayer-Anderson ◽

Stephanie Beards ◽

Rachel Blakey ◽

Samantha Davis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Gender Differences ◽

Inner City ◽

Ethnic Group ◽

Health Problem ◽

Mental Health Problems ◽

Adolescent Mental Health ◽

Health Problems ◽

Inner Cities ◽

Self Harm

BackgroundRecent estimates suggest around 14% of 11–16 years in England have a mental health problem. However, we know very little about the extent and nature of mental health problems among diverse groups in densely populated inner cities, where contexts and experiences may differ from the national average.AimsTo estimate the extent and nature of mental health problems in inner city London, overall and by social group, using data from our school-based accelerated cohort study of adolescent mental health, Resilience, Ethnicity and AdolesCent Mental Health.MethodsSelf-report data on mental health (general mental health, depression, anxiety, self-harm) were analysed (n, 4353; 11–14 years, 85% minority ethnic groups). Mixed models were used to estimate weighted prevalences and adjusted risks of each type of problem, overall and by gender, cohort, ethnic group and free school meals (FSM) status.ResultsThe weighted prevalence of mental health problems was 18.6% (95% CI 16.4% to 20.8%). Each type of mental health problem was more common among girls compared with boys (adjusted risk ratios: mental health problems, 1.33, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.48; depression, 1.52, 1.30 to 1.73; anxiety, 2.09, 1.58 to 2.59, self-harm, 1.40, 1.06 to 1.75). Gender differences were more pronounced in older cohorts compared with the youngest. Mental health problems (1.28, 1.05 to 1.51) and self-harm (1.29, 1.02 to 1.56)—but not depression or anxiety—were more common among those receiving (vs not receiving) FSM. There were many similarities, with some variations, by ethnic group.ConclusionsAdolescent mental health problems and self-harm are common in inner city London. Gender differences in mental health problems may emerge during early adolescence.

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Surveying adherence of dental clinic patients to preventive measures in oral cavity

Periodontology ◽

10.33925/1683-3759-2019-24-2-167-172 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 167-172 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

T. V. Kudryavtseva ◽

V. V. Tachalov ◽

E. S. Loboda ◽

L. Yu. Orekhova ◽

E. Yu. Nechai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Cavity ◽

Working Conditions ◽

Oral Hygiene ◽

Preventive Measures ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Dental Health ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Dental Clinic ◽

The Many ◽

The Impact

Relevance. Periodontal diseases are a medical and social problem due to the wide spread among the population of developed countries and the impact on the quality of life. Among the many factors that are important in the development of inﬂammatory periodontal diseases, an important role is played by adherence to the recommendations of the dentist in respecting oral hygiene. Aim of the work was to study the adherence of patients of the dental clinic to compliance with preventive measures in the oral cavity.Materials and methods. A total of 98 patients of dental clinic, 62 female (medial age 38,6 ± 14,0 years) and 36 male (medial age 37,2±13,1 years) participated in survey. The study participants flled in the profle and answered questions about age, gender, harmful working conditions and bad habits, frequency of visits to the dental clinic, attitudes to the prevention of dental diseases, knowledge about the means and methods of oral hygiene.Results. As a result of the study, it was found that in the vast majority of cases, respondents are employed in production that does not adversely aﬀect their health (91%), only 8% of patients indicated harmful working conditions.Conclusions. The study revealed that, despite the recommendations of the dentist, patients are not always committed to the implementation of preventive measures in the oral cavity. Dentists need to motivate patients to use not only the usual methods and means of hygiene, but also additional ones necessary for maintaining dental health.

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Exploring Inner-City Residents’ and Foreigners’ Commitment to Improving Air Pollution: Evidence from a Field Survey in Hanoi, Vietnam

Data ◽

10.3390/data6040039 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 39

Author(s):

Quan-Hoang Vuong ◽

Tri Vu Phu ◽

Tuyet-Anh T. Le ◽

Quy Van Khuc

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Inner City ◽

Field Survey ◽

Preventive Measures ◽

Contingent Valuation Method ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Demographic Information ◽

Middle Income ◽

Valuation Method

Solutions for mitigating and reducing environmental pollution are important priorities for many developed and developing countries. This study was conducted to better understand the degree to which inner-city citizens and foreigners perceive air pollution and respond to it, particularly how much they willingly contribute to improving air quality in Vietnam, a lower-middle-income nation in Southeast Asia. During mid-December 2019, a stratified random sampling technique and a contingent valuation method (CVM) were employed to survey 199 inhabitants and 75 foreigners who reside and travel within the inner-city of Hanoi. The data comprises four major groups of information on: (1) perception of air pollution and its impacts, (2) preventive measures used to mitigate polluted air, (3) commitments on willingness-to-pay (WTP) for reducing air pollution alongside reasons for the yes-or-no-WTP decision, and (4) demographic information of interviewees. The findings and data of this study could offer many policy implications for better environmental management in the study area and beyond.

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Hookworm infection in infants: a case report and review of literature

Italian Journal of Pediatrics ◽

10.1186/s13052-021-00981-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 47 (1) ◽

Author(s):

G. Umbrello ◽

R. Pinzani ◽

A. Bandera ◽

F. Formenti ◽

G. Zavarise ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Simulation Models ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Hookworm Infection ◽

Case Presentation ◽

Abdominal Symptoms ◽

Asymptomatic Children ◽

Ancylostoma Duodenale ◽

Stool Analysis ◽

The Tropics

Abstract Background Hookworm infections (Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale) are common in rural areas of tropical and subtropical countries. Human acquisition results from direct percutaneous invasion of infective larvae from contaminated soil. Overall, almost 472 million people in developing rural countries are infected. According to simulation models, hookworm disease has a global financial impact of over US$100 billion a year. Hookworm infection in newborn or infancy is rare, and most of the cases reported in literature are from endemic countries. Here, we describe the case of an infant with an Ancylostoma duodenale infection and review the literature currently available on this topic. Case presentation An Italian 2-month-old infant presented with vomit and weight loss. Her blood exams showed anemia and eosinophilia and stool analysis resulted positive for hookworms’ eggs, identified as Ancylostoma duodenale with real time-PCR. Parasite research on parents’ stools resulted negative, and since the mother travelled to Vietnam and Thailand during pregnancy, we assumed a transplacental transmission of the infection. The patient was treated successfully with oral Mebendazole and discharged in good conditions. Discussion Hookworm helminthiasis is a major cause of morbidity in children in the tropics and subtropics, but rare in developed countries. Despite most of the patients is usually asymptomatic, children are highly exposed to negative sequelae such as malnutrition, retarded growth and impaired cognitive development. In infants and newborns, the mechanism of infection remains unclear. Although infrequent, vertical transmission of larvae can occur through breastfeeding and transplacentally. Hookworm infection should be taken into account in children with abdominal symptoms and unexplained persistent eosinophilia. The treatment of infants infected by hookworm has potential benefit, but further studies are needed to define the best clinical management of these cases.

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Baseline risk factor prevalence among adolescents aged 15–17 years old: findings from National Non-communicable Disease Monitoring Survey (NNMS) of India

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044066 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. e044066

Author(s):

Prashant Mathur ◽

Vaitheeswaran Kulothungan ◽

Sravya Leburu ◽

Anand Krishnan ◽

Himanshu Kumar Chaturvedi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Communicable Disease ◽

National Level ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Baseline Risk ◽

Attitudes And Practices ◽

Non Communicable Disease

ObjectiveTo generate national estimates of key non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors for adolescents (15–17 years) identified in the National NCD Monitoring Framework and, study the knowledge, attitudes and practices towards NCD risk behaviours among school-going adolescents.Design and settingA community-based, national, cross-sectional survey conducted during 2017–2018. The survey was coordinated by the Indian Council of Medical Research—National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research with 10 reputed implementing research institutes/organisations across India in urban and rural areas.ParticipantsA multistage sampling design was adopted covering ages between 15 and 69 years—adolescents (15–17 years) and adults (18–69 years). The sample included 12 000 households drawn from 600 primary sampling units. All available adolescents (15–17 years) from the selected households were included in the survey.Main outcome measuresKey NCD risk factors for adolescents (15–17 years)—current tobacco and alcohol use, dietary behaviours, insufficient physical activity, overweight and obesity.ResultsOverall, 1402 households and 1531 adolescents completed the survey. Prevalence of current daily use of tobacco was 3.1% (95% CI: 2.0% to 4.7%), 25.2% (95% CI: 22.2% to 28.5%) adolescents showed insufficient levels of physical activity, 6.2% (95% CI: 4.9% to 7.9%) were overweight and 1.8% (95% CI: 1.0% to 2.9%) were obese. Two-thirds reported being imparted health education on NCD risk factors in their schools/colleges.ConclusionThe survey provides baseline data on NCD-related key risk factors among 15–17 years in India. These national-level data fill information gaps for this age group and help assess India’s progress towards NCD targets set for 2025 comprehensively. Though the prevalence of select risk factors is much lower than in many developed countries, this study offers national evidence for revisiting and framing appropriate policies, strategies for prevention and control of NCDs in younger age groups.

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Disruption, destruction and the creation of ‘the inner cities’: the impact of urban renewal on industry, 1945–1980

Urban History ◽

10.1017/s0963926816000730 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

pp. 492-515 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

ALISTAIR KEFFORD

Keyword(s):

Inner City ◽

Urban Renewal ◽

Economic Activity ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Industrial Activities ◽

Inner Cities ◽

The Creation ◽

Post War ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACT:This article examines the impact of post-war urban renewal on industry and economic activity in Manchester and Leeds. It demonstrates that local redevelopment plans contained important economic underpinnings which have been largely overlooked in the literature, and particularly highlights expansive plans for industrial reorganization and relocation. The article also shows that, in practice, urban renewal had a destabilizing and destructive impact on established industrial activities and exacerbated the inner-city problems of unemployment and disinvestment which preoccupied policy-makers by the 1970s. The article argues that post-war planning practices need to be integrated into wider histories of deindustrialization in British cities.

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Nutrition and cancer – global and African perspectives: a focused update

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s0029665114001761 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 74 (4) ◽

pp. 437-440 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Martin J Wiseman

Keyword(s):

Physical Inactivity ◽

Preventive Measures ◽

Great Majority ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Excess Body Weight ◽

Lower Income ◽

The World ◽

Nutritional Transition ◽

High Level ◽

Lower Income Countries

The burden of cancer worldwide is predicted to almost double by 2030 to nearly 23 million cases annually. The great majority of this increase is expected to occur in less economically developed countries, where access to expensive medical, surgical and radiotherapeutic interventions is likely to be limited to a small proportion of the population. This emphasises the need for preventive measures, as outlined in the declaration from the United Nations 2011 High Level Meeting on Non-communicable Diseases. The rise in incidence is proposed to follow from increasing numbers of people reaching middle and older ages, together with increasing urbanisation of the population with a nutritional transition from traditional diets to a more globalised ‘Western’ pattern, with a decrease in physical activity. This is also expected to effect a change in the pattern of cancers from a predominantly smoking and infection dominated one, to a smoking and obesity dominated one. The World Cancer Research Fund estimates that about a quarter to a third of the commonest cancers are attributable to excess body weight, physical inactivity and poor diet, making this the most common cause of cancers after smoking. These cancers are potentially preventable, but knowledge of the causes of cancer has not led to effective policies to prevent the export of a ‘Western’ pattern of cancers in lower income countries such as many in Africa.

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Problematic cannabis use amongst those with severe mental health problems in an inner city area of the UK

Addictive Behaviors ◽

10.1016/s0306-4603(01)00173-3 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 261-273 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Hermine L Graham ◽

Jenny Maslin

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Inner City ◽

Mental Health Problems ◽

Health Problems ◽

Cannabis Use ◽

City Area ◽

The Uk

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‘Latino Gentrification’?: Focusing on Physical and Socioeconomic Patterns of Change in Latin American Inner Cities

Urban Studies ◽

10.1177/0042098011423425 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 49 (10) ◽

pp. 2085-2107 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Jorge Inzulza-Contardo

Keyword(s):

Social Capital ◽

Inner City ◽

Latin American ◽

Urban Morphology ◽

Inner Cities ◽

Continuity And Change ◽

The Past ◽

Socioeconomic Changes ◽

The Social ◽

Socioeconomic Patterns

Although gentrification is an accepted process nowadays around the globe, little debate is found in the Latin American context—particularly, when considering that 70 per cent of this continent is urbanised and that major physical and socioeconomic changes have been observed in its historical neighbourhoods in the past 20 years. This paper focuses on the continuity and change that Santiago, Chile, has shown in recent decades. Empirical data are provided to reflect both the physical and socioeconomic patterns of change that have modified the urban morphology and the social capital of Santiago’s inner city. Furthermore, by selecting Bellavista—one of the oldest inner-city neighbourhoods of Santiago—this paper draws conclusions about how specific urban regeneration strategies can promote gentrification and then links them with wider patterns of ‘Latino gentrification’.

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