Does Lead at Low Dose Affect Intelligence in Children?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 894-896
Author(s):  
Herbert L. Needleman ◽  
David Bellinger ◽  
Alan Leviton
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Intelligence Test ◽  
Pediatric Clinic ◽  
Study Find ◽  
Group Data ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

Ernhart et al, on the basis of their own follow-up data and an incorrect critique of a single study, find reason to question the entire literature documenting the adverse effects of low levels of lead. They assert that, if effects exist, they are minimal. To reach this sweeping conclusion, they contradict or ignore the findings of the earlier study by Perino and Ernhart, misread a table from the one study they single out for criticism, and draw debatable conclusions from their own data. We conclude by calling the readers' attention to this sentence: "While the effects of subclinical lead intoxication may not be noted in the individual cases seen in a pediatric clinic, analysis of group data indicate quite clearly (emphasis added) that performance on an intelligence test is impaired."

The Provision of an EMDR-Based Multicomponent Trauma Treatment With Child Victims of Severe Interpersonal Trauma

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignacio Jarero ◽  
Susana Roque-López ◽  
Julio Gomez
Keyword(s):  
Group Treatment ◽  
Treatment Approach ◽  
Treatment Protocol ◽  
Interpersonal Trauma ◽  
Trauma Treatment ◽  
Child Victims ◽  
Traumatic Memories ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

This study evaluated a multicomponent phase–based trauma treatment approach for 34 children who were victims of severe interpersonal trauma (e.g., rape, sexual abuse, physical and emotional violence, neglect, abandonment). The children attended a week-long residential psychological recovery camp, which provided resource building experiences, the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Integrative Group Treatment Protocol (EMDR-IGTP), and one-on-one EMDR intervention for the resolution of traumatic memories. The individual EMDR sessions were provided for 26 children who still had some distress about their targeted memory following the EMDR-IGTP. Results showed significant improvement for all the participants on the Child’s Reaction to Traumatic Events Scale (CRTES) and the Short PTSD Rating Interview (SPRINT), with treatment results maintained at follow-up. More research is needed to assess the EMDR-IGTP and the one-on-one EMDR intervention effects as part of a multimodal approach with children who have suffered severe interpersonal trauma.

Group Versus Individual Cognitive Treatment for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Changes in Severity at Post-Treatment and One-Year Follow-up

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Cabedo ◽  
Amparo Belloch ◽  
Carmen Carrió ◽  
Christina Larsson ◽  
Héctor Fernández-Alvarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Behaviour ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Group Cbt

Background: Very few studies have compared the efficacy of individual and group cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) by taking into consideration the change in OCD severity in both the short and long term. Aims: To conduct an open trial of individual versus group CBT for OCD, comparing the clinical and statistically significant changes in severity both at post-treatment and one year later. Method: Forty-two OCD subjects were assigned to individual (n = 18) or group CBT (n = 24, in four groups). Sixteen and 22 subjects completed the treatment in the individual and group conditions, respectively. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale was recorded at pre-treatment, post-treatment and at the one-year follow-up. Results: At the end of treatment, the clinically significant change was comparable for the two treatment conditions and remained stable at the one-year follow-up. Of the 16 participants who completed the individual CBT treatment, 68.75% were classified as recovered at post-treatment, compared to 40.9% of those receiving group CBT. At follow-up the rate of recovery decreased to 62.5% in individual CBT and to 31.8% in group CBT. Conclusions: Group CBT is effective in decreasing OCD severity. The post-treatment changes were maintained one year later. Nevertheless, these changes were higher in the individual delivery of CBT.

Combined Carbimazole-131I Treatment for Thyrotoxicosis

1972 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. McDougall ◽  
W. R. Greig
Keyword(s):  
Dose Group ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Radioactive Iodine ◽  
Standard Dose ◽  
Antithyroid Drugs ◽  
131I Treatment ◽  
Therapeutic Regime ◽  
The Individual ◽  
To Receive

A sequential therapeutic regime was prescribed for 74 thyrotoxic patients. Every patient received carbimazole in conventional doses for 20 weeks; the average time to obtain control was 10.2 weeks. The patients although older than those usually treated with antithyroid drugs (range 38–68 years) showed no difference in the expected rate of control or in the recognised incidence of side effects. Following the carbimazole therapy the patients were alternatively allotted to receive standard or low (50% of standard) doses of 131I, the individual doses being calculated from simple formulae. After the radio-iodine all of the patients were treated with carbimazole for a further 20 weeks. Review of the patients after completion of the trial and subsequent follow up without therapy shows that 42.1 per cent of the standard dose group remain euthyroid after one therapy dose of 131I, 36.8 per cent have relapsed and 21.1 per cent have become hypothyroid. In the low dose group 44.4 per cent are euthyroid, 47.2 per cent have had a recurrence and 8.4 per cent have become hypothyroid. The results are discussed in the light of current views about the treatment of thyrotoxicosis with drugs and with radioactive iodine.

scholarly journals Efficacy of low-dose Topiramate in Migraine Prophylaxis

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-75
Author(s):  
Muhammad Abdul Momen Khan ◽  
Mohammad Bahadur Ali Miah ◽  
Md Shahidullah ◽  
Md Rafiqul Islam ◽  
Subash Kanti Day ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Baseline Level ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Prospective Trial ◽  
Severe Headache ◽  
Migraine Prophylaxis ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Population Total ◽  
The Mean

Background: Anticonvulsants are now commonly used for migraine prophylaxis, among them topiramate, one of the newer anticonvulsants, recently has been demonstrated to be effective as mono-therapy for migraine prophylaxis. Objectives: To observe the efficacy and safety of low dose topiramate in migraine prophylaxis. Methods: This prospective trial was carried out in the Out Patient Department (OPD) & Headache Clinic, Department of Neurology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka. Total 60 patients around the age range of 18 to 50 years diagnosed as migraine (with aura or without aura) according to ICHD-3 criteria, were recruited as the study population. Total 60 patients were administered by Tab.Topiramate 50 mg/ day. Out of them, total 47 patients had completed the study due to drop out of 13 patients. During trial, three follow up visits were taken, 1st follow up after 4 weeks of baseline information (Before starting prophylactic medication), 2nd follow up after 4 weeks of treatment, 3rd follow up after 8 weeks of treatment. Efficacy of treatment was measured by headache frequency, duration and severity as measured by the VAS. Effectiveness was assessed by comparing baseline & on-treatment migraine status. Results: The mean (SD) age of patients were found 29.72 (9.58) years. Female sex was predominant. The mean (SD) value of frequency of migraine at baseline level with 1st and 2nd follow up were statistically significant [Baseline 9.28 (2.39) vs. 1st FU 7.55 (3.07), p=0.001; Baseline 9.28 (2.39) vs. 2nd FU 4.72 (2.80), p<0.001]. Duration of each episode of migraine ,comparing the mean (SD) value of duration of migraine of baseline level with 1st and 2nd follow up were statistically significant [Baseline 10.85 (5.26) vs. 1st FU 8.06 (4.11) hr, p<0.001; Baseline 10.85 (5.26) vs. 2nd FU 5.53 (2.98) hr, p<0.001]. According to severity of migraine based on VAS in base line period all patients had experienced moderate & severe headache but in 1st follow up, few patients had experienced mild headache from moderate headache, few patients had experienced moderate headache from severe headache & in 2nd follow up, patients had better condition and had experienced mild and moderate headache, no patient had experienced severe headache. In this study, 23.4% patients developed adverse effects. Among the adverse effects, 8.5% develop dizziness, 6.3% drowsiness, 4.2% anorexia & blurring of vision. Conclusion: The present study suggest that low dose topiramate are effective for migraine prophylaxis in reduction of frequency, severity and duration of migraine headache . Bangladesh Journal of Neuroscience 2015; Vol. 31 (2): 70-75

STUDENTS' NEED FOR ACADEMIC GUIDANCE AND EFFECTIVE CONTROL OVER EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-131
Author(s):  
Sh. Zh. Kolumbayeva ◽  
◽  
T. V. Lantseva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Academic Programs ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Individual Student ◽  
Instructional Guidance ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Educational Paths ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Programs Of Study

The subject of this article is a theoretical study of already defined and stably predicted parameters that have been proven to affect the quality and success of completing academic programs of study based on selected criteria to ensure early identification of students who need guidance. On the one hand: these parameters can or are already used for targeted, diversity-oriented instructional guidance; on the other hand: adapted guidance and management of the training process for future teachers should take into account the individual student successes. Students with different educational paths have diverse needs for adapting, correcting, and managing this diversity. In the article, the model of four-dimensional diversity is taken for the methodology and benchmark in the study of international experience (Gardenswartz L. and Rowe A., 2003). At the center of this fourdimensional model of diversity lies a personality, followed by almost unchanged internal dimensions, such as age, gender, and ethnicity. The authors concluded that a method for identifying students who need instructional guidance and the effectiveness of follow-up should be accompanied by future intervention research

scholarly journals Efficacy of Low Dose Topiramate and Propranolol in Migraine Prophylaxis

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-54
Author(s):  
Muhammad Abdul Momen Khan ◽  
Jannatul Ferdous ◽  
AKM Golam Kabir ◽  
Md Mamnur Rashid ◽  
Md Enayet Ul Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Migraine Prophylaxis ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Propranolol Group ◽  
Baseline Information ◽  
Group Ii

Background: Migraine, the second most common cause of headache that can significantly impair the lives of people. Various drugs are available for migraine prophylaxis but all of which have varying degrees of adverse effects that may significantly limit their use.Objectives: To observe whether low dose topiramate is more effective compared to propranolol in migraine prophylaxis.Methods: Total 120 patients the age range of 18 to 50 years were recruited as study population of migraine in the Out Patient Department (OPD) & Headache Clinic,BSMMU.60 patients were administered by Tab.Topiramate 50 mg/ day named as group-I and rest of 60 patients were administered by Tab. Propranolol 80 mg /day named as group-II. Out of them in total 96 patients had completed the study. 47 patients had completed study in group-I and 49 patients in group-II. During trial, three follow up visits were taken for both groups, 1st follow up after 4 weeks of baseline information, 2nd follow up after 4 weeks of treatment, 3rd follow up after 8 weeks of treatment. Efficacy of treatment was measured by frequency, duration and severity of headache as measured by the visual analogue scale (VAS).Results: The mean (SD) age of group-I (topiramate) and group-II (propranolol) group were found 29.72±9.58 years and 30.96±10.11 years respectively. Female sex was found predominant in both groups. At final follow up, there was statistically significant difference in mean (SD) value of frequency of migraine between topiramate and propranolol group (4.72±2.80 vs. 3.48±2.20; p=0.024]. Propranolol appeared statistically significant than topiramate [TPM 5.53±2.98 vs. PRO 4.36±1.55; p=0.047].Regarding severity of headache, better results also were observed in the propranolol group than topiramate (p< 0.05). Both drugs appeared significant in efficacy measurement (p<0.001). Patient drop out was more in the topiramate group than the propranolol group (21.68 % vs. 18.34%). Furthermore, in the topiramate group, patients complained of more adverse effects than propranolol group (23.4% vs. 14.3%), which was statistically significant.Conclusion: The present study suggests that low dose topiramate and propranolol are effective for migraine prophylaxis in reduction of frequency, severity and duration of migraine individually and propranolol appears more effective compared to that of topiramate.J Shaheed Suhrawardy Med Coll, December 2017, Vol.9(2); 49-54

scholarly journals SALSA: SAving Lives Staying Active to Promote Physical Activity and Healthy Eating

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca E. Lee ◽  
Scherezade K. Mama ◽  
Ashley Medina ◽  
Raul Orlando Edwards ◽  
Lorna McNeill
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Women Of Color ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Education Group ◽  
Group Data ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Dietary Education

Physical inactivity, poor dietary habits, and obesity are vexing problems among minorities. SAving Lives, Staying Active (SALSA) was an 8-week randomized controlled crossover design, pilot study to promote regular physical activity (PA) and fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption as a means to preventing weight gain among women of color. Participants completed measures of demographics, PA, and dietary habits. Women ( years) who participated were overweight (  kg/m2; ) and reported low levels of leisure time PA ( MET-min/wk) and FV consumption ( servings/day). All were randomized to a four-week (1) semiweekly Latin dance group or (2) internet-based dietary education group. All participants reported a significant increase in weekly leisure time PA from baseline ( MET-min/wk) to follow up ( MET-min/wk, ), and FV consumption increased over time by group (). Data suggest that Latin dance interventions to improve PA and web-based interventions to improve dietary habits show promise for improving health among women of color.

L'Abstentionnisme électoral et vote blanc et nul en Belgique

Res Publica ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-226
Author(s):  
Johan Ackaert ◽  
Lieven De Winter ◽  
Anne-Marie Aish ◽  
André-Paul Frognier
Keyword(s):  
Party Identification ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Compulsory Voting ◽  
The Social ◽  
General Elections ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

In spite op compulsory voting, the number of non-voters increased at the last general elections in Belgium to 7.3 per cent. This evolution can largely be explained by demographic factors. The number of blank or invalid voters reaches nearly the same level. Concerning this form of political non-participation, we noticed considerable differences occur between the types of elections (local, provincial, House, Senate, European) due to factors such as the importance and the proximity of the proper institution, the social distance between candidate and citizen and the main issue of the elections.The analysis of both phenomena over time at the level of the individual voters based on surveys shows that electoral absenteeism is rather accidental, white blanc and invalid voting is more permanent. From the analysis of absenteeism and blanc and invalid voting emerge on the one hand socio-economic factors (like age, gender, professional activity, income, marital status and family composition) which jeopardize electoral participation in a direct or indirect way, and on the other hand, attitudes and behaviour reflecting political indifference, alienation and hostility (like low levels of political interest, information, knowledge, satisfaction, party identification, and participation).

Cohort fertility of Polish women, 1945–2015: the context of postponement and recuperation

2018 ◽  
pp. 5-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Tymicki ◽  
Krystof Zeman ◽  
Dorota Holzer-Żelażewska
Keyword(s):  
Driving Forces ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Individual Data ◽  
Cohort Fertility ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Postponement ◽  
Second Births

The article is a follow-up and an extension to previously published papers by Holzer-Żelażewska & Holzer (1997) and Holzer-Żelażewska & Tymicki (2009). Fristly, we have added new cohorts to the cohort analysis based on the individual data from births registration for the years 2009–2015. Secondly, we have extended the scope of the study by taking into account the context of postponement and recuperation to analyses of cohort fertility of Polish women. The approach applied to the fertility postponement and recuperation on the cohort data refers to the method which was originally proposed by Frejka (2011) and Lesthaeghe (2001) and further developed by Sobotka et al. (Sobotka et al., 2011). This method allows for calculation of fertility postponement and recuperation measures with respect to a benchmark cohort chosen as the one that first experiences an onset of the increase in the mean age of motherhood at first birth. The results show the remarkable changes in the fertility patterns in Poland. The main driving forces behind the change in fertility patterns in Poland are related to the postponement of first births along with a relatively good recuperation. The magnitude of recuperation for Polish cohorts dropped significantly for second births and was almost non-existent for third and higher births. Therefore, the pattern of fertility in Poland observed till 2015 could be characterized by postponement and recuperation of first births along with a significant decrease in second births with perpetual postponement of third and higher births.

Low-Dose Oral Mini-Pulse Dexamethasone Therapy in Progressive Unstable Vitiligo

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 259-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amrinder J. Kanwar ◽  
Rahul Mahajan ◽  
Davinder Parsad
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Pulse Therapy ◽  
Dose Oral ◽  
Dexamethasone Therapy ◽  
Pulse Dexamethasone ◽  
The Mean

Background: The course of vitiligo is unpredictable. If the disease is spreading rapidly, the progression can be controlled with the use of systemic steroids daily or in pulsed form. The present study was planned to assess the efficacy of low-dose dexamethasone oral mini-pulse therapy in progressive unstable vitiligo. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, the case records of patients with vitiligo during the period from January 2006 to December 2010 were studied. Patients who had progressive unstable disease were included. These patients were administered oral dexamethasone 2.5 mg per day on 2 consecutive days after breakfast in a week. The patients were asked to come for regular follow-up to assess the arrest of disease activity, relapse of disease activity, and adverse effects. Results: A total of 444 patients were analyzed. In 408 (91.8%) patients, arrest of disease activity was achieved at a mean duration of 13.2 ± 3.1 weeks. In addition, some repigmentation of the lesions was seen in all patients after a mean of 16.1 ± 5.9 weeks. During the follow-up, 50 of 408 (12.25%) patients experienced one or two episodes of relapse in disease activity, which were treated with reinstitution of low-dose dexamethasone oral mini-pulse therapy. The mean disease-free survival (DFS) until the first relapse was 55.7 ± 26.7 weeks, and the mean DFS until the second relapse was 43.8 ± 7.2 weeks. Adverse reactions such as weight gain, lethargy, and acneiform eruptions were observed in 41 (9.2%) patients. Conclusion: Low-dose oral mini-pulse dexamethasone therapy is a good option for arresting progressive unstable vitiligo with minimal adverse effects.

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