PSYCHOLOGY OF PREFERENCES

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-202
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Rational Choice ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Alternative Programs ◽  
Risk Averse ◽  
Similar Character ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Majority Response ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Missed Opportunity

Recent investigations of the psychology of preferences have demonstrated several intriguing discrepancies between subjective and objective conceptions of decisions. For example, the threat of a loss has a greater impact on a decision than the possibility of an equivalent gain. Most people are also very sensitive to the difference between certainty and high probability and relatively insensitive to intermediate gradations of probability. The regret associated with a loss that was incurred by an action tends to be more intense than the regret associated with inaction or a missed opportunity. These observations and others of a similar character contribute to the understanding of how people make decisions and to the elucidation of some puzzles of rational choice . . . . We asked a large number of physicians to consider the following problem: Imagine that the U.S. is preparing for the outbreak of a rare Asian disease, which is expected to kill 600 people. Two alternative programs to combat the disease have been proposed. Assume that the exact scientific estimates of the consequences of the programs are as follows: If Program A is adopted, 200 people will be saved. If Program B is adopted, there is a 1/3 probability that 600 people will be saved and a 2/3 probability that no people will be saved. Which of the two programs would you favor. The majority response to this problem is a risk-averse preference for Program A over Program B. Other respondents were presented with the same problem but a different formulation of the programs: If Program C is adopted, 400 people will die.

Origin of the alternate bright/dark contrast in HREM images of hexagonal crystals, particularly 6H-SiC

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 914-915
Author(s):  
J.S. Bow ◽  
R.W. Carpenter ◽  
M.J. Kim
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Incident Beam ◽  
Hexagonal Crystal ◽  
Detailed Explanation ◽  
Similar Character ◽  
High Resolution Images ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Zigzag Shape ◽  
Hexagonal Crystals ◽  
Dark Contrast

A prominent characteristic of high-resolution images of 6H-SiC viewed from [110] is a zigzag shape with a period of 6 layers as shown in Fig.1. Sometimes the contrast is same through the 6 layers of (0006) planes (Fig.1a), but in most cases it appears as in Fig.1b -- alternate bright/dark contrast among every three (0006) planes. Alternate bright/dark contrast is most common for the thicker specimens. The SAD patterns of these two types of image are almost same, and there is no indication that the difference results from compositional ordering. O’Keefe et al. concluded this type of alternate contrast was due to crystal tilt in thick parts of the specimen. However, no detailed explanation was given. Images of similar character from Ti3Al, which is also a hexagonal crystal, were reported by Howe et al. Howe attributed the bright/dark contrast among alternate (0002) Ti3Al planes to phase shifts produced by incident beam tilt.

Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick and the difference geography makes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
David K Seitz
Keyword(s):  
Time And Space ◽  
Textual Practice ◽  
Reparative Reading ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick

Ruez and Cockayne point out that queer theorist Eve Sedgwick’s reflections on paranoid and reparative readings accompanying one another came directly out of her queer political as well as textual practice in the U.S. Wrongly dismissed as mundane, this crucial contextualizing work is something geographers do especially well. Indeed, understanding the context for Sedgwick’s theories of paranoid and reparative reading is vital as we reflect on how her concepts travel across time and space.

Equal Opportunity in a Pluralistic Society

1987 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Nickel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Religious Pluralism ◽  
Equal Opportunity ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pluralistic Society ◽  
Self Image ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The U.S

The United States has never been culturally or religiously homogeneous, but its diversity has greatly increased over the last century. Although the U.S. was first a multicultural nation through conquest and enslavement, its present diversity is due equally to immigration. In this paper I try to explain the difference it makes for one area of thought and policy – equal opportunity – if we incorporate cultural and religious pluralism into our national self-image. Formulating and implementing a policy of equal opportunity is more difficult in diverse, pluralistic countries than it is in homogeneous ones. My focus is cultural and religious diversity in the United States, but my conclusions will apply to many other countries – including ones whose pluralism is found more in religion than in culture.

scholarly journals What’s Your Street Race? The Urgency of Critical Race Theory and Intersectionality as Lenses for Revising the U.S. Office of Management and Budget Guidelines, Census and Administrative Data in Latinx Communities and Beyond

Genealogy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Nancy López ◽  
Howard Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Critical Race Theory ◽  
Administrative Data ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Racial Justice ◽  
Critical Race ◽  
Race Theory ◽  
Disciplinary Boundaries ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Structural Inequities ◽  
The U.S

What’s your street race? If you were walking down the street what race do you think strangers would automatically assume you are based on what you look like? What is the universe of data and conceptual gaps that complicate or prevent rigorous data collection and analysis for advancing racial justice? Using Latinx communities in the U.S. as an example, we argue that scholars, researchers, practitioners and communities across traditional academic, sectoral and disciplinary boundaries can advance liberation by engaging the ontologies, epistemologies and conceptual guideposts of critical race theory and intersectionality in knowledge production for equity-use. This means not flattening the difference between race (master social status and relational positionality in a racially stratified society based on the social meanings ascribed to a conglomeration of one’s physical characteristics, including skin color, facial features and hair texture) and origin (ethnicity, cultural background, nationality or ancestry). We discuss the urgency of revising the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) standards, as well as the Census and other administrative data to include separate questions on self-identified race (mark all that apply) and street race (mark only one). We imagine street race as a rigorous “gold standard” for identifying and rectifying racialized structural inequities.

Frequency of Triplets and Triplet Zygosity Types among U.S. Births, 1964

1988 ◽  
Vol 37 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 299-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Allen
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Difference Method ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Young Mothers ◽  
White Population ◽  
Older Mothers ◽  
Induction Of Ovulation ◽  
Artificial Induction ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The U.S

AbstractThe frequency of triplets in the U.S. white population may have reached an all-time low around 1964, at 78 sets per million deliveries. One-fourth of those were monozygotic as estimated by the difference method, or 18% by Bulmer's theoretical model. By 1983 the frequency of triplets had nearly doubled, the increase presumably occurring in dizygotic and trizygotic types. In Belgium most triplet pregnancies now result from artificial induction of ovulation, which is expected to occur mainly in older mothers. In the U.S., however, triplets have increased as much in young mothers as in older mothers, proportionally. This age distribution of the increase may be partly explained by a decrease in parity in older mothers since 1964.

Americanization and Beika

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuko Matsumoto
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
World War ◽  
Full Membership ◽  
Japanese Immigrants ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Gendered Stereotypes ◽  
The U.S

The Americanization movement in the early twentieth century tried to redefine the qualifications for full membership within the nation. In the same period, the anti-Asian movement flourished. Responding actively to the discourses of anti-Japanese (and Asian) movements, Japanese immigrants tried to prove their eligibility for full membership in the U.S. nation by following their own interpretation of Americanization, or Beika (米化‎) in Japanese. The ideas of Beika were based on idealized Japanese virtues, as well as on what was required by the Americanization movement. Even though they used the parallel terms in ideas of Beika, however, the gender discourses such as virtues of Yamatonadeshiko and the definition of family highlighted the difference between the views of Americanization and those of Beika despite their similar intention. This gap in perception might have reinforced the racialized and gendered stereotypes on both sides and hindered mutual understanding before World War II.

Make Use of the Difference of Failure and Exit to Improve the Operation Efficiency

2020 ◽  
pp. 164-184
Author(s):  
Yangyang Chen ◽  
Weiwei Dong ◽  
Dixuan Zhang ◽  
Mingwei Jin
Keyword(s):  
High Probability ◽  
Business Failure ◽  
Entrepreneurial Ecosystem ◽  
Operation Efficiency ◽  
Know How ◽  
Serial Entrepreneurship ◽  
Financial Condition ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Failure Experience ◽  
Entrepreneurial Exit

As business failure is a high probability event that influences the operation efficiency of the entrepreneurial ecosystem, it is necessary to know how to manage business failure experience to promote serial entrepreneurship and improve circulation in the ecosystem. While most scholars agree that it is different between failure and exit, DeTienne suggests that exit could be a way to avoid failure and protect the passion and financial condition of entrepreneurs. Therefore, this chapter analyzes the difference of failure and exit and conducts a model to help entrepreneurs decide whether to exit and how to choose a better way to exit entrepreneurship. In the meantime, this chapter analyzes why entrepreneurial exit can improve the operation efficiency of entrepreneurial ecosystem, and also it would give some ideas about how to bound from failure and benefit from failure to do better next time. After reading this chapter, entrepreneurs have the idea that failure is controllable and exit may be a restart to do business more successfully.

scholarly journals The Radio Reference Frame of the U.S. Naval Observatory Radio Interferometry Program

1991 ◽  
Vol 127 ◽  
pp. 256-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.M. Eubanks ◽  
M.S. Carter ◽  
F.J. Josties ◽  
D.N. Matsakis ◽  
D.D. McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Reference Frames ◽  
Dual Frequency ◽  
Source Position ◽  
The Past ◽  
Naval Observatory ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Rotation Of The Earth ◽  
Celestial Reference System ◽  
Right Ascension ◽  
The U.S

AbstractThe U.S. Naval Observatory Navnet program monitors changes in the rotation of the Earth on a regular basis using radio interferometric observations acquired with telescopes in Alaska, Hawaii, Florida, West Virginia and, in the past, Maryland; other radio telescopes have also participated occasionally. These observations have been used to derive a radio interferometric celestial reference system, Navy 1990-5, using two years of dual frequency measurements from 24-hour-duration observing sessions. A total of 84 extragalactic radio sources, mostly quasars, have been observed by the Navnet program to date, of which 70 currently have source position formal errors of one milli second of arc or less. The root mean square of the difference between source position estimates from the Navnet data and an independently derived catalog using completely different data is less than one milli second of arc in both right ascension and declination after the adjustment of an arbitrary rotational offset between the two celestial reference frames.

scholarly journals Two Decades of Smart Irrigation Controllers in U.S. Landscape Irrigation

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 1593-1601
Author(s):  
Michael D. Dukes
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
List Type ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensor ◽  
Water Sensor ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The U.S

HighlightsSavings numbers in new studies across multiple soil types and climates are similar to those summarized in 2011 and are summarized here as 51% in research plot studies and 30% in single-family homes.Studies of the human factors have begun showing how important the users are to success of the technology.Education in implementation remains important to achieve potential water conservation.Abstract. Smart irrigation controllers, such as evapotranspiration (ET) and soil moisture sensor (SMS) controllers, have become commonly available from virtually all irrigation controller manufacturers. This review summarizes the literature since the Fifth Decennial National Irrigation Symposium (NIS) concerning these controllers in research studies and pilot implementations. Studies have expanded to multiple climates throughout the U.S. on a variety of soils and plant types. When these devices are implemented properly on sites that have potential irrigation savings (i.e., excess irrigation), they are able to reduce irrigation while maintaining plant quality. The level of reduction depends on many factors, including the amount of excess irrigation, climate, plant type, and human interaction with the technology. When studies report positive savings, the levels documented here range from 40% to 61% (51% avg.) in plot studies and from 28% to 32% (30% avg.) in residential studies. Of 17 identified studies in the past decade, five reported negative savings, and in most cases those results were due to ET controllers installed on sites with little excess irrigation or controller programming that was not optimized for savings. New trends in the industry include Wi-Fi signal-based ET controllers with smartphone app capability, an upcoming standard for SMS controllers, as well as smart controllers becoming mandatory in areas of the U.S. As identified in the Fifth Decennial NIS, it remains important to implement controllers on sites with the potential for irrigation reduction as well as proper implementation with the best current information. Finally, there is a need to understand human interaction with these devices because improper programming can make the difference between a water-saving device and ineffective technology with a dissatisfied customer. Keywords: ET controller, Landscape irrigation, Smart controller, SMS, Soil moisture sensor, Soil water sensor.

scholarly journals Subprime Risk and Insurance with Regret

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Petersen ◽  
J. Mukuddem-Petersen ◽  
M. P. Mulaudzi ◽  
B. de Waal ◽  
I. M. Schoeman
Keyword(s):  
Discrete Time ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Risk Exposure ◽  
Expected Returns ◽  
Product Portfolio ◽  
Risk Averse ◽  
Subprime Mortgage ◽  
Mortgage Crisis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Investment Choices

This paper investigates some of the risk and insurance issues related to the subprime mortgage crisis. The discussion takes place in a discrete-time framework with a subprime investing bank being considered to be regret and risk averse before and during the mortgage crisis, respectively. In particular, we investigate the bank's investment choices related to risky subprime structured mortgage products and riskless treasuries. We conclude that if the bank takes regret into account, it will be exposed to higher risk when the difference between the expected returns on subprime structured mortgage products and treasuries is small. However, there is low-risk exposure when this difference is high. Furthermore, we assess how regret can influence the bank's view of a rate of return guarantee from monoline insurers. We find that before the crisis, regret decreased the investment bank's preparedness to forfeit on returns when its structured product portfolio was considered to be safe. Alternatively, risk- and regret-averse banks forfeit the same returns when their structured mortgage product portfolio is considered to be risky. We illustrate the aforementioned findings about structured mortgage products and monoline insurance via appropriate examples.

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