Neonatal and Infant Mortality in Relation to Phototherapy

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 422-441
Author(s):  
Philip J. Lipsitz ◽  
Lawrence M. Gartner ◽  
Dolores A. Bryla
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
First Year ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Upper Level ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Weight Groups

Of all the parameters for assessing the effectiveness and safety of phototherapy in the management of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, none is as unambiguous as death. Although death rates are definitive, any relationship to the treatment modality or lack thereof may be confounded by other events. No prior data suggest the possibility of either enhanced or reduced mortality in infants treated with phototherapy.34,50 The groups were allocated randomly and the care given the two groups was the same, with the exception that one group received phototherapy. It was stipulated that research protocol requirements were at no time to take precedence over the medical care needs of the infant. RESULTS Seventy-two (10.7%) of the 672 newborns entered into the phototherapy group and 62 (9.3%) of the 667 newborns in the control group died during the first year of life. During the period prior to discharge from the nurseries, there were 68 (10.1%) deaths in the phototherapy group and 51 (7.6%) in the control group. All of the deaths except one in each group were in newborns who weighed less than 2,000 g at birth. These differences, as well as deaths in the first seven or 28 days of life, were not significantly different (X2 with Yates correction) when P < .05 was taken to be the upper level of significance (Table 1). DEATHS BY BIRTH WEIGHT SUBGROUPS The number of newborns entered into each study group and the deaths prior to discharge from the hospital for the birth weight groups 1,000 g or less and 1,001 to 1,999 g are indicated in Table 2.

Efficacy of Phototherapy in Prevention and Management of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-441
Author(s):  
Audrey K. Brown ◽  
Mae Hee Kim ◽  
Paul Y. K. Wu ◽  
Dolores A. Bryla
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Weight Group ◽  
Group A ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Group B ◽  
And Control ◽  
Weight Groups

This report concerns the efficacy of phototherapy in preventing hyperbilirubinemia in infants with birth weight less than 2,000 g and in controlling already established hyperbilirubinemia in infants weighing more than 2,000 g in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHHD, also called NICHD) phototherapy study initiated in 1974. The details of the protocol have been reported by Bryla.18 STUDY POPULATION The study included 1,339 infants from the six participating institutions: 672 were randomly assigned to the phototherapy group and 667 to the control group. As described previously, these infants were studied according to specific protocols in three birth weight groups.18 In infants weighing less than 2,000 g at birth (group A), the efficacy of phototherapy begun at 24 ± 12 hours of age in preventing hyperbilirubinemia was examined. In the other two birth weight groups infants with birth weight 2,000 to 2,499 g [group B] and infants with birth weight 2,500 g or more [group C], the effect of phototherapy on already-established hyperbilirubinemia was examined. MODE OF USE OF PHOTOTHERAPY Phototherapy using Westinghouse daylight fluorescent bulbs in an Air Shields unit was administered continuously. Duration of phototherapy was 96 hours for all treated infants. In each study group, an attempt was made to apply phototherapy in a manner that mimicked common usage, except that control subjects were used. Further, because no infant was to be exposed to bilirubin levels considered "unsafe," maximum bilirubin levels were established for each weight group and exchange transfusions were performed in both phototherapy-treated and control infants when these levels were reached.

THE EFFECT OF USING NOTING INTERACTING SUMMARIZING AND PRIORITIZING STRATEGY ON STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT IN READING COMPREHENSION

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maruh Sianturi And Berlin Sibarani
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
First Year ◽  
Teaching Reading ◽  
First Year Students ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Experimental Group

This study was aimed at finding out the effect of using Noting, Interacting, Summarizing, and Prioritizing Strategy on Students’ Achievement in Reading Comprehension. This study was designed with the experimental design. The population of this study was the first year students at academic 2013/2012 of SMA swasta YP St. Paulus Martubung, Medan. There were fourty students taken as the sample of the research. The sample was divided into two groups: the first group (20 students) as the experimental group and the second group (20 students) as the control group. The experimental group was taught by Using Noting, Interacting, Summarizing, and Prioritizing Strategy, while the control group was taught by using conventional method. The instrument for collecting the data was multiple choices which consisted of 40 items. To obtain the reliability of the test, the researcher used Kuder -Richardson (KR-21) formula. The calculation showed that the reliability of the test was 0.75. The data were calculated by using t-test formula. The result of the analysis shows that t-observed (4.98) was higher than t-table (2.025) at the level of significance (α) 0.05 and the degree of freedom (df) 38. Therefore, the null hypothesis (H0) was rejected and alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted. It meant that teaching reading comprehension by using Noting, Interacting, Summarizing, and Prioritizing Strategy significantly affects reading comprehension.

Factors Associated with Maternal Opinion of Infant Development—Clues to the Vulnerable Child?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 537-543
Author(s):  
Marie C. McCormick ◽  
Sam Shapiro ◽  
Barbara Starfield
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Infant Development ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
First Year ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Slow Development ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

A mother's expectations about the development of her infant have been found to be a strong determinant of child development, but little is known about the factors that may affect maternal assessment of development. In this study, the relationship of the mother's opinion of the development of her infant with several sociodemographic, antenatal, intrapartum, and infant health variables was examined for a large sample of 1-year-old infants for whom gross motor observations were also obtained at the time of the interview. Among those observed to be developing at an appropriate rate, 4.0% were perceived by their mothers as developing more slowly than the mothers considered normal; among infants developing more slowly, 28.6% were considered to be developing slowly by their mothers. In both groups, the major determinants of maternal opinion of slow development concerned the infant's health: low birth weight, congenital anomalies regardless of severity, hospitalization during the first year of life, and high ambulatory care use. These results indicate that maternal perception of infant development may not reflect the infant's level, but past or present illness, and raise questions about the influence of infant health on maternal-infant interactions and the effect of such interactions on subsequent development in the child.

scholarly journals Auditory temporal abilities in children with history of recurrent otitis media in the first years of life and persistent in preschool and school ages

CoDAS ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 494-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscila Cruvinel Villa ◽  
Sthella Zanchetta
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Otitis Media With Effusion ◽  
Temporal Frequency ◽  
Control Group ◽  
First Year ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Frequency Pattern ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Recurrent Otitis Media

PURPOSE: To study the temporal auditory ordering and resolution abilities in children with and without a history of early OME and ROME, as well as to study the responses according to age. METHODS: A total of 59 children were evaluated, and all of them presented pure tone thresholds within the normal range at the time of the conduction of the hearing tests. The children were divided into two groups according to the occurrence of episodes of recurrent otitis media. Then, each group was divided into two subgroups according to age: 7- and 8-year olds, and 9- and 10-year olds. All children were assessed with standard tests of temporal frequency (ordination) and gaps-in-noise (resolution). RESULTS: For the temporal abilities studied, children with a history of otitis media presented significantly lower results compared to the control group. In the frequency pattern test, the correct answers increased with age in both groups. In the identification of silence intervals, the control group showed no change in threshold regarding to age, but this change was present in the group with a history of otitis media. CONCLUSION: Episodes of otitis media with effusion in the first year of life, recurrent and persistent in preschool and school ages, negatively influence the temporal ordering and resolution abilities.

DEVELOPMENTAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL TEST SCORES IN CHILDREN OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-20
Author(s):  
Linda C. Eaves ◽  
J. C. Nuttall ◽  
H. Klonoff ◽  
H. G. Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
First Year ◽  
Prospective Survey ◽  
Developmental Scale ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Weight Groups ◽  
Better Than

In a prospective survey, 420 out of 502 infants of low birth weight (≶ 2,041 gm, or 4½ lb) and all but one of 207 control children of full birth weight (> 2,500 gm, or 5½ lb) have survived for more than 3 years. One hundred fifty of the low birth weight (LBW) group have passed the age of 6 years. Developmental and psychological tests have given the following results: (1) Control children performed better than LBW infants on the Griffiths Developmental Scale up to the age of 18 months; among the LBW infants mean Griffiths Scores in 250 gm birth weight groups mosty differed significantly in direct relation to the weight. (2) LBW girls scored higher than boys after the first year on the hearing-speech subscale and, to a lesser extent, on the personal-social and performance subscales of the Griffiths test and also on the Stanford-Binet and Graham-Ernhart tests at 4 years of age. (3) Whereas the effect of birth weight on I.Q. became less distinct at 2½ to 4 years, the effect of socioeconomic status only became definite at that age. (4) In general, "small-for-dates" (SFD) children, including those born before term, scored higher than "true prematures" up to the age of 12 months and slightly lower at 2½ to 6½ years, but the differences were only significant in a few weight groups. When the SFD children were subdivided into those born at less than 37 weeks' gestation and those born later, the latter scored significantly better than the former only at 3 and 6 months. (5) Isolated Griffiths infant test scores at 6 months per se have little predictive value for I.Q. scores of children at 4 years of age, even at the extremes of intelligence.

HEMATOPOIESIS IN PREMATURE INFANTS WITH SPECIAL CONSIDERATION OF THE EFFECT OF IRON AND OF ANIMAL-PROTEIN FACTOR

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 753-762
Author(s):  
James A. Wolff ◽  
Alice M. Goodfellow
Keyword(s):  
Premature Infants ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Iron Therapy ◽  
First Year ◽  
Protein Factor ◽  
Anemia Of Prematurity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
One Year ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Weight Groups

Normal values in the first 3 months of life have been determined for hemoglobin, erythrocytes, reticulocytes, platelets, leukocytes and differential counts for premature infants with birth weights less than 1200 gm., and for those between 1200 and 1500 gm. at birth. No significant difference was found in the degree of depression of levels of hemoglobin and erythrocytes when values in the 2 weight groups were compared. Two reticulocyte peaks occur during the first 3 months of life. The first peak is present immediately after birth. The second peak, at about the eighth week, coincides with the occurrence of the greatest degree of anemia. Neither iron therapy nor treatment with animal-protein factor containing vitamin B12 and Aureomycin®, started before the end of the third week of life, had a statistically significant effect on the early phase of the anemia of prematurity. Untreated premature infants and those given animal-protein factor were anemic at the end of the first year of life. Subjects given iron therapy had normal hemoglobin values at one year of age. Blood transfusion is rarely necessary in the treatment of the anemia of prematurity.

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