scholarly journals NOMINATIVE STATUS OF THE NAMES OF HOMEMADE ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAG

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Prystaiko ◽  
Natalya Diachok
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Modern Theory ◽  
Semantic Group ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Word Combination ◽  
Clear Differentiation ◽  
The One

Background. A problem of linguistic and speech nomination is still rather topical being not completely solved in terms of the theory of modern linguistic. That is confirmed by numerous opinions of linguists concerning the one-word nominations that can replace a word combination. Those words form certain thematic and lexico-semantic groups which partially represent a cultural fund of native speakers of some specific language. One of such lexico-semantic groups includes the names of beverages. Analysis of each unit, belonging to the corresponding group and being the reflection of everyday life and culture of the nation, is the basis to understand peculiar national mentality represented by the speech. Those lexical elements were studied from the viewpoint of lexicology, word formation, pragmatics, and, rather rarely, from the viewpoint of modern theory of nomination and clear differentiation of lexical transformations and modifications; that defines the topicality of our research.Purpose of the research is to determine the nominative status of the lexemes denoting homemade alcoholic beverages in the Russian-language discourse.Methods. A continuous sampling method has been applied to accumulate the actual material. A methodology of distributive analysis has helped differentiate the concepts. Etymological analysis has become the key to identify real origin and genetic status of a particular univerb.Results. We consider that a univerb is a word which is identical semantically and grammatically to a certain word combination, differing stylistically from the equivalent word combination but being the modification, doublets of one nominathemes. That is why univerbation differs considerably from the word formation in its traditional sense. It is no doubt that the wordforming relations are always motivated. However, motivations can be different; consequently, not all the motivating relations can be considered as the word-forming ones. Motivation is considered as the semantic stipulation of the meaning of formative and derivative words by the meanings of their components. In terms of the word-forming act, some units are the source of motivation; others, being the results of that act, are motivated. Thus, if during the origin of a new word, its lexical meaning (taking into account its etymological cognation) differs from the formative meaning, then we observe the external motivation. If lexical meanings of the formative and derivative units are identical, then we can see the internal motivation. Though, formation of that sample involves the means being homonymic to the word-forming ones. Univerbation is opposed to quasiuniverbation, i.e. formation of univerbs by analogy. However, one should differentiate between quasiuniverbation and mechanism of analogy, accompanying the phenomenon of univerbation. Relying on the criteria of the determination of univerbation and quasiuniverbation, we propose two-component classification of the units under study.Discussion. The analyzed units are univerbs – synthetic implementation of the nominathemes like “word combination – elliptic univerb”; we attribute them to the ones belonging to the univerbs or quasiuniverbs depending on the ways and chronology of their origin in speech and language. They form the lexico-semantic field “Names of inanimate objects”, thematic group “Food”, lexico-semantic group “Beverages”, subgroup “Homemade alcoholic beverages”. That lexico-semantic group contains some more subgroups like “Alcoholic beverages”, “Refreshing beverages”, “Hot beverages” etc. Prospects for further studies of that group of words are in its analysis from the viewpoint of the derivative potential in both Russian and other Slavic languages.

scholarly journals VOCABULARY OF YAMSKOY [COACHMAN’s] AND IZVOZNY [CABMAN’s] CARRIER’S TRADE: HISTORICO-DERIVIATIONAL ASPECT

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 1127-1142
Author(s):  
S.G. Sheidayeva
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Conceptual Representations ◽  
The Road ◽  
Russian Word ◽  
History Of ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The One ◽  
Universal Pattern ◽  
The Russian Language

Based on the material from the Russian commercial written records of the XVI-XVII centuries, this article examines semantic and derivational features of the vocabulary of the yamskoy [coachman’s] and izvoznyi [cabman’s] carrier’s trade. In terms of content, the words of these two professional spheres have much in common since the main occupation of yamshchiki [coachmen] and izvozchiki [cabmen] was transportation of people or goods by horse; here are used the names of characters, vehicles, travel modes, types of transported objects. The history of fixing of the words yamshchik [coachman] and izvozchik [cabman] in the Russian language reflects the universal pattern of changing the names of persons ending in -nik by the nouns ending in -shchik /chik ( yamnik - yamshchik [coachman], izvoznik - izvozchik [cabman]). At the same time, the categorical difference in the original names that were at the beginning of the word-formation chains caused a difference in the semantic development of the names of doers: in one case, this is a spatial nomination of yama [Russian word for a ‘pit’] denoting a "station on the road" (> yamchi, yamskoy > yamshchik [coachman]); in another one it is a designation of a movement in space izvoziti [Russian obsolete word for ‘to carry’] (> izvoz > izvozchik [cabman]). In this regard, the names of persons right from the beginning differed in their conceptual representations of the doers: yamshchik [coachman] is the one who moves along the road, and izvozchik [cabman] is the one who “carries” something both on land and on water (like a carrier). Different communicative spheres of yamskoy [coachman’s] (gonny [riding fast] ) and izvozny [cabman’s] carrier’s trade gave birth to specific names of transportation: gon’ba [fast ride] and izvoz [carriage], which had clear internal forms: the first one was motivated by the verb gonyati [Russian obsolete word for ‘to ride fast", and the second one - by the verb izvoziti [Russian obsolete word for ‘to carry outwards’] (cargo, goods).

Pushkin’s nonce words in the word-formation aspect

Neophilology ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 226-234
Author(s):  
Svetlana V. Valiulina
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Material Analysis ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
Existing Data

The study deals with the phenomenon of nonce words formation in the language of Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin. The research novelty is due to language material analysis aspect that was chosen by the author. In spite of such a great number of research works describing Pushkin's nonce words from the word-formation standpoint we make an attempt to deepen and develop the existing data. The goal of the study is to reveal specific features of nonce formation in the language of A.S. Pushkin. Nonce words are selected using the method of continuous sampling. These words receive the “nonce words” status as a result of their comparison with the units of the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by V.I. Dal. As a result of the analysis of the language material 247 nonce units are singled out, modes of their formation are defined. Thereafter, the nonce words are categorised into groups according to the mode of their formation. A statistical analysis of the material is also made. The most productive way of nonce formation is defined. The larger part of Pushkin’s nonce words is derived according to existing in the Russian language word-building patterns. The most productive ways of nonce words formation are defined in the actual work. The research helps to explain the use of nonce words in the writer’s works from the linguistic standpoint.

scholarly journals Verbs of Light in Russian and French: Lexical-Semantic Classification and Grammatical Characteristics

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 265-277
Author(s):  
Zh. Yu. Polezhaeva ◽  
T. G. Pismak
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
French Language ◽  
Semantic Group ◽  
Semantic Classification ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
The Russian Language

This article deals with the lexical-semantic group of verbs that denote light in Russian and French. The authors compared their lexical-semantic classifications, characteristics, and grammatical parameters. The research involved the method of continuous sampling, lexical systematization, and component analysis. The paper introduces lexical-semantic subgroups of Russian and French verbs of light with their nucleus and periphery. A comparative analysis revealed some aspectual differences: Russian and French demonstrated different means of expressing some meanings and modes of action. The Russian language is synthetic and expresses these meanings lexematically. In the French language, which is analytical, these grammatical meanings do not always find their expression at the level of a single lexeme. The context and tense forms appeared to play an important role, and the verbs of light proved to be more numerous in Russian than in French. Despite the differences, the proposed classification of verbs of light turned out to be universal for both languages.

scholarly journals ANTHROPONYMS AS A SOURCE OF NEOLOGISMS IN THE LANGUAGE OF MASS MEDIA AND INTERNET COMMUNICATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-441
Author(s):  
V.E. Zamaldinov
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Internet Communication ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
The Media ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Semantic Types ◽  
The University

The article considers anthroponyms as a source of word-formative neologisms. The material is the language of mass media and internet communication. The author analyzes the frequency of language use, the ways of word-formation neologisms creation (suffixation, affixation, prefixation). The article uses the following methods and techniques: continuous sampling, general scientific descriptive-analytical method, word-formation and structural-semantic types of analysis of neologisms. It is concluded that the language of media and Internet communication reflects various aspects of society. Neologisms based on anthroponyms in the media are “key elements of socio-cultural space”, are a means of emotional and ideological impact on a recipient, reflect extralinguistic data. The materials of the work contribute to the development of the theory of speech influence, cognitive linguistics, word-formation neology. They can also be used in the university practice of teaching courses “Modern Russian language”, special courses on the language of the media, in journalistic practice of creating texts.

scholarly journals On the opposite directions of semantic motivation in adjective / adverb derivational pairs in russian

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 203-213
Author(s):  
Liudmyla Medvedieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Relevant Feature ◽  
Concrete Object ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Semantic Relationships ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Syntactic Derivation ◽  
Semantic Aspect ◽  
Modern Russian

The paper analyses semantic relationships in adjective / adverb (ending in –о) derivational pairs in the Modern Russian language in terms of the direction of their motivation. The adverbial element in the derivational pairs is represented by adverbs describing the manner of an action. Derivational pairs such as острый – остро, быстрый – быстро refer to syntactic derivation and include words with the same lexical meaning. Thus, the direction of semantic motivation is irrelevant in this case, and adverbs are seen as derivatives on the basis of their formal compoundness. This approach prevents differentiation of derivational pairs in which the nature of semantic relationships between elements in the pair differ. However, the differentiation is possible if 1) the meanings of the related adjectives and adverbs are seen as close, but not the same; 2) in word comparison, the criterion of conformity / non-conformity of their lexical semantics with the categorial meaning of the part of speech is applied. This criterion, which is well-established in the pairs of ‘бежать – бег, острый – острота’ type in connection with the notion of folded proposition and which underlies the differentiation of isosemic and non-isosemic subclasses of nouns, is not easily extrapolated to the derivational pairs where both words have the categorial meaning of a modifier. Even so, correlating the lexical meanings of adjectives with modifying an object and the lexical meanings of adverbs with modifying an action reveals derivational pairs with opposite directions of semantic motivation. Forming adverbs from adjectives is a common direction in the pairs where the adjective describes an innate feature of the object, e.g. the shape, size, colour, etc., and the adverb describes the action not by its own characteristics, but by relating to the relevant feature of the object: острый нож → остро наточить нож meaning ‘так, что нож острый’. Forming adjectives from adverbs is a normal direction in the pairs where the adverb gives a characteristic of the action, e.g. speed or other peculiarities of the action unfolding in time, while the adjective renders a feature of an abstract action: быстро бежать → быстрый бег, meaning ‘такой, который происходит быстро’. Diachronically, derivational and semantic motivation is generated from the feature of a concrete object: быстрый конь → быстро бежит → быстрый бег, but in Modern Russian, the latter is primary, while быстрый конь comes secondary and is motivated by the meaning of the adverb. The indirect proof that in some pairs the adjective is the base, while in others it is the adverb can be given by the correlation of frequency scores of elements in the derivational pairs, i.e. in the derivational pairs of ‘острый → остро, крупный → крупно’ type, adjectives are more frequent, and in the derivational pairs of ‘быстро → быстрый, внезапно → внезапный’ type, adverbs show higher frequency. The analysis shows the need for further research of the semantic aspect of word-formation relationships between words with the categorial meaning of a modifier.

scholarly journals Pragmatic Specifics of Color Designations of the Human Body in Forensic Medical Investigation

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 58-68
Author(s):  
Sofya B. Vladimirova
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Color Terms ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Death Time ◽  
The One ◽  
Selection Of

This article is devoted to the pragmatic specifics of the color designations of the human body in the text of a forensic medical investigation. The forensic post-mortem investigation text includes data on external and internal research, special attention is paid to the designation of the color of the human body, its parts, organs, injuries and other phenomena discovered during the research, because these data can be important for determining the cause of death, time of death and resolution of other questions posed to the expert. A reliable color identification of these objects and their sufficient description in the text of the conclusion is one of the criteria for the completeness of the forensic medical examination. Texts of this type, despite their great social significance, are insufficiently studied with regard to pragmatics and rarely become objects of linguistic research. The purpose of this article is to identify pragmatic specifics of the selection of human bodies’ color designations in the text of a forensic medical investigation through their structural and semantic analysis. The main research methods are the continuous sampling method for highlighting color designations; quantitative analysis to single out the most frequent lexemes, structural and semantic analysis. Out of 20 texts of forensic medical expertise, with the help of continuous sampling we found 1173 color designations represented by 204 different lexemes. The following colors turned out to be the most frequent: темно-красный (dark red, 152), серый (gray, 79), желтоватый (yellowish, 45), сероватый (grayish, 39), белесоватый (whitish, 36), краснокоричневый and жёлтый (red-brown and yellow, 35 for each), серо-розовый (gray-pink, 31), бледно-серый (pale gray, 27), тёмный (dark, 23). These colors were most widely distributed: тёмно-красный (dark red, in 20 texts), желтоватый (yellowish, in 17 ones), белесоватый, серый and жёлтый (whitish, gray and yellow, in 16 ones), краснокоричневый (red-brown, in 15 ones), сероватый (grayish, in 14 ones), серо-розовый (gray-pink, in 12 ones), синюшный and бледный (cyanotic and pale, in 11 ones). Structural analysis showed the predominance of hue color designations over absolute ones; two- and three-component terms over single-component ones, and the widespread use of formants that specify the color intensity. The semantic analysis showed an insignificant number of color terms that have a metaphorical meaning, as well as complete absence of “authorisms” and stylistically colored color terms. Two main pragmatic intentions were established that characterize the selection of color terms in this type of text: on the one hand, it is due to the referent and the need to convey its color as accurately as possible with the lexical means of the Russian language, and on the other, the need to use only common lexemes.

scholarly journals Snow in the Russian Language Picture of the World

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (29) ◽  
pp. 121-130
Author(s):  
Jelena Kazimianec
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Unique Character ◽  
Word Combination ◽  
Weather Phenomenon ◽  
The World ◽  
Aesthetic Concepts ◽  
The Russian Language

This article carries out a semantic and pragmatic description of the Russian word снег “snow,” considering its synonymic and word-formation relations, establishing a family of words, and defining the semantic oppositions in which the word “snow” and its separate word usages appear. The author pays particular attention to the pragmatic connotations of this word, placing them against a background of the different foreign language connotations of appropriating words. The article further investigates the group of the words designating the weather phenomena that typically accompany snowfall: метель “a snowstorm,” вьюга “a snowstorm, a blizzard,” буран “a severe snowstorm,” and пурга “a snowstorm, a blizzard,” defining their semantic range and features of how they function in speech. On the basis of an analysis of the facts provided in dictionaries and poetic discourses, the author comes to a conclusion about the existence of a separate semantic group of words with this meaning that proves the special importance of this weather phenomenon for Russians. The analysis also provides a way to determine that, unlike in other languages, the concept of “snow” in the Russian picture of the world is considered as an active figure: the word combination снег идет “it is snowing” is associated with positive concepts about happiness, the novelty of life, satisfaction with Russian aesthetic concepts about beauty, etc. The author proves that words and concepts united by the component “snow” possess a certain romantic nuance in which, it may be claimed, the unique character of Russian culture consists.

scholarly journals Potential Units of Verb Synthesis: Properties and Possibilities (on the Material of the Russian Verbs of Sound)

2021 ◽  
pp. 11-19
Author(s):  
Irina Valentinovna Ivlieva
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Semantic Group ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
Synthesis Properties ◽  
Special Project ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time ◽  
National Corpus

The study identifies features of potential modifications and lacuna-forming modifiers involved in word-formation synthesis in the process of generating new verbs. The scientific novelty of this study is in the differentiated representation of lexical-semantic and morphological means (verbal modifiers) that are capable, on the one hand, of synthesizing a desired meaning (verbal modification) and, on the other hand, of producing lexical gaps (lacunae). As a result of analyzing the specific modifiers and modifications with respect to the lexical-semantic group of verbs of sound, the new products of synthesis (potential modifications) have been identified. The conditions for the appearance of lacunae and the role of the lacunae-forming modifiers are demonstrated. Through a special project at the Missouri S&T (USA) using the data from the Russian National Corpus, for the first time in lexicographic practice, novel modifications, previously considered non-existent, are introduced.

scholarly journals Features of the formation of pysanka names in the Ukrainian linguistic tradition

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Speech And Language ◽  
Semantic Group ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
Word Combination ◽  
Applied Study ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Syntactic Function

Analysis and systematization of the lexis designating the pysanka (painted Easter egg) traditions are of great importance for the normalization of Ukrainian terminology since it reflects lexical abundance of the Ukrainian language, its historical roots, place and role in the system of lingual world of the Ukrainians. Topicality of the research is stipulated by the fact that the pysanka art terminology has not been the subject matter of linguistics yet. The topic is chosen owing to the necessity of describing the lexis of the analyzed semantic group. The research objective is the determination of specific features of the origin of certain thematic words. To do that, structural-semantic and etymological analysis of the names of pysanka art products has been applied. Study of the structural and semantic area is aimed at specifying the features of the structure and notional organization of the units under analysis; etymological study of those units makes it possible to identify their relation with the corresponding deriving words and word combinations, demonstrating the nature of their origin both in speech and language. The objective meeting involves solution of the following problems: to give definition for each analyzed unit; to determine the approximate time and cause of its origin; to demonstrate its use in the certain context; and to comment on its grammatical characteristics and models of its formation. Each unit of the lexical group under consideration has been analyzed in terms of its relation to the univerbalized equivalents of word combinations, i.e. as a synthetic unit arisen as a result of univerbal transformation of a word combination into a word; it has the lexical meaning, identical to the word combinations, and a syntactic function. It has been concluded that the analyzed units belong to the univerbs or quasiuniverbs depending on the ways and chronology of their origin both in speech and language. Perspectives of further studies of the represented semantic group of words are in the analysis of their derivative potential in the Ukrainian and other Slavic languages.

The lexicon in Functional Discourse Grammar: Theory, typology, description

Linguistics ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Inge Genee ◽  
Evelien Keizer ◽  
Daniel García Velasco
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Grammatical Morphemes ◽  
Discourse Grammar ◽  
Language User ◽  
The One ◽  
And Function

AbstractThis paper discusses the treatment of the lexicon in Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG) and serves to provide a general introduction to the theoretical framework and its formalizations, in particular for readers who may not be intimately familiar with it. After outlining the general architecture of the model, we discuss the position, content and function of the FDG lexicon in more detail. The FDG lexicon is often called the Fund, as it contains more than just a collection of lexemes. The Fund is conceived of as a storehouse containing all unpredictable linguistic knowledge in the form of various types of primitives. In addition to a lexicon proper this includes structural and grammatical primitives that feed the grammar, such as: pragmatic and semantic frames, functions and operators; morphosyntactic and phonological templates and operators; and suppletive forms. The “lexicon proper” contains grammatical morphemes and suppletive forms in addition to lexemes; the collection of frames and templates is sometimes called the “structicon”; and operators and functions constitute what may be called the “grammaticon”. The division of labor between the Fund and the Grammar is illustrated by showing how FDG treats lexeme, word and frame formation: lexeme formation is located in the Fund, word formation is located in the Grammar, and frame formation may be located in either, depending on the particular frame or the approach of the analyst. We then discuss the form and content of lexical entries. This has been a topic of some discussion recently, and several of the contributions to this special issue contain proposals in this area. The central question here is how best to capture the existence of common or even default associations between primitives at different levels of representation while still allowing for the occurrence of mismatches. Mismatches allow us to account for phenomena like coercion and other creative uses of the linguistic apparatus available to the language user. Next we address the construction of lexical meaning, showing where FDG draws the line between semantics on the one hand and pragmatics, contextual factors, and conceptualization on the other hand. Here again, different points of view coexist and several contributions contain proposals for how to represent lexical meaning. Our final section briefly introduces the other contributions to this special issue.

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