scholarly journals «Merger and acquisition»: monopolization of electro technical market in Russia at the beginning of the XX century

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-226
Author(s):  
Alexandr А. Bessolitsyn
Keyword(s):  
Merger And Acquisition ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Central State ◽  
Country House ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Petersburg Region ◽  
The Common ◽  
Economic Modernization

Introduction. The problem of monopolization of the electric and technical market in Russia becomes the most important one during the economic modernization at the edge of XIX–XX centuries when the branches of foreign electric and technical companies are converted into Russian joint stock companies. “Electric illumination company of 1886” becomes the largest company on this market at the beginning of the XX century. Materials and Methods. The article is devoted to the research of the policy of “Electric illumination company of 1886” aimed at the acquisition of the “Shuvalov electric illumination company in Petersburg region” of the largest electro technical company – Joint stock company “Shuvalov electro technical illumination in Petersburg region” established for the purpose of illumination of country-house plots and houses in the suburb of St. Petersburg (Shuvalovo, Ozerki and Pargolovo) at the beginning of the XX century, which is based on the analysis of the archive materials contained in the Russian State Historical Archive (RSHA) and Central State Historical Archive of St. Petersburg (CSHA SPb.). Results of the Research. Using the example of the activity of such electro technical companies the author reveals the mechanism of “merger and acquisition” of minor joint stock companies by large monopolists who used different methods of pressure on the shareholders and management of the companies. Discussion and Conclusion. In this competitor environment, minor joint stock companies did not have a chance to remain independent even in the case of a fair court decision. The situation of “merger and acquisition” was actually profitable mostly for the companies’ management and for the leading shareholders who, in this case, received regular dividends, but the common customers had to pay according to the prices set forth by monopolies.

scholarly journals А. Khanzhonkov and Co Joint-Stock Company and its competitors in Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 780-842
Author(s):  
Aleksandr A. Bessolitsyn
Keyword(s):  
Film Industry ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Central State ◽  
Foreign Companies ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Russian Film ◽  
Film Market

The article is based on the archival files of joint-stock companies in the film industry, stored in the fonds of the Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA), the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art (RGALI), and the Central State Historical Archive of St Petersburg (TsGIA SPb) as well as statistics digests Joint-Stock Companies of Russia (1912–1917) and scientific literature and focuses on the analysis of the activities of A. Khanzhonkov and Co Joint-Stock Company and its competitors in the film industry at the beginning of the twentieth century. A. Khanzhonkov’s joint-stock company, which gradually developed from a small trade and commission business that supplied the Russian market with films and equipment produced mainly by European, became a leader in the Russian pre-revolutionary film market. The company steadily made a profit, increased its fixed and reserve capital, and also paid dividends to shareholders annually. The author came to the conclusion that it is A. Khanzhonkov and Co Joint-Stock Company that was most successful and effective in the field of production and distribution of films among Russian film companies firms and was a real competitor to the branches of leading foreign companies in Russian film business, such as Gaumont and Pathé Brothers. However, the company was unable to fully exploit the opportunities which emerged after the outbreak of the First World War due to the withdrawal of a number of branches of leading foreign companies from the film market. By keeping his firm in the form of a joint-stock company, A. Khanzhonkov actually hindered its development himself by not issuing shares for free sale on the stock exchange. Therefore, the company constantly suffered a lack of investment. This was especially evident after the February Revolution of 1917, when new companies entered the film business, which significantly increased competition in the film market. The attempt to transfer the company’s activities to the Crimea in connection with the construction of a new Yalta film studio was not successful, primarily due to the deterioration of the overall political and economic situation in the country.

scholarly journals Corporate governance vs. crisis of company

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 275-277
Author(s):  
P. Moulis
Keyword(s):  
Control Mechanism ◽  
Supervisory Board ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Natural Control ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
The Common

There is a lot of available investigations in the area of company crisis reasons problems nowadays. These inquiries were summarised into the indicators of company crisis reasons. The development and level of these indicators is not possible to consider to be company crisis reasons but above all to be its manifestation. The veritable reason of crisis is the absence of effective control mechanisms in the company, especially of the “natural” control mechanisms. The natural control mechanism means such as rises from the substance of joint stock companies (respectively legal rules of joint stock company). There is a presumption of control activities interaction among the General Assembly, Supervisory Board and Board. Control mechanisms work on the common economic principles’ base in this sense and it means that the owner is considered to be the primary managing element and the management acts as the derivative managing element. The assumption of effective economic principles functioning is the existence of standard variable of these relations i. e. the existence of relevant interests.

scholarly journals “A Rare Creature, in Mind, in Heart, in Character” (a Relative of Dostoevsky From Siberia)

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-200
Author(s):  
Tatyana Panyukova
Keyword(s):  
Local History ◽  
Place Of Birth ◽  
Central State ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Exact Date ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Textual Description ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Family

The article presents the unknown facts in the biographies of people in the family circle of F. M. Dostoevsky: his sister-in-law Olga Kirillovna Snitkina and her mother Nadezhda Ivanovna Obraszhova. His first acquaintance with them belongs to the Dresden period of the writer's life (1869–1870). The sparse information that is currently available about their lives was drawn mainly from Dostoevsky's correspondence with his wife and belongs to a later period. Based on a systematic analysis of the preserved correspondence of the Snitkin family (relatives of the writer's wife), memoirs of contemporaries, genealogical and local history materials, as well as archival searches, their biographies were reconstructed, several unknown documentary sources were introduced into scientific circulation (stored in the Fund of the Department of Heraldry of the Russian State Historical Archive and in the Fund of the St. Petersburg Spiritual Consistory of the Central State Historical Archive of St. Petersburg), the exact date (May 17, 1873), and the place of birth of one of Anna Grigoryevna Dostoevskaya's nephews — Vanya Snitkin, as well as the maiden name of his mother Olga Kirillovna (née Maryina) were established. The study showed that the lineage of O. K. Snitkin and N. I. Obraszhovoy descends from Siberia and includes representatives of several famous merchant dynasties of the mid-XIX сentury. A brief textual description of the surviving correspondence between this branch of the Snitkin family and the Dostoevsky family is attached to the article.

scholarly journals Spory o służebności przechodu, przejazdu i przegonu bydła w relacjach miast i wsi ze zwierzchnością dworską na terenie Galicji w XIX wieku

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 430-449
Author(s):  
Joachim Popek ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Historical Background ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Central State ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
The Common ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
Present Text

The article deals with the question of mobility in the context of the common rights of passage, carriage and cattle drive through properties belonging to estates. Till 1848 Galician peasants and townsmen enjoyed them on the basis of charters or custom law. In the second half of the 19th century rights were abolished or regulated. Archival research proved that in the whole century there were many conflicts regarding common rights, which is the main hypothesis put forward in the present article. The arrangement of the present text is conventionally structured, i.e. historical background, hypothesis and research questions; discussion of the source base, methodology and research tools; the main body, summary and general conclusions. The article originated on the basis of archival sources, mainly from the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Lviv, which were utilised for the very first time. The sources were supplemented by cartographic materials prepared by means of QGIS software.

“Other Turkestan” by Senator Konstantin Palen and engineer Nikolay Shchapov

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6 (104)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Tatiana Kotyukova
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Central State ◽  
Photo Collections ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Photo Collection

This article is devoted to two practically unknown photo collections that visualize Turkestan at the beginning of the twentieth century. The first, stored in the Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA) and consisting of 4 photo albums, was collected during the Senate audit of the Turkestan Territory under the leadership of Count K. K. Palen in 1908—1909. The second collection of photographs, shot in 1911—1913 in Turkestan, is part of a large and diverse personal photo collection of hydrologist engineer N. M. Shchapov, stored in the Central State Archive of Moscow, the Center for the Storage of Electronic and Audiovisual Documents (TsGAM TsKHEAVD). Photocollections of the Senate audit (under the leadership of K. K. Palen) and hydro engineer N. M. Schapov, in our opinion, can be considered a visualization of modernization in Turkestan and a manifestation at the general imperial level of the appearance of another, industrial, Turkestan.

scholarly journals Naib Baysunghur of Benoy: modern myths and historical facts

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-387
Author(s):  
P. I. Takhnaeva
Keyword(s):  
State Archive ◽  
Central State ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Ideological Background ◽  
Kaluga Region ◽  
The Republic ◽  
North Ossetia

The article deals with one of the most important and at the same time completely events in the biography of Baysungur of Benoy (1794–1861), the Chechen Naib during the Caucasian War of the 19th cent., namely his stay at Ghunib (August 1859) and his personal presence at the capture of Imam Shamil. This episode has recently attracted much attention and became a subject of various speculations both with a scholarly and ideological background. The author based her research on a wide array of hitherto unknown as well as already published documents. The latter, however, have not received enough attention. The unpublished sources originate from the Russian State Military Historical Archive (Moscow), the State Archive of the Kaluga Region, the Central State Archive of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, etc. This cornucopea of rich historical data allows her to reconstruct in detail the very last period of the Imam Shamil State and to successfully put it within the framework of the and political situation in the Caucasus in 1859. A detailed analysis of numerous local sources, which are written in Arabic and directly originate from the Imam Shamil environment as well as the papers from the headquarters of the Russian Imperial Caucasian Army leads to a convincing conclusion regarding the whereabouts of Naib Baysungur in August 1859. It proves that at that time he was definitively away from Ghunib.

scholarly journals "To Present a List of Russian Orthodox Churches Abroad and the Clergy Attached to Them..." Based on the Materials of the St. Petersburg Archives

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-56
Author(s):  
N.V. Shvarts
Keyword(s):  
Personal Communication ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Documentary Evidence ◽  
Central State ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Education Today ◽  
The Government

The article is based on documents from the Russian State Historical Archive and the Central State Historical Archive of St. Petersburg that have not previously been used by researchers, which contains information about the priests served in Russian Orthodox churches in Italy in the 1860-s. It was then that cities Naples, Florence and Rome were visited by the great Russian writer F.M. Dostoevsky. His travels had coincided with a profound transformation of the government of the overseas churches and updating the staff list of priests. When choosing priests for ministry outside Russia special attention was paid to their education. Today there is no documentary evidence of personal communication between the writer and the clergy, but to analyze the situation and activities of Russian Orthodox churches abroad seems appropriate, because Dostoevsky's interest in all events that took place in Italy was great throughout his life.

scholarly journals Dostoevsky’s Godchildren

2020 ◽  
pp. 240-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Panyukova
Keyword(s):  
State Archive ◽  
Central State ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
New Information ◽  
Russian State ◽  
First Time

The article, based on archival sources, provides new information about two godchildren of F.M. Dostoevsky: Platon Milyukov (with clarification of the name, date and place of his baptism) and Grigoriy Snitkin (the fact of the writer's participation in the baptism has not yet been noted in the biographical literature). Two authentic metric records found in the Central State Archive of Saint Petersburg are put into scientific circulation, allowing to supplement or correct the information contained in the “Chronicle of the life and work” of the writer. The attraction of documentary sources (stored in the Russian State Historical Archive of service and form lists), analysis of the preserved epistolary, reference and biographical literature allowed to attempt to systematize all available data about Grigoriy Ivanovich Snitkin and for the first time to make a biographical reference about his person, native nephew of Anna Grigoryevna Dostoevsky and godson of the writer – thus adding information about F.M. Dostoevsky’s family circle.

scholarly journals Guilds of German Bakers of St Petersburg in the First Half of the 19th Century: Conflict Resolution Practices and Everyday Life

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrei Keller
Keyword(s):  
Production Volume ◽  
Central State ◽  
Market Segments ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Growth Production ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Bread Production ◽  
The 19Th Century

Referring to materials from the Russian State Historical Archive and the Central State Historical Archive of St Petersburg, this article investigates mechanisms of competition and resolving conflicts between tradesmen in St Petersburg and the level of German masters’ adaptation to a new cultural and social environment. It reveals an opportunity to reach a deeper understanding of bread production in the capital over a long period of time. Competitive confrontations between guilds reflect not only the negative aspects of monopolistic tendencies among trade masters, but also the vitality of St Petersburg trades. This manifested itself in constant rivalry among the guilds of Russian and German bread makers, confectioners, pretzel bakers, roll makers, and non-guild pastry makers. The intensive competition could increase or decrease due to national, confessional, cultural, and territorial factors. The 1830s and 1840s were the last period of this open competition: after, all such guilds were united into a single organisation. The author provides a periodisation that conditionally reflects the fundamental stages in the development of the guilds: 1721–1785 (their establishment), 1785–1840s (their flourishing), and the 1850s–1870s (unification and standardisation with new regulations). The struggle for the partial monopolisation of market segments in the 1830s and 1840s pointed to the need for clearer structures. The prosperity, entrepreneurship, and influence of German bakers manifested themselves in the black-market sale of a certain type of securities: bakery certificates whose price could reach 12,000 paper roubles. Bread production in St Petersburg can be used as a positive example of an institution that underwent a century-long cycle of modernisation characteristic of an immobile and conservative society. This cycle of modernisation was based on a catch-up model of development and contributed to dynamic innovation (the introduction of mechanical dough mixers from Germany). The author puts forward a hypothesis that the increase in stiff competition pointed to the limits of the market and thus the limits of growth: production volume could no longer grow arbitrarily, which meant that access to guilds became more restricted.

scholarly journals The “Kerch Matter” of Bryansk Factory Joint Stock Company (1899–1903)

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 214-229 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Great Influence ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Kerch Peninsula ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Work Done ◽  
Financial Groups ◽  
Imperial State

The tsarist government and foreign businessmen had a great influence on the economic development of the Russian Empire. In the early 20th century, the position of Western capital in Russia became stronger, but how significant was this increase? Could foreign business have been able to take over the functions of managing and regulating the national economy from the Russian government? The author attempts to answer this question by examining it on a specific example: the “Kerch matter” of 1899–1903. This is the name contemporaries gave to the conflict between the Russian government and French capitalists close to the Company of Bryansk Factory, which arose because of metallurgical facilities on the Kerch Peninsula. The analysis of the case and its results is conducted on the basis of published sources and documentary materials from Russian archives. The results of work done have shown that the imperial state machine represented by the then Minister of Finance Sergei Witte managed to emerge victorious from the “Kerch matter”. Having succeeded in stopping production at the Kerch factory and preventing the bankruptcy of the Bryansk Company, the Russian authorities were able to contain the infiltration of financial groups such as the Société Générale into the metallurgical market of the South of Russia, which, in the conditions of the industrial recession of 1900–1903, threatened to cause a massive collapse in prices. The “Kerch matter” was the last attempt of Western European capital to intervene in the issues of control over the economy, which were subordinated to the Russian state.

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