scholarly journals Guilds of German Bakers of St Petersburg in the First Half of the 19th Century: Conflict Resolution Practices and Everyday Life

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrei Keller
Keyword(s):  
Production Volume ◽  
Central State ◽  
Market Segments ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Growth Production ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Bread Production ◽  
The 19Th Century

Referring to materials from the Russian State Historical Archive and the Central State Historical Archive of St Petersburg, this article investigates mechanisms of competition and resolving conflicts between tradesmen in St Petersburg and the level of German masters’ adaptation to a new cultural and social environment. It reveals an opportunity to reach a deeper understanding of bread production in the capital over a long period of time. Competitive confrontations between guilds reflect not only the negative aspects of monopolistic tendencies among trade masters, but also the vitality of St Petersburg trades. This manifested itself in constant rivalry among the guilds of Russian and German bread makers, confectioners, pretzel bakers, roll makers, and non-guild pastry makers. The intensive competition could increase or decrease due to national, confessional, cultural, and territorial factors. The 1830s and 1840s were the last period of this open competition: after, all such guilds were united into a single organisation. The author provides a periodisation that conditionally reflects the fundamental stages in the development of the guilds: 1721–1785 (their establishment), 1785–1840s (their flourishing), and the 1850s–1870s (unification and standardisation with new regulations). The struggle for the partial monopolisation of market segments in the 1830s and 1840s pointed to the need for clearer structures. The prosperity, entrepreneurship, and influence of German bakers manifested themselves in the black-market sale of a certain type of securities: bakery certificates whose price could reach 12,000 paper roubles. Bread production in St Petersburg can be used as a positive example of an institution that underwent a century-long cycle of modernisation characteristic of an immobile and conservative society. This cycle of modernisation was based on a catch-up model of development and contributed to dynamic innovation (the introduction of mechanical dough mixers from Germany). The author puts forward a hypothesis that the increase in stiff competition pointed to the limits of the market and thus the limits of growth: production volume could no longer grow arbitrarily, which meant that access to guilds became more restricted.

Russian Meteorological Investigations in China in the 19th Century

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Feklova
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Far East ◽  
Scientific Network ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Meteorological Observatory ◽  
History Of ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The 19Th Century

The history of the Russian Magneto-Meteorological Observatory (RMMO) in Beijing has not been extensively researched. Sources for this information are Russian (the Russian State Historical Archive, Saint Petersburg Branch of the Archive of the Academy of Sciences, Russian National Library) and Chinese (the First Historical Archive of Beijing, the Library of the Shanghai Zikavey Observatory) archives. These archival materials can be scientifically and methodologically analyzed. At the beginning of the 18th century, the Russian Orthodox Mission (ROM) was founded in the territory of Beijing. Existing until 1955, the ROM performed an important role in the development of Russian–Chinese relations. Russian scientists could only work in Beijing through the ROM due to China’s policy of fierce self-isolation. The ROM became the center of Chinese academic studies and the first training school for Russian sinologists. From its very beginning, it was considered not only a church or diplomatic mission but a research center in close cooperation with the Russian Academy of Sciences. In this context, the RMMO made important weather investigations in China and the Far East in the 19th century. The RMMO, as well as its branch stations in China and Mongolia, part of a scientific network, represented an important link between Europe and Asia and was probably the largest geographical scientific network in the world at that time.

scholarly journals “A Rare Creature, in Mind, in Heart, in Character” (a Relative of Dostoevsky From Siberia)

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-200
Author(s):  
Tatyana Panyukova
Keyword(s):  
Local History ◽  
Place Of Birth ◽  
Central State ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Exact Date ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Textual Description ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Family

The article presents the unknown facts in the biographies of people in the family circle of F. M. Dostoevsky: his sister-in-law Olga Kirillovna Snitkina and her mother Nadezhda Ivanovna Obraszhova. His first acquaintance with them belongs to the Dresden period of the writer's life (1869–1870). The sparse information that is currently available about their lives was drawn mainly from Dostoevsky's correspondence with his wife and belongs to a later period. Based on a systematic analysis of the preserved correspondence of the Snitkin family (relatives of the writer's wife), memoirs of contemporaries, genealogical and local history materials, as well as archival searches, their biographies were reconstructed, several unknown documentary sources were introduced into scientific circulation (stored in the Fund of the Department of Heraldry of the Russian State Historical Archive and in the Fund of the St. Petersburg Spiritual Consistory of the Central State Historical Archive of St. Petersburg), the exact date (May 17, 1873), and the place of birth of one of Anna Grigoryevna Dostoevskaya's nephews — Vanya Snitkin, as well as the maiden name of his mother Olga Kirillovna (née Maryina) were established. The study showed that the lineage of O. K. Snitkin and N. I. Obraszhovoy descends from Siberia and includes representatives of several famous merchant dynasties of the mid-XIX сentury. A brief textual description of the surviving correspondence between this branch of the Snitkin family and the Dostoevsky family is attached to the article.

scholarly journals Spory o służebności przechodu, przejazdu i przegonu bydła w relacjach miast i wsi ze zwierzchnością dworską na terenie Galicji w XIX wieku

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 430-449
Author(s):  
Joachim Popek ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Historical Background ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Central State ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
The Common ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
Present Text

The article deals with the question of mobility in the context of the common rights of passage, carriage and cattle drive through properties belonging to estates. Till 1848 Galician peasants and townsmen enjoyed them on the basis of charters or custom law. In the second half of the 19th century rights were abolished or regulated. Archival research proved that in the whole century there were many conflicts regarding common rights, which is the main hypothesis put forward in the present article. The arrangement of the present text is conventionally structured, i.e. historical background, hypothesis and research questions; discussion of the source base, methodology and research tools; the main body, summary and general conclusions. The article originated on the basis of archival sources, mainly from the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Lviv, which were utilised for the very first time. The sources were supplemented by cartographic materials prepared by means of QGIS software.

History of the Central Asian commercial bank (1881−1911)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (12-2) ◽  
pp. 215-222
Author(s):  
Bakhtiyor Alimdjanov ◽  
Shokhrukh Choriev ◽  
Timur Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Commercial Bank ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Russian State ◽  
General Government ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

In the article, on the basis of documents of the Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA) that have not been previously introduced into scientific circulation, the activities of N. I. Ivanov, a famous merchant of the second half of the 19th century in the Turkestan General Government, which became rich on military supplies to the Russian army during the period of conquests in Central Asia is given. For the first time in Russian historiography, the functioning of the Central Asian Commercial Bank (1881-1911) - the first commercial bank in Russian Turkestan, founded by N. I. Ivanov. The activity of private financial institutions in Central Asia is analyzed.

“Other Turkestan” by Senator Konstantin Palen and engineer Nikolay Shchapov

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6 (104)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Tatiana Kotyukova
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Central State ◽  
Photo Collections ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Photo Collection

This article is devoted to two practically unknown photo collections that visualize Turkestan at the beginning of the twentieth century. The first, stored in the Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA) and consisting of 4 photo albums, was collected during the Senate audit of the Turkestan Territory under the leadership of Count K. K. Palen in 1908—1909. The second collection of photographs, shot in 1911—1913 in Turkestan, is part of a large and diverse personal photo collection of hydrologist engineer N. M. Shchapov, stored in the Central State Archive of Moscow, the Center for the Storage of Electronic and Audiovisual Documents (TsGAM TsKHEAVD). Photocollections of the Senate audit (under the leadership of K. K. Palen) and hydro engineer N. M. Schapov, in our opinion, can be considered a visualization of modernization in Turkestan and a manifestation at the general imperial level of the appearance of another, industrial, Turkestan.

scholarly journals Naib Baysunghur of Benoy: modern myths and historical facts

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-387
Author(s):  
P. I. Takhnaeva
Keyword(s):  
State Archive ◽  
Central State ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Ideological Background ◽  
Kaluga Region ◽  
The Republic ◽  
North Ossetia

The article deals with one of the most important and at the same time completely events in the biography of Baysungur of Benoy (1794–1861), the Chechen Naib during the Caucasian War of the 19th cent., namely his stay at Ghunib (August 1859) and his personal presence at the capture of Imam Shamil. This episode has recently attracted much attention and became a subject of various speculations both with a scholarly and ideological background. The author based her research on a wide array of hitherto unknown as well as already published documents. The latter, however, have not received enough attention. The unpublished sources originate from the Russian State Military Historical Archive (Moscow), the State Archive of the Kaluga Region, the Central State Archive of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, etc. This cornucopea of rich historical data allows her to reconstruct in detail the very last period of the Imam Shamil State and to successfully put it within the framework of the and political situation in the Caucasus in 1859. A detailed analysis of numerous local sources, which are written in Arabic and directly originate from the Imam Shamil environment as well as the papers from the headquarters of the Russian Imperial Caucasian Army leads to a convincing conclusion regarding the whereabouts of Naib Baysungur in August 1859. It proves that at that time he was definitively away from Ghunib.

scholarly journals THE FAMILY LISTS OF RESIDENTS OF THE VILLAGE STAROOSETINSKOE AND NOVOOSETINSKOE AS HISTORICAL AND ETHNOGRAPHIC SOURCE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
И.-Б.Т. МАРЗОЕВ
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Central State ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
The Family ◽  
Christian Families ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military ◽  
North Ossetia

В статье представлен документ, находящийся на хранении в фондах Центрального государственного исторического архива Грузии и относящийся ко времени поселения осетин на левом берегу реки Терек в районе крепости Моздок в начале XIX в. Основанные выходцами из Дигорского общества Северной Осетии два осетинских селения получили названия Староосетинское (Ерашти) и Новоосетинское (Масукау). В настоящее время это станицы Черноярская и Новосетинская Моздокского района РСО-Алания. Это один из самых ранних документов, касающийся заселения переселенцами-осетинами Моздокской равнины. Он представляет собой посемейные списки жителей указанных двух станиц, составленные в 1830 г. на основании сведений, собранных в 1818 г., и содержит ценнейший исторический и этнографический материал. Публикуемый документ впервые вводится в научный оборот. Целью настоящей работы является исследование числа семейств в обеих станицах, фамилиях и именах, составе семей, возрасте на момент переписи, социальном составе жителей этих селений, конфессиональной принадлежности, а также информация о военной службе переселенцев и их воинских званиях. Особый интерес для исследования представляют браки. Выявлены случаи межнациональных браков среди переселенцев-осетин, традиция многоженства. Богатые сведения этот список дает по ономастике. Отличительной особенностью приведенных в статье посемейных списков от аналогичных переписей населения в Осетии XIX – начала XХ вв. является то, что они содержат имена и фамилии женщин, их возраст, как в христианских семьях этих двух селений, так и в мусульманских. Материалы статьи существенно дополняют историю Северной Осетии в первой половине XIX века, а также способствует более глубокому и обновленному исследованию генеалогии переселенцев-осетин на Моздокскую равнину. This article presents a document stored in the funds of the Central State Historical Archive of Georgia and relating to the time of the Ossetian settlement on the left bank of the Terek River in the area of the Mozdok fortress at the beginning of the XIX century. Founded by immigrants from the Digor Society of North Ossetia, two Ossetian villages were named: Staroosetinskoe (Erashti) and Novoosetinskoe (Masukau). Currently, these are the villages: Chernoyarskaya and Novosetinskaya of Mozdok district of North Ossetia-Alania. This is one of the earliest documents concerning the settlement of the Mozdok Plain by the Ossetian settlers. It is a family-wide list of residents of these two villages, compiled in 1830 from information collected in 1818 and contains valuable historical and ethnographic material. This document of the Central State Historical Archive of Georgia was first put into scientific circulation. The aim of this work is to study the number of families in villages, surnames and names, family composition, age at the time of the census, the social composition of the inhabitants of these villages, religious affiliation, as well as information on the military service of the migrants and their military ranks. Of particular interest to the study are marriages. Cases of interethnic marriages among Ossetian immigrants, the tradition of polygamy have been identified. This list provides rich information on onomastics. A distinctive feature of the family lists given in the article from similar censuses in Ossetia of the 19th - early 20th centuries. is that they contain the names and surnames of women, their age, both in the Christian families of these two villages, and in Muslim. The materials of the article significantly supplement the history of North Ossetia in the first half of the 19th century, and also contribute to a deeper and more updated study of the genealogy of Ossetian settlers on the Mozdok Plain.

scholarly journals «Merger and acquisition»: monopolization of electro technical market in Russia at the beginning of the XX century

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-226
Author(s):  
Alexandr А. Bessolitsyn
Keyword(s):  
Merger And Acquisition ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Central State ◽  
Country House ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Petersburg Region ◽  
The Common ◽  
Economic Modernization

Introduction. The problem of monopolization of the electric and technical market in Russia becomes the most important one during the economic modernization at the edge of XIX–XX centuries when the branches of foreign electric and technical companies are converted into Russian joint stock companies. “Electric illumination company of 1886” becomes the largest company on this market at the beginning of the XX century. Materials and Methods. The article is devoted to the research of the policy of “Electric illumination company of 1886” aimed at the acquisition of the “Shuvalov electric illumination company in Petersburg region” of the largest electro technical company – Joint stock company “Shuvalov electro technical illumination in Petersburg region” established for the purpose of illumination of country-house plots and houses in the suburb of St. Petersburg (Shuvalovo, Ozerki and Pargolovo) at the beginning of the XX century, which is based on the analysis of the archive materials contained in the Russian State Historical Archive (RSHA) and Central State Historical Archive of St. Petersburg (CSHA SPb.). Results of the Research. Using the example of the activity of such electro technical companies the author reveals the mechanism of “merger and acquisition” of minor joint stock companies by large monopolists who used different methods of pressure on the shareholders and management of the companies. Discussion and Conclusion. In this competitor environment, minor joint stock companies did not have a chance to remain independent even in the case of a fair court decision. The situation of “merger and acquisition” was actually profitable mostly for the companies’ management and for the leading shareholders who, in this case, received regular dividends, but the common customers had to pay according to the prices set forth by monopolies.

scholarly journals Коллекция живописи великого князя Алексея Александровича в Алексеевском дворце

2021 ◽  
pp. 142-151
Author(s):  
I.G. Basova
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The 19Th Century

In the St. Petersburg Alekseevsky Palace, which belonged to the Grand Prince Alexey Alexandrovich (1850–1908), a rich collection of paintings and drawings was gathered. This collection has never come under the scrutiny of researchers. Shortly after the owner's death, it was sold at auction. Thanks to the inventory found in the Russian State Historical Archive, it was possible to reconstruct its contents, which made it possible to judge the artistic preferences of its owner. The collection was based on works by Russian artists of the second half of the 19th century, with many of whom the Grand Prince was personally acquainted. In the article, the pictures are grouped and considered on a thematic basis. The largest section of the collection was made up of works by marine artists. Special attention is paid to the most outstanding and unique exhibits of the collection. The Tretyakov Gallery contains one painting from the collection of the Alekseevsky Palace (A. Gebens. Family. 1856). Its provenance was established thanks to a unique owner's sticker, preserved on the back of the canvas. The study of inventories helped to restore the original name of the work. В петербургском Алексеевском дворце, принадлежавшем великому князю Алексею Александровичу (1850–1908), была собрана богатая коллекция живописи и графики. Эта коллекция никогда не попадала под пристальное внимание исследователей. Вскоре после смерти владельца она была распродана с молотка. Благодаря обнаруженной в Российском государственном историческом архиве описи удалось реконструировать ее состав, что позволило судить о художественных предпочтениях ее владельца. Основу коллекции составляли произведения русских художников второй половины XIX века, со многими из которых великий князь был лично знаком. В статье картины сгруппированы и рассматриваются по тематическому признаку. Самый большой раздел собрания составили работы художников-маринистов. Особое внимание уделено наиболее выдающимся и уникальным экспонатам коллекции. В Третьяковской галерее хранится одна картина из собрания Алексеевского дворца (А. Гебенс. «Семейство», 1856). Ее провенанс удалось установить благодаря уникальной владельческой наклейке, сохранившейся на обороте холста. Изучение описей помогло вернуть произведению подлинное название.

scholarly journals "To Present a List of Russian Orthodox Churches Abroad and the Clergy Attached to Them..." Based on the Materials of the St. Petersburg Archives

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-56
Author(s):  
N.V. Shvarts
Keyword(s):  
Personal Communication ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Documentary Evidence ◽  
Central State ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Education Today ◽  
The Government

The article is based on documents from the Russian State Historical Archive and the Central State Historical Archive of St. Petersburg that have not previously been used by researchers, which contains information about the priests served in Russian Orthodox churches in Italy in the 1860-s. It was then that cities Naples, Florence and Rome were visited by the great Russian writer F.M. Dostoevsky. His travels had coincided with a profound transformation of the government of the overseas churches and updating the staff list of priests. When choosing priests for ministry outside Russia special attention was paid to their education. Today there is no documentary evidence of personal communication between the writer and the clergy, but to analyze the situation and activities of Russian Orthodox churches abroad seems appropriate, because Dostoevsky's interest in all events that took place in Italy was great throughout his life.

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