scholarly journals CONTRADICTION TO CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. SUPPRESSION AND STIMULATION OF IMMUNE REACTIVITY IN PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (05) ◽  
pp. 1656-1664
Author(s):  
Vladimir M Zemskov ◽  
Andrey M Zemskov ◽  
Victoria Neymann ◽  
Konstantin N Pronko ◽  
Aliexander A Barsukov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Clinical Immunology ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Immune Reactivity ◽  
Pathogenetic Mechanism ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Stimulation Of

The analysis of literature data and our published results of examination of patients with a wide range of pathological processes was carried out. It has been established that polar changes in reactivity provoke the development of immune-dependent ones, which include primary and secondary immunodeficiencies, auto-aggressive and immunocomplex diseases, or immunoassociated purulent-inflammatory, nonspecific inflammatory lung diseases, cerebrovascular diseases,  in which suppression and stimulation of reactivity is a pathogenetic mechanism for normalizing homeostasis, depending on the links of the immune system, doses of antigens, the initial state of protective functions, phases of the immune response, etc. Keywords: Stimulation. Suppression. Immunodeficiency

New activity of yamamarin, an insect pentapeptide, on immune system of mealworm,Tenebrio molitor

2017 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Walkowiak-Nowicka ◽  
G. Nowicki ◽  
M. Kuczer ◽  
G. Rosiński
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Tenebrio Molitor ◽  
Immunotropic Activity ◽  
Silk Moth ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Selected Functions ◽  
Active Substances ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractIn insects, two types of the immune responses, cellular and humoral, constitute a defensive barrier against various parasites and pathogens. In response to pathogens, insects produce a wide range of immune agents that act on pathogens directly, such as cecropins or lysozyme, or indirectly by the stimulation of hemocyte migration or by increasing phenoloxidase (PO) activity. Recently, many new immunologically active substances from insects, such as peptides and polypeptides, have been identified. Nevertheless, in the most cases, their physiological functions are not fully known. One such substance is yamamarin – a pentapeptide isolated from the silk mothAntheraea yamamai. This yamamarin possesses strong antiproliferative properties and is probably involved in diapause regulation. Here, we examined the immunotropic activity of yamamarin by testing its impact on selected functions of the immune system in heterologous bioassays with the beetleTenebrio molitor, commonly known as a stored grains pest. Our results indicate that the pentapeptide affects the activity of immune processes in the beetle. We show that yamamarin induces changes in both humoral and cellular responses. The yamamarin increases the activity of PO, as well as causes changes in the hemocyte cytoskeleton and stimulates phagocytic activity. We detected an increased number of apoptotic hemocytes, however after the yamamarin injection, no significant variations in the antibacterial activity in the hemolymph were observed. The obtained data suggest that yamamarin could be an important controller of the immune system inT. molitor.

Diagnosis and correction of immune system disorders

1986 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. V. Kovalchuk ◽  
A. N. Cheredeev
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Clinical Immunology ◽  
The State ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
In Vitro Methods ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Degree

Modern clinical immunology has a wide range of tests that can detect immune system disorders with a sufficiently high degree of accuracy. Laboratory evaluation of the immune system is performed using in vivo and in vitro methods. In vivo methods allow to judge the state of the immune system at the organism level.

scholarly journals Combinational clustering of receptors following stimulation by bacterial products determines lipopolysaccharide responses

2004 ◽  
Vol 381 (2) ◽  
pp. 527-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha TRIANTAFILOU ◽  
Klaus BRANDENBURG ◽  
Shoichi KUSUMOTO ◽  
Koichi FUKASE ◽  
Alan MACKIE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Receptor Clusters ◽  
Molecular Patterns

The innate immune system has the capacity to recognize a wide range of pathogens based on conserved PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns). In the case of bacterial LPS (lipopolysaccharide) recognition, the best studied PAMP, it has been shown that the innate immune system employs at least three cell-surface receptors: CD14, TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4) and MD-2 protein. CD14 binds LPS from Enterobacteriaceae and then transfers it to MD-2, leading to TLR4 aggregation and signal transduction. LPS analogues such as lipid IVa seem to act as LPS antagonists in human cells, but exhibit LPS mimetic activity in mouse cells. Although TLR4 has been shown to be involved in this species-specific discrimination, the mechanism by which this is achieved has not been elucidated. The questions that remain are how the innate immune system can discriminate between LPS from different bacteria as well as different LPS analogues, and whether or not the structure of LPS affects its interaction with the CD14–TLR4–MD-2 cluster. Is it possible that the ‘shape’ of LPS induces the formation of different receptor clusters, and thus a different immune response? In the present study, we demonstrate using biochemical as well as fluorescence-imaging techniques that different LPS analogues trigger the recruitment of different receptors within microdomains. The composition of each receptor cluster as well as the number of TLR4 molecules that are recruited within the cluster seem to determine whether an immune response will be induced or inhibited.

Cryptocotyle lingua in mullet, Chelon labrosus; significance of metacercarial excretory proteins in the stimulation of the immune response

1993 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Matthews ◽  
B. F. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Positive Response ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Immunogold Labelling ◽  
Excretory Vesicle ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Chelon Labrosus

Abstract‘O’ group mullet, Chelon labrosus. were experimentally infected with Cryptocotyle lingua (Heterophyidae) by tail dip in a suspension of cercariae. Metacercariae were excised after 1 and 24 hours and prepared for TEM and post-embedding immunogold labelling. Antisera to cercariae of C. lingua were raised in adult mullet by natural infection via the skin and by intra-peritoneal injection of sonicate. The membrane-bound vesicles within the syncytial lining of the metacercarial excretory vesicle were found to be intensely antigenic with both antisera: the epidermal secretory bodies type 5 within the cystogenousglands gave a positive response. Penetration gland contents were not found to be antigenic with either antiserum. Discharge of the membrane-bound vesicles coinciding with both the reorganization of the lining of the metacercarial excretory vesicle and with cyst wall formation appears to be of significance in the initiation of the host immune response. That the term ‘excretory vesicle’ in Digenea may be a misnomer is discussed in the light of current information regarding the wide range of functions attributed to this structure.

scholarly journals METABOLIC DETERMINANTS OF IMMUNE REACTIVITY

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 56-63
Author(s):  
Dmitry A Vologzhanin ◽  
Yuriy Sh Khalimov
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Severe Trauma ◽  
The State ◽  
Immune Reactivity ◽  
The Moment

As a result of the study of the dynamics of nutritional and immune status in patients with severe trauma in the first 30 days of the posttraumatic period, the interrelations between the parameters of metabolism and the immune system were revealed and the predominant influence of a number of nutrients on the state of the various type of immune response was revealed. Data were obtained indicating the change in the need for immunonutrients at different times from the moment of injury. Prospective approaches to nutritional immunocorrection in patients with trauma, consisting in the differential use of separate nutrients at different period after trauma, have been identified (9 figs, bibliography: 9 refs).

scholarly journals Review of Dendritic Cells, Their Role in Clinical Immunology, and Distribution in Various Animal Species

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 8044
Author(s):  
Mohammed Yusuf Zanna ◽  
Abd Rahaman Yasmin ◽  
Abdul Rahman Omar ◽  
Siti Suri Arshad ◽  
Abdul Razak Mariatulqabtiah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Clinical Immunology ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
The Body ◽  
Primary Immune Response ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
General Aspects

Dendritic cells (DCs) are cells derived from the hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) of the bone marrow and form a widely distributed cellular system throughout the body. They are the most efficient, potent, and professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of the immune system, inducing and dispersing a primary immune response by the activation of naïve T-cells, and playing an important role in the induction and maintenance of immune tolerance under homeostatic conditions. Thus, this review has elucidated the general aspects of DCs as well as the current dynamic perspectives and distribution of DCs in humans and in various species of animals that includes mouse, rat, birds, dog, cat, horse, cattle, sheep, pig, and non-human primates. Besides the role that DCs play in immune response, they also play a pathogenic role in many diseases, thus becoming a target in disease prevention and treatment. In addition, its roles in clinical immunology have also been addressed, which include its involvement in transplantation, autoimmune disease, viral infections, cancer, and as a vaccine target. Therefore, based on the current knowledge and understanding of the important roles they play, DCs can be used in the future as a powerful tool for manipulating the immune system.

scholarly journals Ghrelin as an Anti-Sepsis Peptide: Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nimisha Mathur ◽  
Syed F. Mehdi ◽  
Manasa Anipindi ◽  
Monowar Aziz ◽  
Sawleha A. Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Agent ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Preclinical Animal Models ◽  
Stimulation Of

Sepsis continues to produce widespread inflammation, illness, and death, prompting intensive research aimed at uncovering causes and therapies. In this article, we focus on ghrelin, an endogenous peptide with promise as a potent anti-inflammatory agent. Ghrelin was discovered, tracked, and isolated from stomach cells based on its ability to stimulate release of growth hormone. It also stimulates appetite and is shown to be anti-inflammatory in a wide range of tissues. The anti-inflammatory effects mediated by ghrelin are a result of both the stimulation of anti-inflammatory processes and an inhibition of pro-inflammatory forces. Anti-inflammatory processes are promoted in a broad range of tissues including the hypothalamus and vagus nerve as well as in a broad range of immune cells. Aged rodents have reduced levels of growth hormone (GH) and diminished immune responses; ghrelin administration boosts GH levels and immune response. The anti-inflammatory functions of ghrelin, well displayed in preclinical animal models of sepsis, are just being charted in patients, with expectations that ghrelin and growth hormone might improve outcomes in patients with sepsis.

Immune response in nasopharynx, lung, and blood elicited by experimental nasal pneumococcal vaccines containing live or heat-killed lactobacilli as mucosal adjuvants

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa O. Vintiñi ◽  
Marcela Medina
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Lactobacillus Casei ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Pneumococcal Antigen ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Blood Profiles

This work analyzes the humoral and cellular immune responses induced by live (LcV) and heat-killed (LcM) Lactobacillus casei associated with the pneumococcal antigen (P-Ag) at the nasopharynx level, considering nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) as the primary inductive site of the mucosal immune system, and lung and blood as effector sites. Levels of P-Ag IgA and IgG antibodies, main types of B and T cells, and cytokines in mucosal and systemic compartments were evaluated. The results showed that both LcM+P-Ag and LcV+P-Ag vaccines effectively induced IgA and IgG anti-P-Ag Abs in the upper and lower respiratory tract and plasma. These results correlated with increased IgA+ cells in NALT and lung that was induced by the experimental vaccines. Moreover, numbers of IgG+ cells increased in the blood. Profiles of inflammatory and regulatory cytokines were evaluated and their possible implications for the defense against pneumococci was assessed. Considering the overall results, the potential mechanisms of immune stimulation induced by LcM and LcV used as adjuvants are discussed. LcV and LcM showed similar effects on the immune system. Strain viability is not crucial for the stimulation of the antigen-specific immune response, and LcM is a convenient and effective mucosal adjuvant.

Manipulating the immune system for pigs to optimise performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 666 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Pluske ◽  
J. C. Kim ◽  
J. L. Black
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Prostaglandin E2 ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pig Health ◽  
Stimulation Of

Disease and enhanced microbial load are considered to be major factors limiting the performance and overall efficiency of feed use by pigs in Australian piggeries. It is recognised that pigs exposed to conventional housing systems with high microbial loads grow 10–20% more slowly than do gnotobiotic pigs or pigs kept in ‘clean’ environments. Consequently, a proportion of pigs in any production cycle are continuously being challenged by their immediate environment, which can cause an immune response to be mounted. Such a process is physiologically expensive in terms of energy and protein (comprised of amino acids), with, for example, the enhanced rate of protein turnover associated with the production of immune cells, antibodies and acute-phase proteins increasing energy expenditure by 10–15% of maintenance needs and protein requirements by 7–10%. The requirements for lysine, tryptophan, sulfur-containing amino acids and threonine can be increased by a further 10%. The over-stimulation of the immune response with excess production of pro-inflammatory cytokines causes excessive production primarily of the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which contributes to anorexia, fever and increased proteolysis, and a concomitant reduction in pig performance. Prostaglandin E2 is produced from dietary and cell-membrane phospholipids via secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) to produce arachidonic acid, which is catalysed by the COX-2 enzyme. Negating the negative effects of PGE2 appears not to adversely affect the ability of the immune system to combat pathogens, but improves pig performance. There are negative outcomes for pig health and productivity through both under- and over-stimulation of the immune response. This review briefly outlines the impact of immune stimulation on pigs and discusses strategies to optimise the immune response for pig health and performance.

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