New activity of yamamarin, an insect pentapeptide, on immune system of mealworm,Tenebrio molitor

2017 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Walkowiak-Nowicka ◽  
G. Nowicki ◽  
M. Kuczer ◽  
G. Rosiński
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Tenebrio Molitor ◽  
Immunotropic Activity ◽  
Silk Moth ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Selected Functions ◽  
Active Substances ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractIn insects, two types of the immune responses, cellular and humoral, constitute a defensive barrier against various parasites and pathogens. In response to pathogens, insects produce a wide range of immune agents that act on pathogens directly, such as cecropins or lysozyme, or indirectly by the stimulation of hemocyte migration or by increasing phenoloxidase (PO) activity. Recently, many new immunologically active substances from insects, such as peptides and polypeptides, have been identified. Nevertheless, in the most cases, their physiological functions are not fully known. One such substance is yamamarin – a pentapeptide isolated from the silk mothAntheraea yamamai. This yamamarin possesses strong antiproliferative properties and is probably involved in diapause regulation. Here, we examined the immunotropic activity of yamamarin by testing its impact on selected functions of the immune system in heterologous bioassays with the beetleTenebrio molitor, commonly known as a stored grains pest. Our results indicate that the pentapeptide affects the activity of immune processes in the beetle. We show that yamamarin induces changes in both humoral and cellular responses. The yamamarin increases the activity of PO, as well as causes changes in the hemocyte cytoskeleton and stimulates phagocytic activity. We detected an increased number of apoptotic hemocytes, however after the yamamarin injection, no significant variations in the antibacterial activity in the hemolymph were observed. The obtained data suggest that yamamarin could be an important controller of the immune system inT. molitor.

Adenine nucleotides as paracrine mediators and intracellular second messengers in immunity and inflammation

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 329-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf Fliegert ◽  
Jörg Heeren ◽  
Friedrich Koch-Nolte ◽  
Viacheslav O. Nikolaev ◽  
Christian Lohr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide ◽  
Adenine Nucleotides ◽  
Second Messengers ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Intracellular Second Messengers

Abstract Adenine nucleotides (AdNs) play important roles in immunity and inflammation. Extracellular AdNs, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and their metabolites, act as paracrine messengers by fine-tuning both pro- and anti-inflammatory processes. Moreover, intracellular AdNs derived from ATP or NAD play important roles in many cells of the immune system, including T lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and others. These intracellular AdNs are signaling molecules that transduce incoming signals into meaningful cellular responses, e.g. activation of immune responses against pathogens.

scholarly journals INDOLEAMINE 2,3 DIOXYGENASE AS AN IMMUNOTHERAPEUTIC TARGET BRINGS A NEW HOPE FOR CANCER PATIENTS

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kashif Asghar ◽  
Asif Loya
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cancer Colorectal ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin ◽  
Tumour Microenvironment ◽  
Indoleamine 2,3 Dioxygenase ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ido Inhibitors

Therapeutic manipulation of immune system in cancer has been an extensive area of research in the field of oncoimmunology. Immunotherapy helps the immune system to combat against cancer. Tumour cells take an edge of immunosuppressive mechanisms and inhibit antitumour immune responses. Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) is an immunosuppressive enzyme which is involved in tumour immune escape mechanism in various cancers. IDO can degrade the tryptophan into kynurenines and has an ability to enhance the immune tolerance through mammalian target of rapamycin pathway general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) pathway and induction of regulatory T (T-regs) cells. IDO-induced T-regs suppress the local immune responses in the tumour microenvironment and promote metastasis. IDO overexpression in various cancers is associated with poor prognosis. Several preclinical and clinical trials have been proceeding and recommend that IDO inhibitor may be an influential tool against a wide range of cancers. IDO inhibitors as adjuvant therapeutic agents may also have clinical implications. Thus, IDO has the potential to be used as an immunotherapeutic target. This review discusses the promising role of IDO in cancer and its implication in immunotherapy.Key words: Breast cancer, colorectal cancer, haematological malignancies, immunotherapy, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer

scholarly journals Immune Influencers in Action: Metabolites and Enzymes of the Tryptophan-Kynurenine Metabolic Pathway

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 734
Author(s):  
Masaru Tanaka ◽  
Fanni Tóth ◽  
Helga Polyák ◽  
Ágnes Szabó ◽  
Yvette Mándi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Metabolic Pathway ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Xanthurenic Acid ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Wide Range

The tryptophan (TRP)-kynurenine (KYN) metabolic pathway is a main player of TRP metabolism through which more than 95% of TRP is catabolized. The pathway is activated by acute and chronic immune responses leading to a wide range of illnesses including cancer, immune diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. The presence of positive feedback loops facilitates amplifying the immune responses vice versa. The TRP-KYN pathway synthesizes multifarious metabolites including oxidants, antioxidants, neurotoxins, neuroprotectants and immunomodulators. The immunomodulators are known to facilitate the immune system towards a tolerogenic state, resulting in chronic low-grade inflammation (LGI) that is commonly present in obesity, poor nutrition, exposer to chemicals or allergens, prodromal stage of various illnesses and chronic diseases. KYN, kynurenic acid, xanthurenic acid and cinnabarinic acid are aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands that serve as immunomodulators. Furthermore, TRP-KYN pathway enzymes are known to be activated by the stress hormone cortisol and inflammatory cytokines, and genotypic variants were observed to contribute to inflammation and thus various diseases. The tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenases and the kynurenine-3-monooxygenase are main enzymes in the pathway. This review article discusses the TRP-KYN pathway with special emphasis on its interaction with the immune system and the tolerogenic shift towards chronic LGI and overviews the major symptoms, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and toxic and protective KYNs to explore the linkage between chronic LGI, KYNs, and major psychiatric disorders, including depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, substance use disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder.

Physiology and pathophysiology of Na+/H+exchange and Na+-K+-2Cl−cotransport in the heart, brain, and blood

2006 ◽  
Vol 291 (1) ◽  
pp. R1-R25 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. F. Pedersen ◽  
M. E. O'Donnell ◽  
S. E. Anderson ◽  
P. M. Cala
Keyword(s):  
Cell Volume ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Cell Swelling ◽  
Cell Shrinkage ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Stimulation Of

Maintenance of a stable cell volume and intracellular pH is critical for normal cell function. Arguably, two of the most important ion transporters involved in these processes are the Na+/H+exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) and Na+-K+-2Cl−cotransporter isoform 1 (NKCC1). Both NHE1 and NKCC1 are stimulated by cell shrinkage and by numerous other stimuli, including a wide range of hormones and growth factors, and for NHE1, intracellular acidification. Both transporters can be important regulators of cell volume, yet their activity also, directly or indirectly, affects the intracellular concentrations of Na+, Ca2+, Cl−, K+, and H+. Conversely, when either transporter responds to a stimulus other than cell shrinkage and when the driving force is directed to promote Na+entry, one consequence may be cell swelling. Thus stimulation of NHE1 and/or NKCC1 by a deviation from homeostasis of a given parameter may regulate that parameter at the expense of compromising others, a coupling that may contribute to irreversible cell damage in a number of pathophysiological conditions. This review addresses the roles of NHE1 and NKCC1 in the cellular responses to physiological and pathophysiological stress. The aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms and consequences of stress-induced stimulation of these transporters with focus on the heart, brain, and blood. The physiological stressors reviewed are metabolic/exercise stress, osmotic stress, and mechanical stress, conditions in which NHE1 and NKCC1 play important physiological roles. With respect to pathophysiology, the focus is on ischemia and severe hypoxia where the roles of NHE1 and NKCC1 have been widely studied yet remain controversial and incompletely elucidated.

scholarly journals Ghrelin as an Anti-Sepsis Peptide: Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nimisha Mathur ◽  
Syed F. Mehdi ◽  
Manasa Anipindi ◽  
Monowar Aziz ◽  
Sawleha A. Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Agent ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Preclinical Animal Models ◽  
Stimulation Of

Sepsis continues to produce widespread inflammation, illness, and death, prompting intensive research aimed at uncovering causes and therapies. In this article, we focus on ghrelin, an endogenous peptide with promise as a potent anti-inflammatory agent. Ghrelin was discovered, tracked, and isolated from stomach cells based on its ability to stimulate release of growth hormone. It also stimulates appetite and is shown to be anti-inflammatory in a wide range of tissues. The anti-inflammatory effects mediated by ghrelin are a result of both the stimulation of anti-inflammatory processes and an inhibition of pro-inflammatory forces. Anti-inflammatory processes are promoted in a broad range of tissues including the hypothalamus and vagus nerve as well as in a broad range of immune cells. Aged rodents have reduced levels of growth hormone (GH) and diminished immune responses; ghrelin administration boosts GH levels and immune response. The anti-inflammatory functions of ghrelin, well displayed in preclinical animal models of sepsis, are just being charted in patients, with expectations that ghrelin and growth hormone might improve outcomes in patients with sepsis.

Immune response in nasopharynx, lung, and blood elicited by experimental nasal pneumococcal vaccines containing live or heat-killed lactobacilli as mucosal adjuvants

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa O. Vintiñi ◽  
Marcela Medina
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Lactobacillus Casei ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Pneumococcal Antigen ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Blood Profiles

This work analyzes the humoral and cellular immune responses induced by live (LcV) and heat-killed (LcM) Lactobacillus casei associated with the pneumococcal antigen (P-Ag) at the nasopharynx level, considering nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) as the primary inductive site of the mucosal immune system, and lung and blood as effector sites. Levels of P-Ag IgA and IgG antibodies, main types of B and T cells, and cytokines in mucosal and systemic compartments were evaluated. The results showed that both LcM+P-Ag and LcV+P-Ag vaccines effectively induced IgA and IgG anti-P-Ag Abs in the upper and lower respiratory tract and plasma. These results correlated with increased IgA+ cells in NALT and lung that was induced by the experimental vaccines. Moreover, numbers of IgG+ cells increased in the blood. Profiles of inflammatory and regulatory cytokines were evaluated and their possible implications for the defense against pneumococci was assessed. Considering the overall results, the potential mechanisms of immune stimulation induced by LcM and LcV used as adjuvants are discussed. LcV and LcM showed similar effects on the immune system. Strain viability is not crucial for the stimulation of the antigen-specific immune response, and LcM is a convenient and effective mucosal adjuvant.

Mechanisms and immunomodulatory properties of pre- and probiotics

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.B.M. Peters ◽  
E. van de Steeg ◽  
J. van Bilsen ◽  
M. Meijerink
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Intestinal Immune System ◽  
Immunomodulatory Properties ◽  
Stimulation Of

The human body is exposed to many xenobiotic, potentially harmful compounds. The intestinal immune system is crucial in protecting the human body from these substances. Moreover, many microorganisms, residing in the gastrointestinal tract, play an important role in modulating immune responses. Pre- and probiotics may have beneficial effects on the microbial composition and activity within the human gut, subsequently affecting the immune system. Prebiotics can exert their effects via different mechanisms, like selectively stimulating the growth of bacteria by providing substrates or via direct immune stimulation. Probiotics may have beneficial health effects via competition with pathogens for substrates and binding intestinal sites, bioconversions of for example sugars into fermentation products with inhibitory properties, production of growth substrates like vitamins for the host, direct antagonism of pathogens via antimicrobial peptide production, reduction of inflammation and stimulation of immune cells. This review focuses on the different mechanisms via which the pre- and probiotics exert their beneficial effects on the host, addressing their immunomodulatory properties in particular.

scholarly journals CONTRADICTION TO CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. SUPPRESSION AND STIMULATION OF IMMUNE REACTIVITY IN PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (05) ◽  
pp. 1656-1664
Author(s):  
Vladimir M Zemskov ◽  
Andrey M Zemskov ◽  
Victoria Neymann ◽  
Konstantin N Pronko ◽  
Aliexander A Barsukov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Clinical Immunology ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Immune Reactivity ◽  
Pathogenetic Mechanism ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Stimulation Of

The analysis of literature data and our published results of examination of patients with a wide range of pathological processes was carried out. It has been established that polar changes in reactivity provoke the development of immune-dependent ones, which include primary and secondary immunodeficiencies, auto-aggressive and immunocomplex diseases, or immunoassociated purulent-inflammatory, nonspecific inflammatory lung diseases, cerebrovascular diseases,  in which suppression and stimulation of reactivity is a pathogenetic mechanism for normalizing homeostasis, depending on the links of the immune system, doses of antigens, the initial state of protective functions, phases of the immune response, etc. Keywords: Stimulation. Suppression. Immunodeficiency

scholarly journals Modulation of Immune Responses by Particle Size and Shape

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maksim V. Baranov ◽  
Manoj Kumar ◽  
Stefano Sacanna ◽  
Shashi Thutupalli ◽  
Geert van den Bogaart
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Inflammasome Activation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pathogenic Microbes ◽  
Particle Size And Shape

The immune system has to cope with a wide range of irregularly shaped pathogens that can actively move (e.g., by flagella) and also dynamically remodel their shape (e.g., transition from yeast-shaped to hyphal fungi). The goal of this review is to draw general conclusions of how the size and geometry of a pathogen affect its uptake and processing by phagocytes of the immune system. We compared both theoretical and experimental studies with different cells, model particles, and pathogenic microbes (particularly fungi) showing that particle size, shape, rigidity, and surface roughness are important parameters for cellular uptake and subsequent immune responses, particularly inflammasome activation and T cell activation. Understanding how the physical properties of particles affect immune responses can aid the design of better vaccines.

The content of decenoic acids in drone brood preparations and combined preparations based on it

Biomics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-393
Author(s):  
D.V. Mitrofanov ◽  
N.V. Budnikova
Keyword(s):  
Royal Jelly ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Biologically Active Substances ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Strict Adherence ◽  
Drone Brood ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Active Substances ◽  
Melanin Complex

The drone brood contains a large number of substances with antioxidant activity. These substances require stabilization and strict adherence to storage conditions. Among these substances are unique decenoic acids, the content of which is an indicator of the quality of drone brood and products based on it. The ability of drone brood to reduce the manifestations of oxidative stress is shown. There are dietary supplements for food and drugs based on drone brood, which are used for a wide range of diseases. Together with drone brood, chitosan-containing products, propolis, royal jelly can be used. They enrich the composition with their own biologically active substances and affect the preservation of the biologically active substances of the drone brood. Promising are the products containing, in addition to the drone brood, a chitin-chitosan-melanin complex from bees, propolis, royal jelly. The chitin-chitosan-melanin complex in the amount of 5% in the composition of the adsorbent practically does not affect the preservation of decenic acids, while in the amount of 2% and 10% it somewhat worsens. The acid-soluble and water-soluble chitosan of marine crustaceans significantly worsens the preservation of decenoic acids in the product. Drone brood with royal jelly demonstrates a rather high content of decenoic acids. When propolis is introduced into the composition of the product, the content of decenoic acids increases according to the content of propolis.

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