scholarly journals The evolution of shadow education in China: From emergence to capitalisation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siyuan Feng
Keyword(s):  
Capital Market ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Private Tutoring ◽  
Educational Services ◽  
Shadow Education ◽  
Educational Capital ◽  
Current Prevalence ◽  
Development Trajectory ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Education In China

AbstractPrivate supplementary tutoring, or shadow education, has become a global phenomenon, and China is among the countries where it is most prevalent. By 2019, China’s private tutoring industry had grown into a prominent sector providing educational services to millions of students and parents. This article examines the development process of shadow education in China, and explores the path that led to its current prevalence. Drawing on existing literature and publicly available data sources, the article maps key stages of shadow education’s evolution and its changing characteristics. The analysis suggests that China’s private tutoring industry has undergone three stages of evolution: first, the emergence stage, when small numbers of individuals started to provide tutoring on an informal basis; second, the industrialisation stage, when institutionalised providers became primary providers of more formal types of tutoring services; and third, the capitalisation stage, when major providers of shadow education evolved into part of the educational capital market. The discussion argues that the development trajectory of shadow education occurred in line with the continued marketisation of education in China. The article also addresses the implications of capitalised shadow education as it enters a more intensified and controversial phase of development.

Private tutoring in Bangladesh: evolution, expansion, and policy responses

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Bayezid Alam ◽  
Zhiyong Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Education System ◽  
Private Tutoring ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Major Type ◽  
Case Study Methodology ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Analysis Process ◽  
Development Trajectory ◽  
The Government

PurposeThis study explores the development trajectory of private tutoring in Bangladesh. Specifically, it illustrates how private tutoring has emerged and expanded in the country's education system and examines how governments have responded on this issue.Design/methodology/approachThe authors adopted a case study methodology for this study. Data were gathered from different secondary sources such as books, official documents, scholarly articles, and newspaper reports. The data analysis process consists of three-phases of activities: data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification.FindingsPrivate tutoring historically existed in Bangladesh. It is rapidly expanded in the country's education system – from primary to higher secondary level. Currently, it has reached an industrialization stage, where commercial coaching has become a major type of tutoring. The expansion of private tutoring is the inevitable result of the continued privatization and marketization of education. To bring the private tutoring under a framework, the government has taken some regulatory measures that can be characterized as “laissez-faire.” The existing measures are largely ineffective, as the policy makers followed an “top-down” approach when framing the policies.Originality/valueThis study, to the best of the authors' knowledge, is the first to target the historical aspects of private tutoring in Bangladesh. It has potential to fill out the literature gap on private tutoring by analyzing its policy aspect.

Analysis of LOGINK Service Innovation with Information Technology Based on the Theory of Product Hierarchy

2014 ◽  
Vol 685 ◽  
pp. 715-718
Author(s):  
Kai Di Sun ◽  
Shou Wen Ji
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Information Sharing ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Service Innovation ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Transport Logistics

In this paper, based on the theory of product hierarchy, the service innovation of the national transport logistics public information sharing platform were analyzed. We divide the development process of LOGINK into three stages, summarize the level of service at each stage of each product, and by analyzing the results, obtain the conclusion that LOGINK service innovation is incremental and not radical.

Money for nothing? Risks in biopharmaceutical companies from the perspective of public financiers

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Heinonen ◽  
Birgitta Sandberg
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Time Perspective ◽  
Investment Decisions ◽  
Product Development Process ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
External Finance ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Technical Risks ◽  
Three Stages

The risks faced by biopharmaceutical companies during the process of drug development are multifaceted and complicated. Furthermore, resource intensiveness and the long time perspective force them to rely on external finance. This study describes the risks in the industry along the biopharmaceutical development process and evaluates how public investors take these risks into account in their investment decisions. The empirical study focuses on Finnish public investors. The data consists of both interviews and secondary sources. Biopharmaceutical development is divided into three stages (discovery, development and commercialisation), and the main risks at each stage are identified. The results show that the risk the investors are willing to take is reflected in the stage of the product development process they invest in. Finnish public investors tend to avoid taking commercial risks and thus invest in the early stages of development where there are mainly technical risks involved. They are increasingly emphasising risk management, and they are also keener to emphasise the importance of commercialisation. Paradoxically, however, commercialisation efforts are generally not supported financially.

scholarly journals VALIDATION OF A BOOKLET FOR THE CORRECT USE OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Beatriz Pereira da Silva ◽  
Harlon França de Menezes ◽  
Hosana Lourenço da Silva ◽  
Michelle Carneiro Fonseca ◽  
Aurean D'Eça Junior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personal Protective Equipment ◽  
Delphi Technique ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Content Validation ◽  
Acceptance Criterion ◽  
Graphic Designer ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the process for the elaboration and validation of a digital educational booklet intended for health professionals on the correct use of Personal Protective Equipment in the context of COVID-19. Method: a methodological study conducted between June and September 2020, operationalized in three stages: 1ststage: bibliographic survey; 2ndstage: elaboration of the booklet with the graphic designer to help in the development process of the technology; 3rdstage: content validation of the booklet by specialists through the Delphi technique. The validation was performed by 35 health and biology professionals and the local for selection of these was the Lattes Platform, using the Delphi technique in two rounds. The Content Validation Index was considered an acceptance criterion, with an agreement ≥ 0.78 among the judges being considered a good level. Results: the first version of the booklet obtained a global Content Validation Index of 0.79. There were suggestions for improvement that were accepted and, after the Delphi 2 phase, there was the resubmission of the booklet; it presented a global Content Validation Index of 0.99. Conclusion: the booklet was validated regarding its content and is compatible with its intended purpose, being important for the promotion of knowledge about the correct procedure to put on this equipment so that prevention measures are effective and shared.

scholarly journals Research on the Negative Implications of Shadow Education for Primary School Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 151-155
Author(s):  
Xin Gao
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Personal Development ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Shadow Education ◽  
Primary School Students ◽  
School Students ◽  
Comprehensive Development ◽  
Mainstream School ◽  
Important Form

In today’s era, shadow education is becoming an important form of education in the education system. The pursuit of shadow education among parents and the dependence of students on it heightens its value. However, with the continuous development of shadow education, its profit-seeking nature has begun to appear, and many educational problems are surfacing in the development process. This paper studies shadow education on the basis of Marx’s educational theories, such as the theory of all-round development and game theory. It analyzes the implications of shadow education which are not conducive to social or personal development, in order to continuously improve shadow education, provide better assistance for mainstream school education, and promote the comprehensive development of primary school students.

scholarly journals Modes and Trajectories of Shadow Education in Denmark and China: Fieldwork Reflections by a Comparativist

2021 ◽  
pp. 209653112110420
Author(s):  
Wei Zhang (张薇)
Keyword(s):  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Personal Narrative ◽  
Low Achievers ◽  
Design Approach ◽  
Shadow Education ◽  
Research Partnership ◽  
Research Experiences ◽  
Egalitarian Society ◽  
Education In China ◽  
Shed Light

Purpose In the domain of shadow education (private supplementary tutoring), Denmark and China may be placed at opposite ends of a spectrum. Denmark has a recently emerged, small, and high-cost sector that mostly serves low achievers, while China has a more industrialized sector with a long history and economies of scale. The paper juxtaposes the two to shed light on each. Design/Approach/Methods The article is a personal narrative of the author's research experiences. She grew up and had initial education in China before moving to the Nordic realm for 2 years. This provided a set of initial lenses, which were subsequently deployed in research partnership from her current base in China with colleagues in Denmark. Findings The juxtaposition raises questions that might otherwise not have been asked and provides insights that might otherwise not have been gained. Danish families hesitate to use shadow education for advantages in the egalitarian society, in contrast to Chinese patterns that stress competition and achievement. These facets have implications for the modes of shadow education and even the names of tutorial companies. Originality/Value The paper has a methodological value in addition to its substantive insights on the trajectories of shadow education in the two countries.

scholarly journals MODEL PERMAINAN ESTAFET BAIT LAGU UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN PEMUSATAN PERHATIAN PADA ANAK

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-87
Author(s):  
Ismaniar Ismaniar
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Product Development ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Product Development Process ◽  
Analysis Process ◽  
Experimental Process ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Group B

The motivated this research is by the still low development of attention concentration ability in early childhood.The purpose of this study is to develop a model of selective attention playing for children in group B kindergarten Al Ittihaad Bekasi. The study was a Research and Development (R&D), developed by Borg & Gal. Model development through three stages is (1) needs analysis process, (2) product development process, and (3) tesing process.After the experimental process in the research as well as input from teachers using this model,has been very encouraging and axpert advices add the finishing touch.The model effectiveness tes showed a significant increase in the process of assisting children with low selective attention ability. Estafet Bait Lagu Model is consist of guide book, medias, and assesment. Keyword: The ability of selective attention, development, play model, estafet bait lagu   Latar belakang penelitian ini adalah  masih rendahnya perkembangan kemampuan pemusatan perhatian pada anak usia dini. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengembangkan model permainan pemusatan perhatian pada anak-anak di kelompok B TK Al Ittihaad Bekasi. Penelitian ini merupakan Penelitian dan Pengembangan (R&D), menggunakan desain yang dikembangkan oleh Borg & Gall. Pengembangan model melalui tiga tahapan yaitu (1)proses analisis kebutuhan,(2) proses pengembangan produk dan (3) proses pengujian. Setelah dilakukan beberapa kali uji coba, masukan dari guru pengguna model ini sudah sangat menggembirakan dan sentuhan terakhir dengan menambahkan pendapat dan masukan pakar. Pengujian efektivitas model memperlihatkan terjadi peningkatan yang cukup signifikan dalam hal proses membantu anak-anak yang memiliki kemampuan pemusatan perhatian yang rendah. Model Estafet Bait Lagu terdiri dari buku panduan, media, dan penilaian. Kata kunci; kemampuan pemusatan perhatian, pengembangan, model permainan, estafet bait lagu

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document