Solid State Ionics

MRS Bulletin ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 18-21
Author(s):  
Robert A. Huggins
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Solid State Ionics ◽  
Wide Range

This issue of the MRS BULLETIN contains three articles relating to the general field that has come to be known as Solid State Ionics. The central feature of this area of science and emerging technology is the rapid transport of atomic or ionic species within solids, and the various phenomena, of both scientific and technological interest, that are related to it.Attention to this area has grown greatly in recent years because of the rapidly increasing recognition of the possibility of a wide range of interesting technological applications. One example already widespread is the use of an oxygen-conducting solid electrolyte as the critical element in the oxygen sensors installed in the exhaust systems of almost all current automobiles to reduce deleterious emissions and improve the efficiency of the combustion process.Work is under way in a number of other directions, including static and dynamic chemical sensors, solid state electrochemical reactors, low impedance selective atomic filters, new concepts for the direct conversion of heat to electricity by the use of sodium- or hydrogen-transporting cycles, a novel method for the low cost electrolysis of water at intermediate temperatures, batteries that can store greatly increased amounts of energy, ion exchange materials, solid state laser hosts, high efficiency fuel cells, electrochromic materials and configurations for both optical displays and “smart windows,” advanced catalysts, atomic reservoirs and pumps, high temperature superconductors, and possibly solid state fusion hosts.Despite this recent attention, however, it is worth noting that interest in solids in which ionic species can move with unusual rapidity is actually not new at all. As early as 1839, Michael Faraday reported measurements on several materials that showed an unusual increase in electrical conductivity at elevated temperatures, contrary to that found in normal metals.

Low-cost fabrication of high efficiency solid-state neutron detectors

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia-Woei Wu ◽  
Kuan-Chih Huang ◽  
Adam Weltz ◽  
Erik English ◽  
Mona M. Hella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Neutron Detectors

Transport of Charged Species Across Solid-State Nanopores

2008 ◽  
Vol 1139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisy Fung ◽  
Eyup Akdemir ◽  
Michael Vitarelli ◽  
Eugene Sosnov ◽  
Shaurya Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Ionic Concentration ◽  
Double Layers ◽  
Ionic Flux ◽  
Ph Gradients ◽  
Initial Report ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractNanofluidic devices are finding growing interest for a variety of applications. An initial report is presented here on a wide range of parameters influencing transport of ionic species as they translocate across solid-state nanopores. AC electrical bias at low ionic concentration with overlapping electric double layers provides an enhancement of ionic flux over pure DC bias. Furthermore, results also indicate that concentration and pH gradients can be maintained across solid-state nanopores for extended periods of time that can last for several hours in the absence of driving forces such as electric fields.

scholarly journals Near-infrared Integral-Field Spectrograph (NIFS): An Instrument Proposed for Gemini

1999 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. McGregor ◽  
Peter Conroy ◽  
Gabe Bloxham ◽  
Jan van Harmelen
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Redshift ◽  
Target Velocity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Integral Field Spectrograph ◽  
Field Unit ◽  
Integral Field

AbstractIn late 1998 the International Gemini Project Office identified a need for a low cost, near-infrared spectrograph to be commissioned on the Gemini South telescope on the shortest possible timescale. In response, the Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics of the Australian National University proposed to design, construct, and commission a near-infrared, integral-field spectrograph on Gemini. The science drivers and novel design of the Near-infrared Integral-Field Spectrograph (NIFS) are described in this paper. NIFS will achieve significant economies in cost and schedule in several ways:• By addressing targeted science with high efficiency. NIFS will primarily target velocity measurements in galaxies to study the demographics of black holes in galactic nuclei and the evolution of structural properties in high redshift galaxies. However, NIFS will also be applied to a wide range of general astronomical topics, but these will not dictate the instrument design.• By adopting a largely fixed-format design. A 3·2″ × 3·2″ ‘stair-case’ integral field unit (IFU) will feed a near-infrared spectrograph with four fixed-angle gratings mounted on a single grating wheel. A single, fixed-format camera will form the spectral image on a 2048 × 2048 Rockwell HgCdTe HAWAII-2 array. Two-pixel spectral resolving powers of ∼5400 will be achieved with complete wavelength coverage in each of the J, H, and K photometric bands through 32 optimally sampled 0·1″ wide slitlets. The velocity resolution of ∼55 km s−1 will be sufficient to achieve the targeted science objectives, and will allow software rejection of OH airglow lines.• By packaging the NIFS instrument within a duplicate of the Near-Infrared Imager (NIRI) cryostat. The NIRI cryostat, On-Instrument Wavefront Sensor (OIWFS), detector focusing mechanism, control system, and EPICS software will all be duplicated with only minimal change. Construction of the duplicate NIRI cryostat, OIWFS, and control system will be done by the University of Hawaii.

scholarly journals A Comparative Analysis of Half-Bridge LLC Resonant Converters Using Si and SiC MOSFETs

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Hasaan Farooq ◽  
Hassan Abdullah Khalid ◽  
Waleed Ali ◽  
Ismail Shahid
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Carbide ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Input Voltage ◽  
Resonant Converters ◽  
Wide Range

With the expansion of renewable energy sources worldwide, the need for developing more economical and more efficient converters that can operate on a high frequency with minimal switching and conduction losses has been increased. In power electronic converters, achieving high efficiency is one of the most challenging targets to achieve. The utilization of wideband switches can achieve this goal but add additional cost to the system. LLC resonant converters are widely used in different applications of renewable energy systems, i.e., PV, wind, hydro and geothermal, etc. This type of converter has more benefits than the other converters such as high electrical isolation, high power density, low EMI, and high efficiency. In this paper, a comparison between silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFET and silicon (Si) MOSFET switches was made, by considering a 3KW half-bridge LLC converter with a wide range of input voltage. The switching losses and conduction losses were analyzed through mathematical calculations, and their authenticity was validated with the help of software simulations in PSIM. The results show that silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs can work more efficiently, as compared with silicon (Si) MOSFETs in high-frequency power applications. However, in low-voltage and low-power applications, Si MOSFETs are still preferable due to their low-cost advantage.

Iron and nitrogen co-doped hierarchical porous graphitic carbon for a high-efficiency oxygen reduction reaction in a wide range of pH

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (37) ◽  
pp. 14364-14370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenling Gu ◽  
Liuyong Hu ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Erkang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Reduction Reaction ◽  
Oxygen Reduction ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Reduction Reaction ◽  
Porous Graphitic Carbon ◽  
Graphitic Carbon ◽  
Hierarchical Porous ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Co Doped

A template-free oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyst Fe and N co-doped hierarchical porous graphitic carbon (Fe,N/PGC) was prepared by pyrolyzing a nontoxic and low-cost iron-coordinated polydopamine polymer precursor at 800 °C. The obtained catalyst manifests outstanding oxygen reduction activity in a wide range of pH.

Investigation of an Ionic Liquid As a High-Temperature Electrolyte for Silicon-Lithium Systems

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Rudolf ◽  
Corey Love ◽  
Marriner Merrill
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Solid State ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Constant Current ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Solid State Electrolytes

Abstract Electrolytes for lithium ion batteries which work over a wide range of temperatures are of interest in both research and applications. Unfortunately, most traditional electrolytes are unstable at high temperatures. As an alternative, solid state electrolytes are sometimes used. These are inherently safer because they have no flammable vapors, and solid state electrolytes can operate at high temperatures, but they typically suffer from very low conductivity at room temperatures. Therefore, they have had limited use. Another option which has been previously explored is the use of ionic liquids. Ionic liquids are liquid salts, with nominally zero vapor pressure. Many are liquid over the temperature of interest (20–200°C). And, there is a tremendous range of available chemistries that can be incorporated into ionic liquids. So, ionic liquids with chemistries that are compatible with lithium ion systems have been developed and demonstrated experimentally at room temperature. In this study, we examined a silicon-lithium battery cycling at room temperature and over 150°C. Using half-cell vial and split-cell structures, we examined a standard electrolyte (LiPF6) at room temperature, and an ionic liquid electrolyte (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluorosulfonyl)imide) at room temperature and up to ∼150°C. The ionic liquid used was a nominally high purity product purchased from Sigma Aldrich. It was selected based on results reported in the open literature. The anode used was a wafer of silicon, and the cathode used was an alumina-coated lithium chip. The cells were cycled either 1 or 5 times (charge/discharge) in an argon environment at constant current of 50 μA between 1.5 and 0.05 volts. The results for the study showed that at room temperature, we could successfully cycle with both the standard electrolyte and the lithium ion electrolyte. As expected, there was large-scale fracture of the silicon wafer with the extent of cracking having some correlation with first cycle time. We were unable to identify any electrolyte-specific change in the electrochemical behavior between the standard electrolyte and the ionic liquid at room temperature. Although the ionic liquid was successfully used at room temperature, when the temperature was increased, it behaved very differently and no cells were able to successfully cycle. Video observations during cycling (∼1 day) showed that flocs or debris were forming in the ionic liquid and collecting on the electrode surface. The ionic liquid also discolored during the test. Various mechanisms were considered for this behavior, and preliminary tests will be presented. All materials were stable at room temperature, and the degradation appeared to be linked to the electrochemical process. As a conclusion, our working hypothesis is that, particularly at elevated temperatures, ionic liquid cleanliness and purity can be far more important than at room temperature, and small impurities can cause significant hurdles. This creates an important barrier to research efforts, because the “same” ionic liquids could cause failure in one situation and not in another due to impurities.

Design of Small Variable Frequency Speed Regulation System Based on ARM

2014 ◽  
Vol 635-637 ◽  
pp. 1155-1158
Author(s):  
Chao Ye ◽  
Ting You Wang ◽  
Ye Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Frequency Control ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Control Signal ◽  
Regulation System ◽  
Power Module ◽  
Current Frequency ◽  
Frequency Control System ◽  
Wide Range

This paper presents a small ARM-based frequency control system, the voltage 220V/50Hz mains, rectified, filtered into DC, then reverse into adjustable frequency alternating current supplied to the motor used. Through software algorithms SPWM control signal generated by the microcontroller, the control signal sent through the intelligent power module, the realization of the DC inverter process. The design is simple, functional and meet the current frequency control system, modular, digital trends, has a waveform, small size, high efficiency, frequency wide range of features. Has good practical value and low cost.

High Performance Nanostructured Coatings and Nanopowders by NanoSpraySM Combustion Processing

2011 ◽  
Vol 1353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Dong Jiang ◽  
Ganesh Venugopal ◽  
Marvis White ◽  
Kwang Choi ◽  
Andrew T. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Vapor Condensation ◽  
Superhydrophobic Coatings ◽  
Rf Components ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Li Battery

ABSTRACTnGimat has commercialized a number of nanotechnology applications with all being based on its core competence of fabricating low cost high quality nanomaterials. The company offers a wide range of compositions as coatings and also in both nanopowder and dispersion forms. A few of these nanomaterials and applications will be covered as examples including superhydrophobic coatings, various nanopowders (including Li-battery based), high temperature thin wire coatings, and tunable RF components.The combustion chemical vapor deposition (CCVD) technique, which is the thin film NanoSpraySM combustion process, can be easily scaled up to large substrates and integrated into an existing production line, thus enabling a license business model. The combustion chemical vapor condensation (CCVC) technique or NanoSpraySM CCVC (nCCVC), which is the nanopowder NanoSpraySM combustion process, is also readily scalable. The manufacture of these nanopowder based products is internationally competitive even when made in the USA.

scholarly journals Extra-High-Voltage DC-DC Boost Converters Topology with Simple Control Strategy

2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Sanjeevikumar ◽  
K. Rajambal
Keyword(s):  
High Voltage ◽  
Output Voltage ◽  
Control Algorithm ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Buck Converter ◽  
Boost Converters ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Power Transfer Efficiency ◽  
Extra High Voltage

This paper presents the topology of operating DC-DC buck converter in boost mode for extra-high-voltage applications. Traditional DC-DC boost converters are used in high-voltage applications, but they are not economical due to the limited output voltage, efficiency and they require two sensors with complex control algorithm. Moreover, due to the effect of parasitic elements the output voltage and power transfer efficiency of DC-DC converters are limited. These limitations are overcome by using the voltage lift technique, opens a good way to improve the performance characteristics of DC-DC converter. The technique is applied to DC-DC converter and a simplified control algorithm in this paper. The performance of the controller is studied for both line and load disturbances. These converters perform positive DC-DC voltage increasing conversion with high power density, high efficiency, low cost in simple structure, small ripples, and wide range of control. Simulation results along theoretical analysis are provided to verify its performance.

scholarly journals Solid-State Lighting with High Brightness, High Efficiency, and Low Cost

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Ray-Hua Horng ◽  
Kei May Lau ◽  
Hao-Chung Kuo ◽  
Nelson Tansu
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Solid State Lighting ◽  
High Brightness
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