scholarly journals Reinterpretasi Asbāb Al-Nuzūl bagi Penafsiran Alquran

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irma Riyani ◽  
Yeni Huriani
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Principles ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Historical Aspects ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
Basic Meaning ◽  
Interpretative Analysis ◽  
General Meaning

Asbāb al-nuzūl are socio-historical events surrounding the revelation of the Qur’an and they are important aspects to understand the meaning of the Qur’an. Unfortunately, in many tafsir that written either in classical or modern exegesis many exegetes seem to ignore the important messages of these socio-historical aspects of the Qur’an. Many exegetes only focus on the texts and produce the textual-doctrinal understanding of the Qur’an that detached from its context. This article based on the claim of universality of the messages of the Qur’an to all human beings across time and space. This article employs interpretative-analysis method to analyze the use of Asbāb al-nuzūl in kitab tafsir – classic and modern - and to seek a new understanding in both: the theory a well as the use of Asbāb al-nuzūl for Qur’anic interpretation. This article shows that the study of Asbāb al-nuzūl should be concerned not only with the specific events of the revelations but also with the spirit of the time when the events occurred in order to understand the basic meaning intended by the texts revealed in various occasions. Therefore, the meaning of the Qur'an should be derived not only from the general meaning of the texts but also from the contexts of the revelations (al-ibrat bi umum al-lafzh ma’a mura’at khusus al-sabab). Interpreting the Qur’an by paying attention to socio-historical approach will lead us to a more dynamic and dialogical interpretation with the cultural contexts without ignoring the ethical principles of the Qur’an.

Sind Lügenkonzepte kulturabhängig?

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-42
Author(s):  
Jörg Meibauer
Keyword(s):  
Human Beings ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Communicative Act ◽  
Collectivist Cultures

We can distinguish a minimalist and a maximalist concept of lying. Whilst the former assumes that lying is the same communicative act for all human beings but can be used in a different way according to social and cultural contexts, the latter holds that there are as many different concepts of lying as there are different social and cultural configurations in which lies are used. In particular, some researchers claim that Asian (collectivist) cultures possess different concepts of lying than Western (individualist) cultures. When carefully looking at pertinent studies, it appears that the concept of lying as constituting a violation of the first submaxim of Quality according to Grice is a good candidate for a minimalist (universal) concept of lying.

Menapak Jejak Seni Gambuh dalam Naskah-Naskah Panji Melayu

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
Priyo Joko Purnomo ◽  
Wahyudhi Wahyudhi
Keyword(s):  
Performance Art ◽  
Oral Tradition ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Cultural Transformation ◽  
Historical Aspects ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
University Library ◽  
Critical Method ◽  
History Of ◽  
Performing Art

Gambuh as the performing art in Malay area became one of the cultural transformation evidences of the close relation between Java and Malay. The history of gambuh performance in Malay area recorded in the archipelago’s manuscripts, one of them is a manuscript entitled Surat Gambuh which is being the collection of Leiden University Library. This paper attempts to examine the contents of the manuscript in order to reconstruct the gambuh performance art in Malay and also trace the historical aspects. As far as the research had been done, there have been no studies of this manuscript so it is necessary to first transliterate it using a critical method. Furthermore, the historical aspects are explored using a historical approach by adding data from other texts of Panji. The analysis result of the reflection of Malay gambuh performance rules and historical aspects show that there is a transformation of work from oral tradition to written tradition, the cultural acculturation between Java and Malay, and the Islamic influence behind Malay gambuh.

scholarly journals At the Crossroads between Literature, Culture, Linguistics, and Cognition: ‘Life is a Journey’ and ‘The Divided-Self’ Metaphors in Fairy Tales

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Herrero Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Fairy Tales ◽  
Conceptual Metaphors ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Divided Self ◽  
The Uncanny ◽  
Basic Meaning ◽  
Literature Culture ◽  
Online Library ◽  
Andrew Lang

Abstract: This paper resumes the series related to metaphors in fairy tales started by HERRERO in 2005 (cf. HERRERO, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008). In this case, the study is based on how the conceptual metaphors LIFE IS A JOURNEY and THE DIVIDED-SELF may explain the structure and the basic meaning of more than twenty popular tales, which in turn accounts for some of the uncanny of tales.The tales, which are representative of various cultures, were compiled by the British author Andrew Lang (1844-1912), and have been downloaded from the Project Gutenberg online library. Our research also casts some light on the fact that tales are akin in varying socio-cultural contexts: their solid experiential grounding may not only have contributed to a uniform plot, but also to an easier transmission of the stories in diverse, remote settings.Resumen: Este artículo continúa la serie relacionada con las metáforas en los cuentos tradicionales comenzada por HERRERO en 2005 (véase HERRERO, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008). En este caso el estudio se centra en cómo a través de las metáforas conceptuales LIFE IS A JOURNEY y THE DIVIDED-SELF se puede explicar la estructura y el significado de más de veinte cuentos populares, lo que a su vez da cuenta de parte de “lo maravilloso” que se da en ellos.Los cuentos, representativos de varias culturas, fueron recopilados por el autor británico Andrew Lang (1844-1912) y han sido extraídos del Proyecto Gutenberg. Nuestra investigación apoya además la idea de que los cuentos son similares en contextos socioculturales diferentes: el hecho de que estén firmemente basados en la experiencia puede haber contribuido tanto a que sus argumentos sean parecidos como a que se hayan transmitido fácilmente en entornos lejanos y diversos.

Representation Languages for Narrative Documents

2011 ◽  
pp. 3288-3296
Author(s):  
Gian Piero Zarri
Keyword(s):  
Main Part ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Specific Result ◽  
News Stories ◽  
Intended Behavior ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
Policy Statements ◽  
General Meaning ◽  
The Web

A big amount of important, “economically relevant” information, is buried into unstructured “narrative” information resources: This is true, for example, for most of the corporate knowledge documents (memos, policy statements, reports, minutes, etc.), for the news stories, the normative and legal texts, the medical records, many intelligence messages as well as for a huge fraction of the information stored on the Web. In these “narrative documents,” or “narratives,” the main part of the information content consists in the description of “events” that relate the real or intended behavior of some “actors” (characters, personages, etc.)—the term “event” is taken here in its more general meaning, also covering strictly related notions like fact, action, state, and situation. These actors try to attain a specific result, experience particular situations, manipulate some (concrete or abstract) materials, send or receive messages, buy, sell, deliver, and so forth. Note that in these narratives, the actors or personages are not necessarily human beings; we can have narrative documents concerning, for example, the vicissitudes in the journey of a nuclear submarine (the “actor,” “subject,” or “personage”) or the various avatars in the life of a commercial product. Note also that even if a large amount of narrative documents concerns natural language (NL) texts, this is not necessarily true. A photo representing a situation that verbalized could be expressed as “Three nice girls are lying on the beach” is not of course an NL text, yet it is still a narrative document.

scholarly journals Rethinking Autonomy of Humans and Robots

2020 ◽  
Vol 07 (02) ◽  
pp. 141-153
Author(s):  
Minoru Asada
Keyword(s):  
Relative Difference ◽  
The Self ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Healthy Development ◽  
Human Control ◽  
Autonomous Behavior ◽  
Autonomous Machines ◽  
Human Autonomy ◽  
Ideological Background ◽  
General Meaning

In the field of artificial intelligence, autonomy is defined as an expected capacity for systems to behave without human control, and there are currently many items with such capabilities. However, the mechanisms for how autonomous behavior is generated in these systems are different than those in humans, thus machine autonomy is often misunderstood. In this paper, we rethink the autonomy of artificial systems, including how they should function, what autonomy truly means, and how society might accept such systems. First, we review the general meaning of autonomy within an ideological background of the relations between human beings and objects. We also discuss how machine autonomy can be realized, and how it differs from human autonomy. Based on these premises, we consider this as a relative difference, not a deficiency of machines, and seek any means by which the concept of autonomy can be fully extended to machines. We begin with a key aspect of autonomy, an early concept of the self. Then, the pain nervous system, which is expected to produce empathy, morality, and ethics, is introduced and compared with human autonomic nervous systems. Finally, a hierarchy of autonomous machines is introduced and discussed in the context of responsibility. This may cause social impacts on how to treat the artificial systems when they cause fatal errors. All stake holders should consider such cases together for the healthy development of science and technology that have important roles in our future symbiotic society.

scholarly journals Au Fond. The Phenomenology of Gerardus van der Leeuw

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 52-69
Author(s):  
Arie L. Molendijk
Keyword(s):  
Basic Structure ◽  
Religious Studies ◽  
Phenomenological Method ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
The World ◽  
Phenomenology Of Religion

Abstract This article explores Gerardus van der Leeuw’s view of phenomenology of religion. The phenomenological method he defended is basically a hermeneutical approach in which an observer relates personally and even existentially to the “phenomena” (s)he studies in order to determine their essence (Wesensschau). In his anthropology (that reflects on the basic structure of human beings) a similar way of relating to the world is discussed: the “primitive mentality” that is characterized by the “need to participate” (besoin de participation). Both phenomenology and mentalité primitive imply a critique of modern scholarship. This fundamental criticism of the prevailing (historical) approach in the humanities including religious studies explains the growing distance between van der Leeuw and the majority of scholars of religion in the decades after his death in 1950.

The Causes and Enlightenment of Chinese Cultural Revolution

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Yan Sheng Chen
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Chinese Cultural Revolution ◽  
The Right

China’s cultural revolution, which took place in the 20th century, is bound to be one of the major historical events in Chinese history due to its long duration, great destruction and far-reaching influence.The debate on the right and wrong of the Chinese cultural revolution has been going on till today.There is a consensus on the depth of its lessons, but it is difficult to get a consensus on its formation and reflection.This paper analyzes the causes of the Chinese cultural revolution from the perspective of history, culture and system, and analyzes the ways to avoid the recurrence of tragedy, so as to think and study the feasibility of the future construction of the rule of law and the harmonious development of human beings in China.

Existential Philosophy and Psychotherapy Ethics

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Noyon ◽  
Thomas Heidenreich
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ethical Principles ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Existential Philosophy ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
Authentic Life

This chapter introduces five central concepts of existential philosophy in order to deduce ethical principles for psychotherapy: phenomenology, authenticity, paradoxes, isolation, and freedom vs. destiny. Phenomenological perspectives are useful as a guideline for how to encounter and understand patients in terms of individuality and uniqueness. Existential communication as a means to search and face the truth of one’s existence is considered as a valid basis for an authentic life. Paradoxes that cannot be solved are characteristic for human existence and should be dealt with to turn resignation into active choices. Isolation is one of the “existentials” characterizing human life between two paradox poles: On the one hand we are deeply in need of relationships to other human beings; on the other hand we are thrown into the world alone and will always stay like this, no matter how close we get to another person. Further, addressing freedom and destiny as two extremes of one dimension can serve as a basis for orientation in life and also for dealing with the separation between responsibility and guilt.

A Bestiary from the Age of Jack London

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lundblad
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Class Struggle ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Jack London ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Natural History Museums ◽  
Government Programs ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
History Museums ◽  
Coney Island

Readers of Jack London might well think that a taxonomy of animal species at the turn of the twentieth century would represent ways of thinking about animals that would be quite familiar to us today. Yet there were animals at that time, along with striking cultural events, that seem to belong to different epistemologies altogether, to earlier times: from a circus elephant publicly electrocuted at Coney Island to human beings displayed in zoos and natural history museums; from wolf populations eradicated by government programs to other kinds of wolves inhabiting psychoanalytic and sexual discourses; from racist connections between apes and human “savages” to an octopus and cattle representing the market and class struggle. This chapter opens up a bestiary from the turn of the century in order to illustrate the insights that animal and animality studies can bring to the study of Jack London and his various cultural contexts.

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