scholarly journals Cembranoids of Soft Coral Sarcophyton from Acidified Coral Reef Environment at Shallow Water CO2 vents in Volcano Island, Banda Neira, Indonesia

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hedi Indra Januar ◽  
Neviaty Putri Zamani ◽  
Dedi Soedharma ◽  
Ekowati Chasanah
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Soft Coral ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Reef Environment ◽  
Low Genetic Diversity ◽  
Coral Reef Environment

Cembranoid content in soft coral is known as a chemotype that relate with genotype and environment. This research aimed to characterize the cembranoid Sarcophyton soft coral from the reef that acidified by CO2 volcanic vents (pHT 7.8) at Volcano Islands waters, Banda-Neira (Indonesia), as a means of predicting the future impact of ocean acidification to the genetic diversity of Sarcophyton soft coral. 30 random colonies were taken, combined, and extracted with ethanol. Cembranoid isolation and identification had been done by high performance liquid chromatography and spectrometry techniques. Results of the study found sarcophytol derivatives (sarcophytol A, 11,12-epoxy sarcophytol A, sarcophytol B, and sarcophytol M) as the only chemotype in the sample. This may suggest low genetic diversity in the observed Sarcophyton sample. Therefore, it may suggest that even soft coral is known to be resilient to future acidification pressures, the genetic diversity or the production of diverse cytotoxic metabolite may be hampered due to ocean acidification in future climate change adaptation.

scholarly journals Low genetic diversity in pygmy blue whales is due to climate-induced diversification rather than anthropogenic impacts

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 20141037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine R. M. Attard ◽  
Luciano B. Beheregaray ◽  
K. Curt S. Jenner ◽  
Peter C. Gill ◽  
Micheline-Nicole M. Jenner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Evolutionary Divergence ◽  
Balaenoptera Musculus ◽  
Low Genetic Diversity ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Analytical Approaches ◽  
Blue Whales

Unusually low genetic diversity can be a warning of an urgent need to mitigate causative anthropogenic activities. However, current low levels of genetic diversity in a population could also be due to natural historical events, including recent evolutionary divergence, or long-term persistence at a small population size. Here, we determine whether the relatively low genetic diversity of pygmy blue whales ( Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda ) in Australia is due to natural causes or overexploitation. We apply recently developed analytical approaches in the largest genetic dataset ever compiled to study blue whales (297 samples collected after whaling and representing lineages from Australia, Antarctica and Chile). We find that low levels of genetic diversity in Australia are due to a natural founder event from Antarctic blue whales ( Balaenoptera musculus intermedia ) that occurred around the Last Glacial Maximum, followed by evolutionary divergence. Historical climate change has therefore driven the evolution of blue whales into genetically, phenotypically and behaviourally distinct lineages that will likely be influenced by future climate change.

scholarly journals Benthic buffers and boosters of ocean acidification on coral reefs

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 4897-4909 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. N. Anthony ◽  
G. Diaz-Pulido ◽  
N. Verlinden ◽  
B. Tilbrook ◽  
A. J. Andersson
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Benthic Communities ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
High Flow ◽  
Net Community Production ◽  
Reef Environment ◽  
Saturation State ◽  
Low Co2 ◽  
Coral Reef Environment ◽  
Community Production

Abstract. Ocean acidification is a threat to marine ecosystems globally. In shallow-water systems, however, ocean acidification can be masked by benthic carbon fluxes, depending on community composition, seawater residence time, and the magnitude and balance of net community production (NCP) and calcification (NCC). Here, we examine how six benthic groups from a coral reef environment on Heron Reef (Great Barrier Reef, Australia) contribute to changes in the seawater aragonite saturation state (Ωa). Results of flume studies using intact reef habitats (1.2 m by 0.4 m), showed a hierarchy of responses across groups, depending on CO2 level, time of day and water flow. At low CO2 (350–450 μatm), macroalgae (Chnoospora implexa), turfs and sand elevated Ωa of the flume water by around 0.10 to 1.20 h−1 – normalised to contributions from 1 m2 of benthos to a 1 m deep water column. The rate of Ωa increase in these groups was doubled under acidification (560–700 μatm) and high flow (35 compared to 8 cm s−1). In contrast, branching corals (Acropora aspera) increased Ωa by 0.25 h−1 at ambient CO2 (350–450 μatm) during the day, but reduced Ωa under acidification and high flow. Nighttime changes in Ωa by corals were highly negative (0.6–0.8 h−1) and exacerbated by acidification. Calcifying macroalgae (Halimeda spp.) raised Ωa by day (by around 0.13 h−1), but lowered Ωa by a similar or higher amount at night. Analyses of carbon flux contributions from benthic communities with four different compositions to the reef water carbon chemistry across Heron Reef flat and lagoon indicated that the net lowering of Ωa by coral-dominated areas can to some extent be countered by long water-residence times in neighbouring areas dominated by turfs, macroalgae and carbonate sand.

scholarly journals Modelling coral calcification accounting for the impacts of coral bleaching and ocean acidification

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2607-2630 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Evenhuis ◽  
A. Lenton ◽  
N. E. Cantin ◽  
J. M. Lough
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Arrhenius Equation ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Carbonate Chemistry ◽  
Reef Environment ◽  
Local Environments ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Coral Reef Environment ◽  
Coral Health ◽  
Rates Of Growth

Abstract. Coral reefs are diverse ecosystems that are threatened by rising CO2 levels through increases in sea surface temperature and ocean acidification. Here we present a new unified model that links changes in temperature and carbonate chemistry to coral health. Changes in coral health and population are explicitly modelled by linking rates of growth, recovery and calcification to rates of bleaching and temperature-stress-induced mortality. The model is underpinned by four key principles: the Arrhenius equation, thermal specialisation, correlated up- and down-regulation of traits that are consistent with resource allocation trade-offs, and adaption to local environments. These general relationships allow this model to be constructed from a range of experimental and observational data. The performance of the model is assessed against independent data to demonstrate how it can capture the observed response of corals to stress. We also provide new insights into the factors that determine calcification rates and provide a framework based on well-known biological principles to help understand the observed global distribution of calcification rates. Our results suggest that, despite the implicit complexity of the coral reef environment, a simple model based on temperature, carbonate chemistry and different species can give insights into how corals respond to changes in temperature and ocean acidification.

scholarly journals Benthic buffers and boosters of ocean acidification on coral reefs

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1831-1865 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. N. Anthony ◽  
G. Diaz-Pulido ◽  
N. Verlinden ◽  
B. Tilbrook ◽  
A. J. Andersson
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
High Flow ◽  
Net Community Production ◽  
Reef Environment ◽  
Saturation State ◽  
Low Co2 ◽  
Coral Reef Environment ◽  
Co2 Level ◽  
Community Production

Abstract. Ocean acidification is a threat to marine ecosystems globally. In shallow-water systems, however, ocean acidification can be masked by benthic carbon fluxes, depending on community composition, seawater residence time, and the magnitude and balance of net community production (pn) and calcification (gn). Here, we examine how six benthic groups from a coral reef environment on Heron Reef (Great Barrier Reef, Australia) contribute to changes in seawater aragonite saturation state (Ωa). Results of flume studies showed a hierarchy of responses across groups, depending on CO2 level, time of day and water flow. At low CO2 (350–450 μatm), macroalgae (Chnoospora implexa), turfs and sand elevated Ωa of the flume water by around 0.10 to 1.20 h−1 – normalised to contributions from 1 m2 of benthos to a 1 m deep water column. The rate of Ωa increase in these groups was doubled under acidification (560–700 μatm) and high flow (35 compared to 8 cm s−1). In contrast, branching corals (Acropora aspera) increased Ωa by 0.25 h−1 at ambient CO2 (350–450 μatm) during the day, but reduced Ωa under acidification and high flow. Nighttime changes in Ωa by corals were highly negative (0.6–0.8 h−1) and exacerbated by acidification. Calcifying macroalgae (Halimeda spp.) raised Ωa by day (by around 0.13 h−1), but lowered Ωa by a similar or higher amount at night. Analyses of carbon flux contributions from four different benthic compositions to the reef water carbon chemistry across Heron Reef flat and lagoon indicated that the net lowering of Ωa by coral-dominated areas can to some extent be countered by long water residence times in neighbouring areas dominated by turfs, macroalgae and potentially sand.

scholarly journals The Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine Ecosystems and Reliant Human Communities

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott C. Doney ◽  
D. Shallin Busch ◽  
Sarah R. Cooley ◽  
Kristy J. Kroeker
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Information Needs ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Shoreline Protection ◽  
Biological Impacts ◽  
Estuarine Coastal

Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, from fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, along with agriculture and land-use practices are causing wholesale increases in seawater CO2 and inorganic carbon levels; reductions in pH; and alterations in acid-base chemistry of estuarine, coastal, and surface open-ocean waters. On the basis of laboratory experiments and field studies of naturally elevated CO2 marine environments, widespread biological impacts of human-driven ocean acidification have been posited, ranging from changes in organism physiology and population dynamics to altered communities and ecosystems. Acidification, in conjunction with other climate change–related environmental stresses, particularly under future climate change and further elevated atmospheric CO2 levels, potentially puts at risk many of the valuable ecosystem services that the ocean provides to society, such as fisheries, aquaculture, and shoreline protection. Thisreview emphasizes both current scientific understanding and knowledge gaps, highlighting directions for future research and recognizing the information needs of policymakers and stakeholders.

Genetic diversity in caribou linked to past and future climate change

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn Yannic ◽  
Loïc Pellissier ◽  
Joaquín Ortego ◽  
Nicolas Lecomte ◽  
Serge Couturier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Future Climate ◽  
Future Climate Change

scholarly journals Influence of Anthropogenic Pressures on the Bioactivity Potential of Sponges and Soft Corals in the Coral Reef Environment

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Hedi Indra Januar ◽  
Ekowati Chasanah ◽  
Dianne M. Tapiolas ◽  
Cherie A. Motti ◽  
Catherine H. Liptrot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Soft Coral ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Marine Sponges ◽  
Soft Corals ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressures ◽  
Reef Environment ◽  
Phosphate Nitrate ◽  
Coral Reef Environment

The wealth of marine sponges and soft corals in Indonesian waters represents a rich source of natural products. However, anthropogenic pressures potentially decrease diversity in coral reefs. Presented here are trends for tropical sponge and soft coral biodiversity and their bioactivity potential under the influence of increasing anthropogenic pressures. Samples were collected along transects (near, mid, and far) at Karimunjawa and Seribu Islands Marine National Parks and environmental parameters (salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), phosphate, nitrate, and ammonia), sponge and soft coral biodiversity, and the bioactivity potential of those organisms (50% Growth Inhibition (GI50) of cancer cell lines H460-Lung, MCF7-Breast, and SF268-CNS) are compared. The environmental conditions and biodiversity were found to be significantly different between groups of sampling sites (P<0.05). Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA) revealed DO was the discriminant factor driving the separation between groups (90.1%). Diversity tended to be higher in the Far group with strong and significant relation to DO (R= 0.611, P<0.05) and ammonia (R = -0.812, P<0.05). The CDA also showed that an increase in bioactivity (low % GI50) of sponge and soft coral extracts was related to a canonical function (57.21%) consisting of high DO, high pH, and low nutrients. These findings indicate the production of bioactive compounds is related to diversity and complexity of coral reef systems. Therefore, strategies for marine protection by mitigating the impacts of anthropogenic pressures needs to be optimized in order to conserve the overall environment and sustain its natural bioactivity potential indefinitely.

Climate Change as Observed in the Bay of Bengal

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 69-82
Author(s):  
P.R. Rajalakshmi ◽  
Hema Achyuthan
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Bay Of Bengal ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Time Data

The Bay of Bengal covers a vast expanse of area, it being warmer, holds signatures of climate change. Its impact and the parameters have been studied in terms of rise in temperature, sea level change, increased rainfall, drought, heat waves, the intensity of tropical cyclones, ocean acidification and ocean productivity. In the last 45 years, sea surface temperature (SST) has risen by 0.2 to 0.3°C and is projected to rise further by 2.0 to 3.5°C by the end of this century. As a result, the sea level is expected to also rise 37 cm by 2050. The Bay of Bengal is witnessing an increase in the intensity of cyclones in the last two decades. Floods and droughts have increased over the years and are a growing threat to plant and animal life. Ocean acidification and increase in the sea surface temperature have made many fish species a major part of the coastal food chain vulnerable to its productivity. Hence, the collection of real time data and its continuous monitoring of the Bay of Bengal is essential to predict and project the future climate change to its accuracy both in space and time.

scholarly journals Modelling ocean acidification effects with life stage-specific responses alters spatiotemporal patterns of catch and revenues of American lobster, Homarus americanus

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Travis C. Tai ◽  
Piero Calosi ◽  
Helen J. Gurney-Smith ◽  
William W. L. Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Homarus Americanus ◽  
Minimum Size ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
American Lobster ◽  
Fishing Pressure ◽  
Size Limits

AbstractOcean acidification (OA) affects marine organisms through various physiological and biological processes, yet our understanding of how these translate to large-scale population effects remains limited. Here, we integrated laboratory-based experimental results on the life history and physiological responses to OA of the American lobster, Homarus americanus, into a dynamic bioclimatic envelope model to project future climate change effects on species distribution, abundance, and fisheries catch potential. Ocean acidification effects on juvenile stages had the largest stage-specific impacts on the population, while cumulative effects across life stages significantly exerted the greatest impacts, albeit quite minimal. Reducing fishing pressure leads to overall increases in population abundance while setting minimum size limits also results in more higher-priced market-sized lobsters (> 1 lb), and could help mitigate the negative impacts of OA and concurrent stressors (warming, deoxygenation). However, the magnitude of increased effects of climate change overweighs any moderate population gains made by changes in fishing pressure and size limits, reinforcing that reducing greenhouse gas emissions is most pressing and that climate-adaptive fisheries management is necessary as a secondary role to ensure population resiliency. We suggest possible strategies to mitigate impacts by preserving important population demographics.

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