scholarly journals Women and Men's Legislative Success in the 21st Century Professional and Citizen State Legislatures

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 213-231
Author(s):  
Donald E. Whistler ◽  
Mark C. Ellickson
Keyword(s):  
State Legislatures ◽  
State Level ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
State Legislators ◽  
Institutional Factors ◽  
Personal Attributes ◽  
Lower State ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Women Legislators ◽  
Essential Components

The bill-passage success of women and men legislators in professional and in citizen state legislatures is evaluated using a path analytical model. The model consists of exogenous personal, institutional, district, and state-level variables, an intervening variable of legislative leadership positions, and the direct and indirect effects of these variables on bill-passage success. With data from a 2004 survey of all fifty lower state houses compared to a similar 1992 nationwide survey of state legislators, women legislators display increased legislative positions and bill-passage in both professional and citizen state legislatures. The model predicts that institutional factors and, to a lesser extent, personal attributes are essential components for acquiring legislative positions as well as bill-passage success for women and men in both types of legislatures.

Growing Tea With Subnational Roots: Tea Party Affiliation, Factionalism, and GOP Politics in State Legislatures

2021 ◽  
pp. 1532673X2110411
Author(s):  
Stella M. Rouse ◽  
Charles Hunt ◽  
Kristen Essel
Keyword(s):  
Republican Party ◽  
State Legislatures ◽  
State Level ◽  
Party Politics ◽  
State Legislators ◽  
Tea Party ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Party Affiliation ◽  
Far Right ◽  
Original Dataset

Most research has examined the influence of the Tea Party as a social movement or loose organization, but less is known about its influence within legislative party politics, especially at the state level. In this paper, we argue that in this context the Tea Party is primarily an intraparty faction that has caused significant divisions inside the Republican Party. Using an original dataset of legislators across 13 states for the years 2010 to 2013, we examine legislator and district-level characteristics that predict state legislators’ affiliation with the Tea Party. Our results reveal that in some respects legislators affiliated with the Tea Party are a far-right wing of the Republican Party. However, by other measures that capture anti-establishment political sentiment, Tea Party affiliated legislators comprise a factional group attempting to transform the Party in ways that go beyond ideology. These findings have important implications for the future prospects of the GOP.

National Policies, Agendas, and Polarization in American State Legislatures: 2011 to 2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 939-979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Garlick
Keyword(s):  
Political Discourse ◽  
State Legislatures ◽  
State Level ◽  
State Legislators ◽  
Roll Call ◽  
National Policies ◽  
Party Leaders ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
The Media ◽  
American State

Why are some states polarized and others not? This article argues that state legislators are provided with more information by lobbyists and the media about national policies, or state-level bills that are prominent in the national political discourse. Compared with state-specific issues, this additional information encourages legislators to vote along party lines to secure reelection or prepare for a run for higher office. It identifies national policies using lobbying registrations in state legislatures and Congress to show there is more party difference on roll-call votes on national policies in 25 states over 2011 to 2014. It also argues that the notoriety of national issues may encourage party leaders to put these bills on the agenda to build their party brand, or for individual legislators to raise their profiles. It finds that states with more national agendas have more polarized sessions.

Women in State Legislatures from the Gilded Age to the Global Age

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Welch
Keyword(s):  
Gilded Age ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
State Legislatures ◽  
Institutional Factors ◽  
Women Legislators ◽  
Nineteenth Amendment ◽  
Global Age ◽  
Pooled Time Series ◽  
The Impact ◽  
State Legislative

State-to-state differences in women’s state legislative representation since the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment are as vast as over-time differences have been. This chapter focuses on women elected to state legislatures from the first, in 1894, to those serving in 2017. The paper highlights the slow growth in women legislators until about 1973, the twenty years of relatively rapid growth until 1993, and the slower increases since then. The chapter explores the impact of institutional factors, party, and geography on this growth and examines the differences between women’s membership in the lower and upper houses. A pooled time series analysis reveals factors explaining differences in women’s membership in legislative bodies across states and through time.

Professional Backgrounds in State Legislatures, 1993–2012

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 312-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd Makse
Keyword(s):  
State Legislatures ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
State Legislators ◽  
Legislative Behavior ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Occupational Background ◽  
The Relationship

In this paper, I introduce a new dataset of individual-level professional background data for state legislators in 98 chambers from 1993 to 2012. Using this data, I examine trends in the professional backgrounds of state legislators over the period of the study, with attention to institutional factors such as professionalism and legislative turnover and individual-level factors such as political party and gender. In addition, I briefly illustrate three applications of the data. First, I analyze the extent to which district-level demographic and political factors affect the probability that a district will elect a legislator from certain backgrounds. Second, I examine the relationship between occupational background and ideology, identifying the backgrounds that identify moderate and extreme members in each party. Third, I contrast the occupational backgrounds of legislators who hold leadership positions with the membership at large. Taken together, these examples speak to some of the ways in which the composition of state legislatures can reveal interesting and relevant information underlying legislative behavior and institutions.

Introduction to Faith in State Legislatures

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
State Legislatures ◽  
State Legislators ◽  
Front Line ◽  
United State ◽  
Party Control ◽  
Politics And Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Change State

This chapter introduces the complex history of the relationships among faith, politics and culture in state legislatures. Each of these concepts is explored by organizing them into three themes: separation, demography and polarization. The direction and content of public policies across the United State are influenced by these elements contributing to either the support or opposition to social change. State legislators are on the front line of these ideological divides. These variations by region contribute to the increase in single party control and have generated pronounced policy differences.

Mentoring the Next Generation of Women Candidates: A Field Experiment of State Legislators

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 492-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarina Rhinehart
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Multiple Identities ◽  
State Legislators ◽  
Women In Politics ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Women Candidates ◽  
Women Legislators ◽  
Specific Advice ◽  
Gender Specific

This experiment sent state legislators an email from an individual seeking advice on running for office, varying the gender and party of the sender. This project explores two inquiries—who the legislators choose to respond to and how the legislators’ own gender and partisan identities shape that decision. I theorize that women in politics is a salient issue for legislators; therefore, they will be more willing to advise politically ambitious women. Overall, I find that legislators are more willing to offer help when the aspirant is a woman and of the same party. When primed to further consider women in politics, legislators are more likely to offer gender-specific advice. Democrats rather than women legislators drive this heightened responsiveness to the woman aspirant. These findings highlight what role public officials can play in closing the candidate gender gap, and how legislators’ multiple identities intersect and frame their decisions to aid political aspirants.

Subverting the Organizational Cartel: Explaining Cross-Party Leadership Selection in U.S. State Houses

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-483
Author(s):  
Matthew N. Green
Keyword(s):  
House Of Representatives ◽  
State Legislatures ◽  
State Level ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Leadership Selection ◽  
Majority Party ◽  
Party Ideology ◽  
Level I ◽  
Selection Of

In the U.S. House of Representatives, the majority party constitutes an organizational cartel that monopolizes the selection of chamber leaders. But in state legislatures, that cartel power is sometimes circumvented by a bipartisan bloc that outvotes the leadership preferences of a majority of the majority party. Drawing from an original data set of instances of cross-party organizational coalitions at the state level, I use statistical analysis to test various hypotheses for when these coalitions are more likely to form. The analysis reveals that party ideology does not adequately explain the violation of these cartels; rather, violations depend on the costs associated with keeping the party unified and the benefits that come from selecting the chamber’s top leadership post. This finding underscores the potential vulnerability of organizational cartels and suggests that governing parties are strategic when deciding how fiercely to defend their cartel power.

scholarly journals Longitudinal state-level effects on change in body mass index among middle-aged and older adults in the USA

2017 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-72
Author(s):  
Cheng-Chia Chen ◽  
Dong-Chul Seo ◽  
Hsien-Chang Lin
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
State Level ◽  
Lower State ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Bmi Trajectories ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Fast Food Restaurants

Objective: The purpose of this longitudinal study was to examine the effects of state-level socioeconomic status (SES), the density of fast food restaurants and walking to work on body mass index (BMI) among US adults aged 50 years and older. The study sought further to account for the interaction effects of three different hierarchical levels of variables, including time-varying variables and time-invariant variables such as individual and state-level variables. Confounding related to environmental/neighbourhood effects was controlled for through sample selection. Methods: Data were drawn from the 2000–2010 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and the 2010 US Census. HRS survey participants aged 50 years and older in 2000, residing in the same census tract during 2000–2010 ( N = 6,156) comprised the study sample. A three-level growth model was fitted to BMI trajectories. Results: BMI significantly increased over time showing both a linear and quadratic decelerating trajectory ( p < .001) where BMI grew faster among sampled adults in their early 50s. Women living in the US states with a lower state-level SES had higher BMIs, while men with higher state-level SES had a higher BMI ( b = −.242, p = .013). In states with a higher proportion of people who walked to work, Hispanics had higher BMIs at baseline and a lower BMI growth rate, compared with non-Hispanic whites ( b = −.033, p < .001). Conclusions: Obesity interventions specific to adults aged 50 years and older require greater emphasis. Potential health inequalities regarding weight gain can be ameliorated through tailoring interventions based on sex, environmental and state-level SES influences.

Patients, Protocols, and Prosocial Behavior: Rule Breaking in Frontline Health Care

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin L. Borry ◽  
Alexander C. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Ethical Climate ◽  
Medical Service ◽  
Personal Attributes ◽  
Behavioral Variability ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Rule Breaking ◽  
Shed Light

Rules are essential components of organizations, especially given their foundational role in inducing organizationally preferred behavior and reducing behavioral variability among its members. Despite the existence and prevalence of these centrally important tools, rule deviation occurs. This study proposes to understand the ways in which emergency medical service (EMS) professionals break rules for prosocial purposes—to help patients. In particular, this research seeks to understand how specific organizational and personal attributes influence rule-breaking tendencies. Results indicate that aspects of ethical climate are significantly related to prosocial rule-breaking (PSRB) tendencies, whereas empathy is not. In addition, this study finds that other characteristics, such as a conformist personality, risk taking, expertise, and experience on the job influence PSRB. These findings contribute to the literature on rule deviation and EMS practices and shed light on the complexity of decision making in frontline public services.

scholarly journals Serving as a Temporary Pathology Chair: “Boon” or “Boondoggle”?

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 237428951987754
Author(s):  
David N. Bailey ◽  
Melissa R. George ◽  
David N. Howell ◽  
Donald S. Karcher ◽  
Jenny Libien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Discussion Group ◽  
Academic Leadership ◽  
Academic Departments ◽  
Institutional Factors ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Lame Duck ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Time Served ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Prolonged Service

The 2019 Association of Pathology Chairs Annual Meeting included a discussion group sponsored by the Senior Fellows Group (former chairs of academic departments of pathology who have remained active in Association of Pathology Chairs) that was focused on serving as temporary pathology chair. Such positions include “acting chair” (service while the permanent chair is on leave or temporarily indisposed), “interim chair” (service after departure of the prior chair and before a new chair is appointed), “term-limited chair” (usually one nonrenewable term of less than 5 years), and “terminal chair” (permanent chair being asked to stay until a successor is appointed). Discussion group panelists represented each of these positions and included the perspective of 3 former deans about the rationale for making such appointments. The potential benefits and risks of serving in these roles were discussed. Issues addressed included acting as “caretaker manager” or “change-agent leader”; whether such service and experience would enhance or harm one’s chances to become a permanent chair of that or another department; the effect of such service on academic productivity; the influence of department and institutional factors on the position; the range of authority provided, particularly in addressing significant problems affecting the department’s future; and the impact of time served in these various positions. The “lame-duck” effect of prolonged service as “terminal chair” was also discussed. The observations and advice provided by the panelists and audience discussion are reported and may be useful for those considering service as temporary chair in pathology as well as other academic leadership positions.

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