Professional Backgrounds in State Legislatures, 1993–2012

In this paper, I introduce a new dataset of individual-level professional background data for state legislators in 98 chambers from 1993 to 2012. Using this data, I examine trends in the professional backgrounds of state legislators over the period of the study, with attention to institutional factors such as professionalism and legislative turnover and individual-level factors such as political party and gender. In addition, I briefly illustrate three applications of the data. First, I analyze the extent to which district-level demographic and political factors affect the probability that a district will elect a legislator from certain backgrounds. Second, I examine the relationship between occupational background and ideology, identifying the backgrounds that identify moderate and extreme members in each party. Third, I contrast the occupational backgrounds of legislators who hold leadership positions with the membership at large. Taken together, these examples speak to some of the ways in which the composition of state legislatures can reveal interesting and relevant information underlying legislative behavior and institutions.

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Does job position moderate the relationship between gender and ethics?: a cross-cultural analysis

Cross Cultural Management An International Journal ◽

10.1108/ccm-01-2013-0018 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 437-452 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Chung-wen Chen

Keyword(s):

Cultural Values ◽

Ethical Issues ◽

Data Set ◽

Content Type ◽

Individual Level ◽

Performance Orientation ◽

And Gender ◽

The Individual ◽

The Relationship ◽

Job Position

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between gender and ethics, the interaction of job position and gender on ethics, and the three-way interacting effects of cultural values, job position, and gender on ethics. Design/methodology/approach – The individual-level data were from the 2005-2008 wave of World Values Survey data set and the cultural values were from the GLOBE study. The research contained 26,639 subjects from 30 nations and used HLM to conduct data analysis. Findings – Results showed that men are more likely than women to justify ethically suspect behaviors. In addition, under high in-group collectivism, the ethical difference between genders tends to decrease at high job positions and under high performance orientation, the ethical difference between genders tends to increase at high job positions. Research limitations/implications – This research depends on secondary data; it is therefore impossible for the author to control the data collection process, which could be an issue for discussion. In addition, because of limited available studies to refer to, the formation of the individual-level moderator, job position, might cause some attention. Practical implications – Corporate education and training in regards to ethical issues becomes even more vital, especially for men, since the statistical results showed that men are more likely than women to be deviant. Meanwhile, organizations can help themselves by recruiting a greater number of females, as this study shows that females are seen to make more ethically sound decisions than males. Furthermore, under the contexts of high in-group collectivism and low performance orientation, both genders in higher job positions tend to be more unethical than people in lower positions. Since people in higher positions have the right and the power to set the ethical tone for the organization (Clinard, 1983; Posner and Schmidt, 1992), it becomes particularly essential for firms to pay close attention to ethical issues in higher job positions. Originality/value – The study proved that the relationship between gender and ethics is more complicated than expected; job position, and cultural values can jointly influence the individual-level relationship. In addition, since human behavior is complicated, employing multilevel method to investigate humane behaviors in the field of management becomes necessary in the future.

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Brexit, sexual orientation and gender identity: What about the people?

10.31235/osf.io/cymt6 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Carmelo Danisi ◽

Moira Dustin ◽

Nuno Ferreira

Keyword(s):

Sexual Orientation ◽

Gender Identity ◽

Detrimental Effect ◽

British Society ◽

Individual Level ◽

The People ◽

Short Piece ◽

Potential Impact ◽

And Gender ◽

The Relationship

Slowly, but surely, awareness is increasing about the possible impact of Brexit on individuals who identify, or are identified as, members of minorities based on their sexual orientation or gender identity (SOGI). After explorations of this theme by Wintemute and by us, Cooper, Cooper et al., and the Trade Union Congress all alerted people to the potentially detrimental effect that Brexit may have on SOGI minorities.It is critical to note that these SOGI minorities are far from monolithic, and any potential impact of Brexit for them will be different at a sub-group and even at an individual level. Broad-brush, abstract policy analyses on this theme – as on any other theme – fail to capture the essentially individual nature of the relationship between SOGI minorities and Brexit, as one of the most divisive and hotly contested topics in British society for many decades.In this short piece, we wish to delve into that individuality, bringing to the fore just some of the voices within the ‘SOGI minorities’ umbrella and listening to their concerns, fears and hopes in relation to Brexit – both specifically related to their identity and more generally about life after Brexit.

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Individual and Relationship-Level Correlates of Transactional Sex Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Malawi: A Multilevel Analysis

AIDS and Behavior ◽

10.1007/s10461-021-03442-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Margaret W. Gichane ◽

Nora E. Rosenberg ◽

Catherine Zimmer ◽

Audrey E. Pettifor ◽

Suzanne Maman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adolescent Girls ◽

Young Women ◽

Hiv Risk ◽

Social Protection ◽

Transactional Sex ◽

Individual Level ◽

And Gender ◽

The Individual ◽

Partner Concurrency ◽

The Relationship

AbstractTransactional sex increases HIV risk among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW). Understanding the individual and dyadic nature of transactional sex may provide evidence for risk reduction interventions. Multilevel logistic regression was used to cross-sectionally examine correlates of transactional sex among AGYW in Lilongwe, Malawi. Participants (N = 920) reported 1227 relationships. Individual-level associations were found between being divorced/widowed (AOR 5.07, 95% CI 1.93, 13.25), married (AOR 0.26, 95% CI 0.09, 0.72), or unstably housed (AOR 7.11, 95% CI 2.74, 18.47) and transactional sex. At the relationship-level, transactional sex occurred in relationships with: non-primary primary partners (AOR 4.06, 95% CI 2.37, 6.94), perceived partner concurrency (AOR 1.85, 95% CI 1.11, 3.08), and feared violence with couples HIV testing (AOR 2.81, 95% CI 1.26, 6.29), and less likely to occur in relationships with children (AOR 0.15, 95% CI 0.06, 0.38). Multiple co-occurring social and structural vulnerabilities increase transactional sex engagement warranting the need for social protection and gender transformative approaches.

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Gender and the Life Cycle as Intra-related Processes in Melanesia with Special Reference to the Bariai of Northwest New Britain, Papua and New Guinea

NEXUS: The Canadian Student Journal of Anthropology ◽

10.15173/nexus.v2i1.38 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 29-54

Author(s):

Naomi Scaletta

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Aging Process ◽

World View ◽

Theoretical Discussion ◽

Age And Gender ◽

Individual Level ◽

And Gender ◽

The Individual ◽

The Relationship ◽

New Britain

The focus of this rarer is an exploration of the relationship between concepts of gender, aging and dying in Melanesia. It is argued that age and gender are fundamental principles underlying the Melanesian world view; that the aging process is, at the individual level, an experiential living through of this world view; and, that age both delimits and articulates gender in terms of social and personal identity. The paper begins with a theoretical discussion of the Melanesian world view. Examples drawn from Melanesian ethnography generally and the Bariai in particular, are used to illustrate that world view and its usefulness as a theoretical framework for understanding gender and the totality of the life cycle as interrelated processes.

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Women and Men's Legislative Success in the 21st Century Professional and Citizen State Legislatures

American Review of Politics ◽

10.15763/issn.2374-7781.2011.32.0.213-231 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 213-231

Author(s):

Donald E. Whistler ◽

Mark C. Ellickson

Keyword(s):

State Legislatures ◽

State Level ◽

Nationwide Survey ◽

State Legislators ◽

Institutional Factors ◽

Personal Attributes ◽

Lower State ◽

Leadership Positions ◽

Women Legislators ◽

Essential Components

The bill-passage success of women and men legislators in professional and in citizen state legislatures is evaluated using a path analytical model. The model consists of exogenous personal, institutional, district, and state-level variables, an intervening variable of legislative leadership positions, and the direct and indirect effects of these variables on bill-passage success. With data from a 2004 survey of all fifty lower state houses compared to a similar 1992 nationwide survey of state legislators, women legislators display increased legislative positions and bill-passage in both professional and citizen state legislatures. The model predicts that institutional factors and, to a lesser extent, personal attributes are essential components for acquiring legislative positions as well as bill-passage success for women and men in both types of legislatures.

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Effect of Socioeconomic Status on Risk of Developing COVID-19: a Community-based Case-control Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-195468/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hüseyin Küçükali ◽

Osman Hayran ◽

Şeyda İleri ◽

Berkay Kurt ◽

Fatmanur Kuru ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Community Based ◽

Age And Gender ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Mean ◽

And Gender ◽

The Relationship ◽

Control Study

Abstract BackgroundMost of the studies regarding the relationship between socioeconomic status and occurrence of COVID-19 are usually ecological studies and have limitations due to ecological fallacy. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between socioeconomic status and individual-level risk of developing COVID-19.MethodsWe conducted a community-based, age and gender matched, case-control study in a district of Istanbul. The case group was defined as all confirmed COVID-19 cases (n=232) that were reported to the district health directorate in a week of August 2020. Control group was defined as people who were matched with cases in terms of age and gender and selected randomly from the directory of the same primary care provider in the district in 1:1 ratio. Participants were communicated via telephone. The socioeconomic status score was measured by Turkish Socioeconomic Status Index which considers three dimensions of it: education, occupation, and income.Results168 cases (72.4% response) and 168 controls are included in the study. 48.8% of participants are female and the mean age is 37.66±15.32 for each group. The mean socioeconomic status score is 70.28±7.09 for cases and 69.25±7.46 for controls (p=0.201). 15.2% (n=25) of cases and 22.4% (n=37) of controls is in lower socioeconomic status group (p=0.091). Neither bivariate nor logistic regression analysis revealed a statistically significant difference between study groups.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that socioeconomic status is not a significant predictor of COVID-19 occurrence at individual-level. The disease seems to be a common threat to all individuals of the global community.

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State Legislative Process

10.4018/978-1-7998-6807-1.ch002 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 24-51

Keyword(s):

State Legislatures ◽

The United States ◽

State Legislators ◽

Legislative Behavior ◽

Legislative Process ◽

Social Differences ◽

Party Control ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Change State ◽

State Legislative

This chapter explores the history and operation of state legislatures. The urban-rural divide characterizes stark political and social differences that fuel legislative behavior. The content of public policies across the United States is influenced by these divisions and contributes to either the support of or opposition to social change. State legislators are on the front lines of these geographic ideological divides. These variations by region contribute to the increase in single-party control and have generated pronounced policy differences.

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Effect of socioeconomic status on risk of COVID-19: a population-based case-control study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-195468/v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hüseyin Küçükali ◽

Osman Hayran ◽

Şeyda İleri ◽

Berkay Kurt ◽

Fatmanur Kuru ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Population Based ◽

Case Control ◽

Age And Gender ◽

Individual Level ◽

Significant Difference ◽

And Gender ◽

The Relationship ◽

Control Study

Abstract Most of the studies investigating the relationship between socioeconomic status and the occurrence of COVID-19 have limitations due to their ecological design. To investigate the relationship between socioeconomic status and individual-level risk of developing COVID-19, we conducted a population-based, age and gender matched, case-control study in a district of Istanbul. The case group was defined as all confirmed COVID-19 cases (n=232) in the district in a week of August 2020. The control group was matched with cases in terms of age and gender and selected randomly from the directory of the same primary care provider in the district in a 1:1 ratio. The socioeconomic status was measured by the Turkish Socioeconomic Status Index which considers its three dimensions: education, occupation, and income. 168 cases (72.4% response) and 168 controls are included in the study. The mean socioeconomic status score is 70.28±7.09 for cases and 69.25±7.46 for controls (p=0.201). 15.2% (n=25) of cases and 22.4% (n=37) of controls is in lower socioeconomic status group (p=0.091). The analysis did not reveal a statistically significant difference between study groups. Socioeconomic status may not a significant predictor of COVID-19 occurrence at the individual-level. The disease seems to be a common threat to all individuals.

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The Main Value Vectors of Solidarity of LGBTQ+ Scene with Other Activist Groups

Inter ◽

10.19181/inter.2020.12.3.4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 75-90

Author(s):

Elena V. Onegina

Keyword(s):

Private Sphere ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Public ◽

The Core ◽

The Past ◽

The Public Sphere ◽

And Gender ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Activist Groups ◽

The Relationship

The conservative ideology influences the life scenario of LGBTQ+ people by pushing them out of the public sphere and controlling the private sphere of their lives. At the same time, over the past three years, online projects about and for LGBTQ+ people and communities have been actively developing, gaining popularity and support. LGBTQ+ scene is a decentralized space of various initiatives, organizations, and independent activists. The participants of the scene are fighting against gender and sexual-based discrimination by organizing protests, educational projects, and other activities. The empirical basis of the study is 20 interviews involving LGBTQ people.The LGBTQ+ scene is constituted through a reflexive, often conflicting discussion of issues that have fundamental importance for the community such as status of sexuality, public actions, power, and hierarchy, as well as new sexual and gender identities.The person engaging in activism on an individual level not only chooses a form of participation (professional work, volunteering, or independent activity), but also the direction of activity within the community or outside it. The core of the scene is set by active individuals and groups, the periphery and borders are supported by passive participants and opponents of the LGBTQ+ scene. The article examines the relationship of solidarity of LGBTQ + scene participants with other initiatives, or rather, what values serve as the basis for the formation of intergroup solidarity. KEYWORDS:

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How do city-specific factors affect migrant integration in China? A study based on a hierarchical linear model of migrants and cities

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0244665 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. e0244665

Author(s):

Rumin Zheng ◽

Lin Mei ◽

Yanhua Guo ◽

Shuo Zhen ◽

Zhanhui Fu

Keyword(s):

Linear Model ◽

Industrial Structure ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Housing Prices ◽

Hierarchical Linear Model ◽

Individual Characteristics ◽

Political Factors ◽

Individual Level ◽

Migrant Integration ◽

The Relationship

Background Previous studies indicate that migrant integration is associated with migrants’ characteristics as well as restrictions and opportunities in receiving cities. However, the effect of receiving cities and the relationship between migrants and receiving cities have not been fully explored due to the lack of large samples from cities. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of receiving cities alone and their regulating role in the interaction with individual characteristics. Methods Cross-city data on 154,044 Chinese domestic migrants above 15 years old in 289 cities from the 2017 China Migrants Dynamic Survey are used. Migrant integration is assessed by a four-dimensional model proposed by Esser, which is slightly adjusted according to the characteristics of Chinese migrants. A hierarchical linear model is used to measure the proportion of effects of city factors in migrant integration as well as the effects when city factors are considered alone and in interaction with individual factors. Results The individual-level and city-level factors are responsible for 69.81% and 30.19% of the effect on migrant integration, respectively. City political factors do not affect migrant integration directly, and cities with larger sizes and higher wages can directly and significantly improve integration, while higher housing prices will directly inhibit integration. From the cross-level interaction of city and individual, different social, economic and political factors at the city level have an indirect impact on migrant integration by inhibiting or strengthening the effect of individual-level factors on migrant integration. Conclusion This study is one of the first to show the effect of cities and the relationship between receiving cities and migrants on migrant integration by keeping the national context constant. It is necessary to weaken the social and economic privileges associated with a city’s administrative level and reduce the negative impact of cities’ social and economic conditions by implementing city agglomeration, developing advantageous industries and optimizing the industrial structure. It is also essential to improve migrants’ socioeconomic capital through social support, occupation training and contiguous education.

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