scholarly journals Methodology for assessing herd immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 609-616
Author(s):  
A. Yu. Popova ◽  
A. A. Totolian
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Optimal Timing ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Population Immunity ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

Serological monitoring of the study of population immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the context of COVID-19 pandemic is a necessary component in epidemiological surveillance, since population epidemiological wellbeing in a context of COVID-19 is determined by state of population immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The population herd immunity is the limiting factor in spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Information on the state of population immunity is necessary to make a forecast for development of epidemiological situation, as well as to plan measures for specific and non-specific prevention of COVID-19. In this regard, the study of population immunity during the pandemic is necessary to predict development of the epidemic and identify features of epidemic process in any certain region and in the country in general. In May 2020, the Rospotrebnadzor program “Assessment of population immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the population of the Russian Federation in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic” was developed taking into account WHO recommendations in the format of a longitudinal cohort study with age stratification: at the first stage, a cohort of volunteers is formed; at the second and subsequent stages, the cohort of volunteers formed at the first stage is subject to examination; the number of stages depends on the epidemiological situation. In addition to age-related randomization while forming a cohort, at the first stage, the principle of population coverage uniformity was observed, the participation of volunteers from one institution was excluded, and the use of donated blood or patient blood from medical organizations was excluded. The survey was carried out among 7 age groups of healthy children and adults, regardless present or absent previous COVID-19 disease. Due to the fact that the population study is carried out in the context of COVID-19 pandemic, the optimal timing for collecting biomaterial at each stage is no more than 5–7 days. Questioning, selection of volunteers, their registration for blood donation, as well as processing of the results at the first stage, as well as the implementation of the second and subsequent stages of the Program are carried out only by using cloud service technology. This Program and the technology for its implementation have been successfully tested in 26 regions of the Russian Federation during the implementation of four stages from June 2020 to March 2021. Thus, at present, Rospotrebnadzor has developed a methodology and created an effectively working system of serological monitoring to assess level of herd immunity in different regions of the Russian Federation to predict the epidemiological situation, develop recommendations, and plan vaccination.

scholarly journals Characteristics of the Epidemiological Situation on Cholera in the World and in the Russian Federation in 2020 and Forecast for 2021

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-51
Author(s):  
A. K. Noskov ◽  
V. D. Kruglikov ◽  
E. A. Moskvitina ◽  
E. V. Monakhova ◽  
D. A. Levchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Snp Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Relations ◽  
Environmental Objects ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Toxigenic Strains ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

Aim of the work – to assess the epidemiological situation on cholera in 2020 and to make a forecast for 2021 based on the monitoring data and analysis of morbidity around the world for the period of 2011–2020. During the period between 2011 and 2020, 4 413 988 cases of cholera were recorded in 97 countries of the world with a general trend towards a decrease in the incidence (coefficient of accuracy of approximation R2  – 0.5705). However, due to the continuing epidemic manifestations of cholera in the endemic countries of Asia, Africa and America, the epidemiological situation on cholera on these continents was characterized as unfavorable in 2020. The emergence of a new “post-Haitian” lineage was observed among epidemically hazardous strains of Vibrio cholerae O1. In 2020, no epidemically dangerous strains of V. cholerae O1, O139 were isolated from humans on the territory of the Russian Federation. 25 non-toxigenic V. cholerae O1 El Tor strains were isolated from environmental objects, eight out of which (ctxA-, tcpA+), according to PCR-INDEL typing and SNP analysis of sequences, belonged to the clonal complex. The results of the analysis of biological properties and phylogenetic relations between the isolated non-toxigenic strains provided the basis for considering the epidemiological situation on cholera in Russia in 2020 as a stable one and a similar forecast of its development in 2021. At the same time, the possibility of importation of this infection from endemic countries cannot be ruled out, as well as the need to carry out a complex of differentiated anti-epidemic (preventive) measures within the framework of the state sanitary-epidemiological surveillance in order to localize and eliminate the imported focus and avoid the spread of the infection.

scholarly journals Analysis of Measles Incidence in Russia and Problems of Measles Prevention at the Elimination Stage

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 154-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. N. Yunasova ◽  
D. V. Gorenkov ◽  
A. V. Rukavishnikov ◽  
A. A. Movsesyants ◽  
V. A. Merkulov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Social Factor ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Epidemic Process ◽  
Measles Elimination ◽  
Measles Vaccination ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Measles Incidence ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

The review analyses measles incidence in Russia at the elimination stage. Epidemiological studies have revealed changes in the measles epidemic process in Russia. It was shown that whereas the specificity of the epidemic process in the pre-vaccination period was mainly determined by the influence of the infectious agent, lately the impact of the social factor has increased. There was an increase in the impact of decreed groups on maintaining the circulation of the virus in the Russian Federation. The aim of the study was to analyse the specificity of the measles epidemic process in Russia, to identify the major current problems of measles vaccination, to reveal reasons that prevent measles elimination in the country given the present environment, and to formulate possible ways of solving them. The article demonstrates the role of migration processes within the country and infection importation from neighboring territories in the rise of disease outbreaks. The article discusses Russian regulatory documents that are devoted to combating the spread of measles, their consistent replacement and refinement bearing in mind the changing epidemiological situation and the current WHO criteria and guidelines for the infection elimination. High-level epidemiological surveillance of the infection is a key factor in choosing the optimal strategy of measles vaccination. The article lists indicators of epidemiological surveillance effectiveness. It also highlights the importance of molecular genetic monitoring of the measles pathogen. The authors outline measures that are necessary to achieve measles elimination in the Russian Federation given the current epidemiological situation.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Current Epidemiological Situation in Natural Plague Foci around the World. Enhancement of the Effectiveness of Epidemiological Surveillance in Natural Plague Foci of the Russian Federation and Forecast of their Epizootic Activity for 2019

2019 ◽  
pp. 81-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. V. Popov ◽  
I. G. Karnaukhov ◽  
N. D. Pakskina ◽  
G. A. Eroshenko ◽  
A. A. Kuznetsov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
Coverage Area ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

The paper presents the analysis of epidemic activity of natural plague foci around the world, including in CIS and the Russian Federation, over the period of 2000–2018. It was established that in 2010–2018, epidemic manifestations took place in natural plague foci where the main carriers are synanthropic (black, multinippled rats) and commercial (marmots, souslik, ground squirrels) species of rodents. Retaining of low epizootic activity of lowland natural plague foci in the territory of the Russian Federation is observed. In 2018, plague epizooties were detected in the territory of the Gorno-Altai high-mountain and Tuva mountain natural foci, the total coverage area being 2641 km2. 13 strains of the main subspecies and 6 strains of Altaic subspecies of plague microbe were isolated. Demonstrated were the prospects of GIS-technology usage for the enhancement of epidemiological surveillance over plague in Russia. Epizootiological forecast for persisting challenging epidemiological situation in Kosh-Agach district of the Republic of Altai and Mongun-Taiginsky, Ovyursky and Tes-Khemsky Kozhuuns of the Republic of Tuva was substantiated. Recorded was high probability of retention of strained epizootic and epidemiological situation in the south and central parts of the desert zone in the Republic of Kazakhstan, high-mountain areas of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. Also conservation of epidemic risks for the territories of the countries in Africa (Republic of Madagascar), South (Peru, Bolivia), and North (USA) America, China, and Mongolia was noted. 

scholarly journals MALARIA IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN 2019

2020 ◽  
pp. 03-09
Author(s):  
T.F. Stepanova ◽  
◽  
A.M. Baranova ◽  
M.I. Belyaeva ◽  
K.B. Stepanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

The article presents the results of the analysis of the epidemiological situation of malaria in the Russian Federation in 2019 and antimalarial measures in the system of epidemiological surveillance. Recommendations for maintaining the epidemiological well-being of malaria in the country are revising.

On the system of classification and coding territories in the Russian Federation

2020 ◽  
Vol 959 (5) ◽  
pp. 41-53
Author(s):  
G.G. Pobedinskiy ◽  
M.V. Vyushkov ◽  
Y.R. Belykh
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Statistical Information ◽  
Spatial Description ◽  
Suspected Infection ◽  
Spatial Reference ◽  
Federal Statistical ◽  
Multifactor Analysis ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

The most common method of statistical analysis in epidemiology is the retrospective analysis of infectious disease cases. Recorded in the system of Federal statistical observation they are not bound on specific localities, but to the areas of territorial bodies’ of Russian Federation Health Care Ministry and Rospotrebnadzor responsibility. In order to load the information into databases and use them in GIS, the spatial reference of statistical information to specific coordinates of suspected infection sites or to a specific administrative or specially designated territory having a spatial description is necessary. The aim of the work is to analyze the system of classification and coding administrative and specially allocated territories of the Russian Federation at various levels for the implementation of multifactor analysis of the epidemiological situation with the involvement of climatic, landscape, land management and other data, as well as to solve other problems of the territories spatial development.

Molecular Epidemiological Monitoring of Circulation of Coxsackievirus A10

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-49
Author(s):  
LN Golitsyna ◽  
VV Zverev ◽  
NV Ponomareva ◽  
NI Romanenkova ◽  
Thao Thanh Thi Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Sewage Water ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Molecular Monitoring ◽  
South Vietnam ◽  
Epidemiological Monitoring ◽  
The Russian Federation

Background: Coxsackievirus A10 (CV-A10) is currently one of the most common etiological agents of enterovirus infection (EVI). Over the past decade, severe and fatal cases of CV-A10 infection have become more frequent while clinical manifestations of the disease are similar to those of Enterovirus A71 infection. The objective of our study was to characterize circulation of Coxsackievirus A10 in the Russian Federation in 2008–2019 and to study the phylogenetic relationships of strains isolated in Russia and Vietnam. Materials and methods: In 2008–2019, 220 CV-A10 strains were isolated from patients with various clinical manifestations of EVI and from sewage water samples taken in the Russian Federation and then studied using molecular genetic methods. In addition to that, we analyzed 26 CV-A10 strains isolated from patients with hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and acute flaccid paralysis in South Vietnam in 2018–2019. Results: We established a two-year periodicity of CV-A10 active circulation in Russia. In the structure of clinical forms of CV-A10 infection, herpetic angina prevailed (30.8 %), followed by minor illness (25.25 %), respiratory diseases (15.66 %), exanthema (14.65 %), gastrointestinal disorders (8.08 %), and asymptomatic infections (2.02 %). Symptoms of CNS damage (meningitis, meningoencephalitis) were observed in 3.53 % of cases. Most CV-A10 strains from Vietnam were isolated from patients with CNS affection of varying degrees of severity. During the study period, CV-A10 strains of genotypes C, E, and F3 circulated in the territory of the Russian Federation whereas the strains from South Vietnam were represented by genotypes F3 and F1. The studied strains showed a genetic relationship with those of CV-A10 circulating in different countries. Vietnamese and some Russian strains of the F3 genotype were genetically close to the strains isolated from severe cases. Conclusions: Molecular monitoring of CV-A10 circulation is an important component of the global epidemiological surveillance of EVI.

Religious tourism as a component of the Arkhangelsk region branding.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga A. Balabeikina ◽  
◽  
Karine S. Gavrilova ◽  
Julia A. Kuznetsova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Arkhangelsk Region ◽  
Brand Development ◽  
Perception System ◽  
Religious Tourism ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
Recreational Services ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Cultural Heritage Objects

By the example of the Arkhangelsk region, the process of religious tourism development on the northern Russian subjects territory in the dynamics of the post-Soviet decades, is analyzed. The northern regions of the country are far from its main economic centers, which is not only a limiting factor, but also a competitive advantage for the development of niche types of tourism, which is determined by the creation and implementation of variety of tourist products that are competitive and generate stable demand. In modern conditions, a competent and consistent tourist brand development of the territory is necessary for the successful recreational services promotion on the market. The main purpose of the submitted research is to identify the religious tourism role in the tourist branding of the Arkhangelsk region.The Arkhangelsk region is a region of ancient development and settlement, characterized by a large number of Orthodox religious infrastructure objects. To identify the degree of its placement uniformity, calculations of territorial concentration coefficient were made. By results, the conclusion is justified that Orthodox chapels, temples and monasteries are dispersed and, accordingly, several administrative districts of the region are allocated, acting as the core of the development of Orthodox religious tourism. The list and structure analysis results of the already approved and announced routes of religious tourism in the Arkhangelsk region allow us to assert that the designated sub-sector of recreational economy contributes to the development of local folk crafts, individual entrepreneurship, the preservation and historical and cultural heritage objects revival, as well as the preservation of settlements remote from large centers. The arguments are given in favor of the fact that religious tourism occupies an essential place in the tourist branding of the Russian Federation studied subject. This is confirmed by the results of a survey specially developed and conducted by the authors, which was carried out in order to identify the importance of Orthodox religious infrastructure objects in the Arkhangelsk region perception system among the population of the Russian Federation. The main effective conclusion based on the article results is that the role of religious tourism in the tourist branding of the Russian Federation studied subject is undeniably high, and the further development and improvement of the Arkhangelsk region tourist brand can be largely associated with religious tourism in the organization of a systematic approach to the use of marketing tools.

scholarly journals LICENSED ANTHRAX VACCINES AND EXPERIMENTAL PREPARATIONS AT THE STAGE OF CLINICAL TRIALS

2017 ◽  
pp. 112-126
Author(s):  
N. I. Mikshis ◽  
P. Yu. Popova ◽  
A. P. Semakova ◽  
V. V. Kutyrev
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
The World ◽  
High Pathogenicity ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Manufacturing Technologies ◽  
Anthrax Vaccines ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

High pathogenicity of anthrax agent combined with unique insensitivity of its spore forms to environmental stresses class it among extremely dangerous biological agents. Registered and effectively used anthrax vaccines made invaluable contribution to the improvement of epidemiological situation around the world. Nevertheless, neglect of non-specific prophylaxis may result in dramatic scenarios and require large-scale measures on rectification of the consequences. Efforts on the development of next-generation vaccines are aimed at safety build-up, decrease in frequency of administration, and enhancement of manufacturing technologies. The review contains the key information on licensed anthrax vaccines designed for medical use, both in the territory of the Russian Federation and abroad. Among multiple experimental developments emphasized have been preparations manufactured by various biopharmaceutical companies in compliance with GMP standards, at different phases of clinical trials in 2016.

scholarly journals The epidemiological situation as a factor determining the strategy for reducing mortality in the Russian Federation

2020 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
S A Boytsov ◽  
S A Shalnova ◽  
A D Deev
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Epidemiological Analysis ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

Chronic non - communicable diseases, mainly cardiovascular diseases, are the leading cause of death worldwide, including in the Russian Federation (RF). The article analyzes the negative and positive trends of the most relevant risk factors for cardiovascular diseases for the period from 2013 to 2017, and also provides a strategy for reducing mortality in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2024 based on data from an epidemiological analysis.

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