Analysis of Measles Incidence in Russia and Problems of Measles Prevention at the Elimination Stage

The review analyses measles incidence in Russia at the elimination stage. Epidemiological studies have revealed changes in the measles epidemic process in Russia. It was shown that whereas the specificity of the epidemic process in the pre-vaccination period was mainly determined by the influence of the infectious agent, lately the impact of the social factor has increased. There was an increase in the impact of decreed groups on maintaining the circulation of the virus in the Russian Federation. The aim of the study was to analyse the specificity of the measles epidemic process in Russia, to identify the major current problems of measles vaccination, to reveal reasons that prevent measles elimination in the country given the present environment, and to formulate possible ways of solving them. The article demonstrates the role of migration processes within the country and infection importation from neighboring territories in the rise of disease outbreaks. The article discusses Russian regulatory documents that are devoted to combating the spread of measles, their consistent replacement and refinement bearing in mind the changing epidemiological situation and the current WHO criteria and guidelines for the infection elimination. High-level epidemiological surveillance of the infection is a key factor in choosing the optimal strategy of measles vaccination. The article lists indicators of epidemiological surveillance effectiveness. It also highlights the importance of molecular genetic monitoring of the measles pathogen. The authors outline measures that are necessary to achieve measles elimination in the Russian Federation given the current epidemiological situation.

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Impact of vaccination on the incidence of measles in Mozambique in the period 2000 to 2011

Cadernos de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/s0102-311x2013000200013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 257-269 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Artur Manuel Muloliwa ◽

Luiz Antonio Bastos Camacho ◽

José Fernando Souza Verani ◽

Taynãna César Simões ◽

Martinho do Carmo Dgedge

Keyword(s):

Vaccine Coverage ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Measles Elimination ◽

High Incidence ◽

Maputo City ◽

Measles Vaccination ◽

Coverage Rates ◽

Vaccination Campaigns ◽

Measles Incidence ◽

The Impact

The aim of this study was to contribute to the better planning of measles elimination actions in Mozambique, by considering the impact of vaccination actions over the period 2000 to 2011. Descriptive and ecological studies and case records made available by the Ministry of Health were used to analyze measles vaccination coverage. Statistical analysis was performed using time series and spatial analysis. Vaccine coverage rates ranged from 82% to 99%. Coverage rates in Maputo city were under 70% and in Niassa province they were over 100%. Coverage showed a clustered pattern in the districts. The measles incidence rate was 1.58 per 100,000 inhabitants (0.00-40.08 per 100,000 inhabitants); districts bordering neighboring countries presented high incidence rates. Although measles morbidity and mortality has decreased in Mozambique, vaccine coverage has been insufficient to interrupt measles transmission. Enhanced surveillance, including investigation of cases and outbreaks, and improvements in measles vaccination are recommended in order to achieve a homogenous coverage rate of ≥ 95% for both routine and mass vaccination campaigns.

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Cholera: Monitoring of Epidemiological Situation around the World and in Russia (2010–2019). Forecast for 2020

Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections ◽

10.21055/0370-1069-2020-2-38-47 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 38-47 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

E. A. Moskvitina ◽

E. G. Yanovich ◽

M. I. Kurilenko ◽

V. D. Kruglikov ◽

S. V. Titova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Russian Federation ◽

Large Scale ◽

Epidemiological Surveillance ◽

Epidemic Process ◽

The World ◽

Imported Cases ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

Cis Countries ◽

High Degree ◽

Social And Environmental Risks

Objective of the study was to monitor the spread of cholera in the world, in the CIS countries and in Russia with an assessment of risks and emergencies that contribute to the activation of the epidemic process. Despite the downward trend in the global incidence rate of cholera during the period between 2010 and 2019, epidemics and major outbreaks occurred in 96 countries. WHO has reported 2013 imported cases of cholera to countries in Asia, the Americas, including the Caribbean, Europe, and Australia with Oceania; cholera-endemic administrative territories are identified in 24 countries. According to WHO, cholera burden reduction in Asia and Africa is associated with large-scale vaccination. During epidemiological surveillance of cholera, 705 strains of V. cholerae O1 and O139 serogroups were isolated from surface reservoirs in 26 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, including 10 strains of V. cholerae O1 ctxA+tcpA+, 35 strains of V. cholerae O1 ctxA–tcpA+, 655 strains of V. cholerae O1 ctxA–tcpA– , and ﬁve strains of V. cholerae O139 ctxA–tcpA–. Identiﬁcation of strains with unique, previously unknown INDEL genotypes testiﬁes to their imported nature. The forecast for cholera in the world for 2020, given the proven high degree of epidemic process activation at the expense of social and environmental risks caused by emergencies of different origin, the presence of endemic foci, infection import and other risk factors is unfavorable. For Russia, the forecast for cholera will be determined by the presence of external risks created by the ongoing 7-th pandemic, possible importation of infection to constituent entities of the Russian Federation that differ by the types of epidemic manifestations.

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nfluence of COVID 19 on the safety of fish products in the Russian federation

10.26897/978-5-9675-1855-3-2021-239 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

S.A. Solovieva ◽

Keyword(s):

Russian Federation ◽

The State ◽

Fish Processing ◽

Fish Products ◽

Fishing Vessels ◽

Fish Market ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

The Impact ◽

Epidemiological Situation

In the article are examined factors that are affected on the fish market; the impact of the Covid19 pandemic on the state of the fish products market in the Russian Federation are assessed, and recommendations are developed on measures to increase the sustainability of fishing vessels and fish processing factories in order to adapt to the existing sanitary and epidemiological situation.

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Characteristics of the COVID-19 Epidemiological Situation in the Russian Federation in 2020

Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences ◽

10.15690/vramn1505 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 76 (4) ◽

pp. 412-422

Author(s):

Vasiliy G. Akimkin ◽

Stanislav N. Kuzin ◽

Tatyana A. Semenenko ◽

Antonina A. Ploskireva ◽

Dmitriy V. Dubodelov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Russian Federation ◽

Large Scale ◽

Observation Time ◽

Control Measures ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Professional Status ◽

Mean Values ◽

Epidemic Process ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

Epidemiological Situation

Background.The COVID-19 epidemic in the Russian Federation, which began in March 2020, caused serious damage to health of the population and led to severe economic losses. By December 28, 2020, 3 078 035 cases of COVID-19 and 55 265 lethal outcomes were registered in the country. The population of all territorial subjects of the country is involved in the epidemic process of COVID-19. The severe epidemiological situation made it necessary to conduct an analysis to identify the factors that determine the high intensity of the epidemic process, as well as the population groups with the highest risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Aims to study the patterns of SARS-CoV-2 spread and the epidemiological features of the initial stage of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Russian Federation in 2020. Methods.An epidemiological analysis of the COVID-19 situation in the Russian Federation was carried out to determine the dynamics of morbidity, the gender proportion and age structure of patients, the proportion of hospitalized patients, the ratio of various forms of infection, the social and professional status of patients. Standard methods of descriptive statistics Microsoft Excel and STATISTICA 12.0 (StatSoft, USA) were used for statistical processing. The mean values were estimated with a 95% confidence interval [95% CI] (the exact Klopper Pearson method). Results.During the observation time (2020), several periods were identified in the dynamics of the new COVID-19 cases detection: the period of importation of SARS-CoV-2 and the increase in morbidity, the period of epidemic decline, the period of autumn growth, the period of sustained high incidence of COVID-19. It was found that people over 70 years of age are the group with the highest risk of infection and a more severe course of COVID-19. The presence of target contingents among social and professional groups of the population, which should include medical workers, retired person, employees of educational institutions, law enforcement agencies, transport, who require special attention and medical and social support, was shown. Conclusions.The analysis showed that the large-scale spread of COVID-19 requires in-depth epidemiological studies and the development of additional disease control measures, taking into account the dynamics of the incidence of this socially significant infection.

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Epidemiological Situation on COVID-19 in Irkutsk Region and Forecast for its Spread

Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections ◽

10.21055/0370-1069-2020-4-34-40 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 34-40

Author(s):

S. V. Balakhonov ◽

M. V. Chesnokova ◽

A. N. Perezhogin ◽

A. Ya. Nikitin ◽

S. V. Kaverzina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Russian Federation ◽

Significant Proportion ◽

Stationary Time Series ◽

Social Characteristics ◽

Epidemic Process ◽

Irkutsk Region ◽

Coronavirus Infection ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

Restrictive Measures ◽

Epidemiological Situation

Assessment of a particular territory by its epidemiological significance is very relevant in the light of widespread occurrence of new coronavirus infection, COVID-19, in the Russian Federation.Objective. Detection of the epidemiological features and revealing trends in the epidemic process of new coronavirus infection in the Irkutsk Region and forecasting of its spread.Materials and methods. An operational analysis of the epidemiological situation on COVID-19 in the Irkutsk Region as of August 16, 2020 was performed. Restrictive measures were substantiated based on the calculation of the infection spread rate (Rt).Results and discussion. Irkutsk Region remained one of the adverse territories as regards human COVID-19 incidence in the Siberian Federal District and the Russian Federation as of August 16, 2020. The gradual dynamics of the epidemic process was revealed: at the first stage of the epidemic development it was facilitated by the imported cases from affected countries and regions of the Russian Federation, and subsequently by local transmission. The incidence increase was registered 2 months later than in central regions of the Russian Federation. Currently there is a consistent downward trend. The increase in the cases prevailed among rotation workers staying for shift and seasonal activities in the administrative center and northern districts of the Irkutsk Region. The epidemic pattern was determined by gender, age and social characteristics. It is demonstrated that the risk of the new coronavirus infection is determined by the intensity of contacts in family foci, the spread of infection in medical organizations and a significant proportion of asymptomatic carriers. High lethality rates (0.7 %) and mortality rates (31.1 o / oooo) were established among persons over 65 years. The stationary time series observed since June for changing the Rt-indicator with fluctuations ranging from 0.92 to 1.01 requires maintaining control of restrictive measures with prompt management decisions making based on the evolving epidemiological situation in the Irkutsk Region and taking into account the assessment of its possible complication risks.

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Methodology for assessing herd immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity ◽

10.15789/2220-7619-mfa-1770 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 609-616

Author(s):

A. Yu. Popova ◽

A. A. Totolian

Keyword(s):

Russian Federation ◽

Herd Immunity ◽

Epidemiological Surveillance ◽

Optimal Timing ◽

Limiting Factor ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Population Immunity ◽

Age Related ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

Epidemiological Situation

Serological monitoring of the study of population immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the context of COVID-19 pandemic is a necessary component in epidemiological surveillance, since population epidemiological wellbeing in a context of COVID-19 is determined by state of population immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The population herd immunity is the limiting factor in spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Information on the state of population immunity is necessary to make a forecast for development of epidemiological situation, as well as to plan measures for specific and non-specific prevention of COVID-19. In this regard, the study of population immunity during the pandemic is necessary to predict development of the epidemic and identify features of epidemic process in any certain region and in the country in general. In May 2020, the Rospotrebnadzor program “Assessment of population immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the population of the Russian Federation in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic” was developed taking into account WHO recommendations in the format of a longitudinal cohort study with age stratification: at the first stage, a cohort of volunteers is formed; at the second and subsequent stages, the cohort of volunteers formed at the first stage is subject to examination; the number of stages depends on the epidemiological situation. In addition to age-related randomization while forming a cohort, at the first stage, the principle of population coverage uniformity was observed, the participation of volunteers from one institution was excluded, and the use of donated blood or patient blood from medical organizations was excluded. The survey was carried out among 7 age groups of healthy children and adults, regardless present or absent previous COVID-19 disease. Due to the fact that the population study is carried out in the context of COVID-19 pandemic, the optimal timing for collecting biomaterial at each stage is no more than 5–7 days. Questioning, selection of volunteers, their registration for blood donation, as well as processing of the results at the first stage, as well as the implementation of the second and subsequent stages of the Program are carried out only by using cloud service technology. This Program and the technology for its implementation have been successfully tested in 26 regions of the Russian Federation during the implementation of four stages from June 2020 to March 2021. Thus, at present, Rospotrebnadzor has developed a methodology and created an effectively working system of serological monitoring to assess level of herd immunity in different regions of the Russian Federation to predict the epidemiological situation, develop recommendations, and plan vaccination.

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Effect of the natural and climatic factors on epidemiological situation related to natural focal infections

Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity ◽

10.15789/2220-7619-eot-1631 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 820-836

Author(s):

D. A. Prislegina ◽

V. M. Dubyanskiy ◽

A. E. Platonov ◽

O. V. Maletskaya

Keyword(s):

Russian Federation ◽

Vegetation Index ◽

Climatic Factors ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

West Nile Fever ◽

Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

Epidemic Process ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

Epidemiological Situation

This article is dedicated to the analysis and generalization of the Russian and foreign research results on natural and climatic factors effect on the intensity of epidemic process manifestations and the natural focal infections pathogens vectors vital activity which are the most widespread in the Russian Federation. Over the past seven years tick-borne infections have been accounting for more than 50 per cent in the natural focal diseases general nosological structure. Among the diseases of this group Lyme borreliosis leads in prevalence and frequency of cases identification. Tick-borne viral encephalitis is still a serious danger for national health. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever epidemiological situation remains unfavorable in the south of the European part of Russia. In addition to the annual patients identification, the demonstrable trend of shifting and expansion of the pathogen’s area in a northerly direction was established. It creates a risk for the spread of the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus outside the southern regions of the country. High incidence of the dangerous vector-borne infection — West Nile fever — with the involvement of new subjects in the epidemic process and the emergence of local cases of infection in previously non-endemic territories is registered. Expansion of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome natural foci borders, which is the most widespread natural focal zoonosis of viral etiology in the Russian Federation and is the second by the frequency of patients identification after tick-borne infections, is noted. Research data for the dependence of the carriers pathogens number and the dynamics of the natural focal infections incidence on the values of climatic factors, confirmed using various methods of mathematical statistics (time-series analysis, autoregression integrated moving average, logistic regression, correlation analysis, one-way analysis of variance and other) were systematized. It was found that the temperature and humidity of the air and soil, the amount of precipitation, the height of the snow cover are the common abiotic factors for all of investigated infections. The values of these factors can be used for the subsequent epidemiological forecast. The further study of relationship between the incidence rate of the population, the number of arthropod vectors and small mammals with indicators of soil moisture and temperature at different depths, hydrothermal coefficient, normalized relative vegetation index, accumulated values of temperature and precipitation, as well as similar studies on other actual natural focal infections in the Russian Federation will be very promising.

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Characteristics of the Epidemiological Situation on Cholera in the World and in the Russian Federation in 2020 and Forecast for 2021

Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections ◽

10.21055/0370-1069-2021-1-43-51 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 43-51

Author(s):

A. K. Noskov ◽

V. D. Kruglikov ◽

E. A. Moskvitina ◽

E. V. Monakhova ◽

D. A. Levchenko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Russian Federation ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Epidemiological Surveillance ◽

Snp Analysis ◽

Phylogenetic Relations ◽

Environmental Objects ◽

The World ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

Toxigenic Strains ◽

Epidemiological Situation

Aim of the work – to assess the epidemiological situation on cholera in 2020 and to make a forecast for 2021 based on the monitoring data and analysis of morbidity around the world for the period of 2011–2020. During the period between 2011 and 2020, 4 413 988 cases of cholera were recorded in 97 countries of the world with a general trend towards a decrease in the incidence (coefficient of accuracy of approximation R2 – 0.5705). However, due to the continuing epidemic manifestations of cholera in the endemic countries of Asia, Africa and America, the epidemiological situation on cholera on these continents was characterized as unfavorable in 2020. The emergence of a new “post-Haitian” lineage was observed among epidemically hazardous strains of Vibrio cholerae O1. In 2020, no epidemically dangerous strains of V. cholerae O1, O139 were isolated from humans on the territory of the Russian Federation. 25 non-toxigenic V. cholerae O1 El Tor strains were isolated from environmental objects, eight out of which (ctxA-, tcpA+), according to PCR-INDEL typing and SNP analysis of sequences, belonged to the clonal complex. The results of the analysis of biological properties and phylogenetic relations between the isolated non-toxigenic strains provided the basis for considering the epidemiological situation on cholera in Russia in 2020 as a stable one and a similar forecast of its development in 2021. At the same time, the possibility of importation of this infection from endemic countries cannot be ruled out, as well as the need to carry out a complex of differentiated anti-epidemic (preventive) measures within the framework of the state sanitary-epidemiological surveillance in order to localize and eliminate the imported focus and avoid the spread of the infection.

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Enhanced surveillance for measles in low-incidence territories of the Russian Federation: defining a rate for suspected case investigation

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268810000658 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 139 (2) ◽

pp. 239-246

Author(s):

N. T. TIKHONOVA ◽

M. A. BICHURINA ◽

A. G. GERASIMOVA ◽

O. V. ZVIRKUN ◽

N. P. VLADIMEROVA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Russian Federation ◽

Suspected Case ◽

Important Indicator ◽

Case Investigation ◽

Routine Investigation ◽

Measles Elimination ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

Low Incidence ◽

Measles Incidence

SUMMARYThe rate of case investigation for measles-like illness (MLI) is an important indicator for the quality of measles surveillance in countries targeting measles elimination. However, a benchmark rate is still being discussed. We assessed different rates of investigation in 11 territories of the Russian Federation with low reported measles incidence during the previous 4–7 years. Each territory maintained their existing surveillance activities and also undertook additional surveillance activities for MLI over a 3-year period. The annual routine rate of investigation varied from 0·06 to 1·8/100 000 population; the overall rate of investigation, including enhanced surveillance, varied from 1·4 to 7·2/100 000. Forty-nine (30·8%) of 159 measles cases detected were identified through enhanced surveillance. Based on the results of this study, the Russian Federation concluded that a rate of routine investigation of 2/100 000 provided the best balance between available resources and sensitivity for detection of measles cases.

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Analysis of the Current Epidemiological Situation in Natural Plague Foci around the World. Enhancement of the Effectiveness of Epidemiological Surveillance in Natural Plague Foci of the Russian Federation and Forecast of their Epizootic Activity for 2019

Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections ◽

10.21055/0370-1069-2019-1-81-88 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 81-88 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

N. V. Popov ◽

I. G. Karnaukhov ◽

N. D. Pakskina ◽

G. A. Eroshenko ◽

A. A. Kuznetsov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Russian Federation ◽

Ground Squirrels ◽

Epidemiological Surveillance ◽

High Mountain ◽

Mountain Areas ◽

Coverage Area ◽

The World ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

The Republic ◽

Epidemiological Situation

The paper presents the analysis of epidemic activity of natural plague foci around the world, including in CIS and the Russian Federation, over the period of 2000–2018. It was established that in 2010–2018, epidemic manifestations took place in natural plague foci where the main carriers are synanthropic (black, multinippled rats) and commercial (marmots, souslik, ground squirrels) species of rodents. Retaining of low epizootic activity of lowland natural plague foci in the territory of the Russian Federation is observed. In 2018, plague epizooties were detected in the territory of the Gorno-Altai high-mountain and Tuva mountain natural foci, the total coverage area being 2641 km2. 13 strains of the main subspecies and 6 strains of Altaic subspecies of plague microbe were isolated. Demonstrated were the prospects of GIS-technology usage for the enhancement of epidemiological surveillance over plague in Russia. Epizootiological forecast for persisting challenging epidemiological situation in Kosh-Agach district of the Republic of Altai and Mongun-Taiginsky, Ovyursky and Tes-Khemsky Kozhuuns of the Republic of Tuva was substantiated. Recorded was high probability of retention of strained epizootic and epidemiological situation in the south and central parts of the desert zone in the Republic of Kazakhstan, high-mountain areas of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. Also conservation of epidemic risks for the territories of the countries in Africa (Republic of Madagascar), South (Peru, Bolivia), and North (USA) America, China, and Mongolia was noted.

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