A Study of the Task of the Ethics Education of Human Nature in the Relationship between Humans and AI Robotics

الملخّص يتناول البحث علاقة الفطرة بالشريعة في التفكير الإسلامي، وما تطرحه هذه العلاقة سواء على مستوى بيان الجوانب المتعلقة بخَلْق الإنسان وما فُطِر عليه ابتداء، وهذا البعد يمثّل الجانب التكوني في مفهوم الفطرة، أو على المستوى المتعلق بالشريعة وفطريتها، أي أنها جارية وفق ما يدركه العقل وتشهد به الفطرة، وهذا البعد يمثّل الجانب التشريعي الذي يطرحه مفهوم الفطرة. لقد زخرت أغلب الكتابات بتناول جانبا واحدا مما يتيحه أو يعكسه مفهوم الفطرة، لكن البحث في العلاقة التناسبية بين الفطرة والشريعة، وما يتيحه هذا النظر المتلازم بين المفهومين على مستوى الإمكانات المتعلقة بقدرات الإنسان الفطرية في فهم وتعقّل الخطاب الشرعي والأحكام التكليفية، والوقوف على غاياته ومقاصده، يبقى في حاجة إلى البحث والاستقصاء. ولذلك تأتي هذه الدراسة لتسليط الضوء على الجانب التشريعي والتكويني في علاقة الشريعة بالفطرة، باعتبارهما نظامين متلازمين يتيحان فهم طبيعة الشريعة وأحكامها ومقاصدها من جهة، وتحديد جوهر وماهية الإنسان الفطرية وإمكاناته في تعقّل هذه الشريعة من جهة ثانية. الكلمات المفتاحية: الفطرة، الشريعة، الدين، التكاليف، العقل. Abstract This research addresses the relationship between premordial human nature (fitrah) and Islamic law (SharÊÑah) within the frame of Islamic thought, while exploring the questions it raises at two levels. The first level explains the aspects related to the creation of man and what has initially been bestowed upon him, which represents the evolutionary aspect of the concept of fiÏrah. The second level is related to SharÊÑah and its nature, which evolves according to what is percieved by reason and witnessed by fiÏrah; this represents the legislative aspect presented by the concept of fiÏrah. The majority of studies to date address a single aspect of the illustrations of the concept of fiÏrah. However, research on the dialectic relationship between fiÏrah and SharÊÑah and what its relevant concurrent view provides at the level of potentials related to human innate capacities in understanding and realizing SharÊÑah discourse and mandatory provisions as well as understanding its objectives remains scarce and requires further research and investigation. Therefore, this study intends to shed light on the legislative and evolutionary aspects of the relationship between SharÊÑah and fiÏrah as two interconnected systems that allow for the understanding of the nature of SharÊÑah, its provisions and purposes, as well as identifying the essence of human innate nature and its potential in perceiving SharÊÑah. Keywords: human nature (fiÏrah), Islamic law (SharÊÑah), religious mandates (TakÉlif), religion, intellect (ÑAqal).

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A Functional Reading of the Epicurean Classification of Desires

Apeiron ◽

10.1515/apeiron-2020-0048 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Jan Maximilian Robitzsch

Keyword(s):

Human Nature ◽

Practical Significance ◽

Textual Evidence ◽

The Relationship

Abstract This paper examines the classification of desires that the Epicureans offer in their writings. It surveys the extant textual evidence for the classification and discusses the relationship between natural and necessary, natural and unnecessary, and unnatural and unnecessary desires. It argues that while the practical significance of the Epicurean classification is clear, which desires fall into which class is not. The paper suggests the reason for this may be that the Epicureans acknowledge some variability in their concept of human nature, arguing for a functional reading of the Epicurean classification of desires.

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«Razao e Liberdade. A Filosofia Politica de James Madison» Arguicao e Resposta

Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy ◽

10.5840/philosophica2011193728 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 19 (37) ◽

pp. 217-240

Author(s):

Alessandra Silveira ◽

José Gomes André ◽

Keyword(s):

Political Philosophy ◽

Human Nature ◽

Judicial Review ◽

Point Of View ◽

The Political ◽

Alexander Hamilton ◽

James Madison ◽

The Relationship

This paper includes the exam of a Ph.D thesis about James Madison’s political philosophy, as well as the answers presented by the candidate to several criticai observations. Various themes are considered, though always surrounding Madison’s work: the peculiar characteristics of his federalism, the relationship between the idea of human nature and the elaboration of political models, the political and constitutional controversies that Madison entangled with several figures from its time (namely Alexander Hamilton), the problem of “judicial review” and the place of “constitutionality control” taken from a reflexive and institutional point of view, and other similar themes.

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A Study of the Relationship between a Personal Philosophy of Human Nature (Good or Evil) and Self-Esteem

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1987.61.2.447 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 61 (2) ◽

pp. 447-451 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

John D. Martin ◽

Garland E. Blair ◽

Robert M. Nevels ◽

Mary M. Brant

Keyword(s):

Human Nature ◽

Undergraduate Students ◽

Self Esteem ◽

Personality Inventory ◽

The Self ◽

Female Undergraduate ◽

Two Measures ◽

Personal Philosophy ◽

The Relationship ◽

Age And Sex

The present study was undertaken to estimate the relationship between a personal philosophy of human nature (whether man is essentially good or evil) and an individual's self-esteem, as measured by the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory and the Self-esteem scale of the Jackson Personality Inventory. For 19 male and 21 female undergraduate students, correlations of age and sex with self-esteem were calculated. The multivariate analysis of variance indicated a nonsignificant relation between scores on philosophy of human nature of students and their scores on the two measures of self-esteem. Correlations of age and sex with self-esteem were also nonsignificant. The Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory scores and those on the Self-esteem scale of the Jackson Personality Inventory were significantly correlated at .59.

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The Concept of Nature and Human Nature in Quintilian's Psychology and Theory of Instruction

Rhetorica A Journal of the History of Rhetoric ◽

10.1525/rh.1995.13.2.125 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 125-136 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Elaine Fantham

Keyword(s):

Human Nature ◽

Regular Functions ◽

The Relationship

Abstract: Abstract: Nature is a highly tendentious Word and was already so in the time of Quintilian. Since the Stoic ideal was "to live according to Nature," the concept can be invoked persuasively in every phase of education. But Nature had other regular functions in rhetoric: to demarcate innate talent from acquired skill (Natura vs. Ars); to distinguish reality, the outside world, from verbal imitation; and to privilege preferred patterns of argumentation. These competing uses lead to inconsistencies, especially in presenting the relationship between Nature and imitation. The purpose of this paper is to detect these contradictions and illustrate the assumptions that underlie them in Quintilian's tieatment of invention, organization, and expression.

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When the Rainbows Bring the Crawfish

Gastronomica The Journal of Food and Culture ◽

10.1525/gfc.2021.21.2.90 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 90-101

Author(s):

V. Constanza Ocampo-Raeder

Keyword(s):

Human Nature ◽

Social Life ◽

Biological Diversity ◽

River Valley ◽

Cultural Meanings ◽

Liminal Space ◽

The Social ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Relationship

In this article I present the social life of camarones, a Peruvian river crustacean used in some of the region’s favorite dishes, and the liminal space they occupy in the geography, minds, and ecosystem of Peru and its people. I situate the relationship between these crawfish and the folks who capture them, known as camaroneros, within insights of environmental anthropologists and food scholars who also explore the connections between cultural and biological diversity and the entangled socio-ecological histories that inform the manner in which nature is mediated and understood by local societies. In this article, however, I expand this understanding to reveal unexpected spaces of engagement, especially those that emerge while eating, which tend to be overlooked by bounded notions of culture and nature and limit the ways we can imagine human-nature relationships. Via the story of camarones and camaroneros of one river valley of Peru, I argue that eating is a socio-ecological act that is imbued with profound cultural meanings involving a wide range of participants—not just farmers or producers—each with their own ecological identities yet still implicitly linked to one another through the process of producing, preparing, and consuming food.

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The Question of Disclosure in Photography

Glimpse ◽

10.5840/glimpse20212217 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 33-38

Author(s):

Junichiro Inutsuka ◽

Keyword(s):

Human Nature ◽

Social Environment ◽

Living Environment ◽

Epistemic Value ◽

Human Consciousness ◽

Human Beings ◽

Technological Environment ◽

Cognitive Transformation ◽

The World ◽

The Relationship

Keeping aside discussions about theories of depiction of photography and the epistemic value of photography from the viewer’s perspective, I reconsider this techne from the photographers’ entire act of photographing. It presents the quest of the possibility to regain the world by the art of photography, especially in a situation where human consciousness of the living environment is overwhelmed by the photographic effects. The nature of the current technological environment—while disguising the manifestation of pure humanity, in the sense that it is the externalization of technology due to human nature—is completely destructive. Today, trying to save or regenerate philosophy should be nothing more than seeking a way for human beings to refuse being incorporated as an automaton in an endless track of automated reproduction processes. As one of those who wish to find a way to reconstruct the relationship between humans and nature or to reveal that human existence can only be established in such correlation, I seek a way of breathing human freedom, momentarily disputing this automated living and social environment. In other words, to regain or to play the art of photography, to unsettle what usually works as concrete support for the cognitive transformation making us unconsciously think of the technological environment as something inevitable and natural. It would be presenting a temporary retreat and a more positive way forward.

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Introduction

Nature and the Environment in Nineteenth-Century Ireland ◽

10.3828/liverpool/9781789620320.003.0001 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-15

Author(s):

Matthew Kelly

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Nineteenth Century ◽

Human Nature ◽

Future Study ◽

Historical Study ◽

The World ◽

Individual Contributions ◽

The Individual ◽

Narrative Thread ◽

The Relationship

This introduction considers the ‘environmental turn’ taken in the humanities, and particularly in historical study, suggesting ways in which these developments might animate the future study of nineteenth-century Ireland. Question of agency and the relationship between human and non-human nature are addressed. Also considered is how current environmental concerns, and climate change in particular, should lead us to think anew about the past, rendering familiar subjects unfamiliar. Particular attention is paid to how Ireland’s past might be located within larger global processes, attracting the interest of scholars from throughout the world. It then introduces the individual contributions in the volume, tracing a narrative thread through them in order to demonstrate how a change in optic can significantly change how we think about Ireland’s recent past.

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Homo Suffragator

Inside the Mind of a Voter ◽

10.23943/princeton/9780691182896.003.0001 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-23

Author(s):

Michael Bruter ◽

Sarah Harrison

Keyword(s):

Social Interaction ◽

Human Nature ◽

Human Evolution ◽

Historical Context ◽

Psychological Mechanisms ◽

New Concepts ◽

Electoral Behaviour ◽

Electoral Power ◽

The Relationship

This chapter briefly explores the scope and historical context of this book, introducing some key new concepts and their articulation with the existing concepts and literature of electoral behaviour. Homo Suffragator literally means ‘person who can vote’. What this power entails, what it changes with regard to man's condition and social interaction, and what the psychological mechanisms are that determine whether or not one exercises this power are all questions central to the puzzles the study aims to resolve. Throughout, the book explores the relationship between human nature, personality and morality variations, cognitive and emotional elements, and systemic choices and determinants which constrain and shape voters' electoral power. The chapter then highlights how one can borrow from the combination of physiological, anthropological, and psychological insights traditionally applied to understand the stages of human evolution similarly to comprehend the psychology, functioning, personal/societal relationships, and behaviour of Homo Suffragator.

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Defining Man as Animal Religiosum in English Religious Writing ca. 1650–ca. 1700

Church History ◽

10.1017/s0009640719002464 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 88 (4) ◽

pp. 925-952 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. J. W. Mills

Keyword(s):

Eighteenth Century ◽

Early Modern ◽

Human Nature ◽

Relationship With God ◽

Rational Animal ◽

Cambridge Platonism ◽

Definition Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Subsequent Incorporation ◽

The Continuum

This article surveys the emergence and usage of the redefinition of man not as animal rationale (rational animal) but as animal religiosum (religious animal) by numerous English theologians between 1650 and 1700. Across the continuum of English Protestant thought, human nature was being redescribed as unique due to its religious, not primarily its rational, capabilities. This article charts said appearance as a contribution to debates over man's relationship with God; then its subsequent incorporation into the discussion over the theological consequences of arguments in favor of animal rationality, as well as its uses in anti-atheist apologetics; and then the sudden disappearance of the definition of man as animal religiosum at the beginning of the eighteenth century. In doing so, the article hopes to make a useful contribution to our understanding of changing early modern understandings of human nature by reasserting the significance of theological writing in the dispute over the relationship between humans and beasts. As a consequence, it offers a more wide-ranging account of man as animal religiosum than the current focus on “Cambridge Platonism” and “Latitudinarianism” allows.

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