Enhancing antioxidant defense system of mung bean with a salicylic acid exogenous application to mitigate cadmium toxicity

Cadmium (Cd) accumulation is an emerging environmental hazard and has detrimental effects on plant growth and development. Salicylic acid (SA) is a well-known plant growth regulator that can initiate various molecular pathways to ameliorate Cd toxicity. The experiment was executed to scrutinize the mediatory role of SA to accelerate the defensive mechanism of mung bean in response to Cd stress. Mung bean plants were exposed to 0, 5, 10 and 15 mg Cd kg-1 of soil. Exogenous application of SA 0, 10-6 and 10-3 M was added prior flowering. Results exhibited that Cd stress considerably reduced the growth-related attributes i.e. shoot length, root length, fresh and dry biomass, total soluble protein, total amino acids, relative water contents and photosynthetic pigments. Cadmium stress showed a significant increase in antioxidants levels such as peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), ascorbic acid (AsA), and catalase (CAT) and promoted the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. However, exogenously applied SA significantly improved plant biomass and photosynthetic pigments under Cd stress. Moreover, SA improved the defensive system by enhancing antioxidants’ activities under the increasing concentration of Cd stress. Furthermore, SA reduced the Cd uptake, membrane damage and, H2O2 and MDA accumulation. The study's findings concluded that exogenous-applied SA enhanced plant growth, promoted the antioxidant activities, and reduced the oxidative damage in mung bean seedlings under Cd stress.

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Efficacy of KNO3, SiO2 and SA priming for improving emergence, seedling growth and antioxidant enzymes of rice (Oryza sativa), under drought

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-83434-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lawan Gana Ali ◽

Rosimah Nulit ◽

Mohd Hafiz Ibrahim ◽

Christina Yong Seok Yien

Keyword(s):

Salicylic Acid ◽

Seedling Growth ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Seed Priming ◽

Potassium Nitrate ◽

Total Soluble Protein ◽

Rice Seedlings ◽

Chlorophyll Contents ◽

Randomized Design

AbstractRice is an important staple crop produced and consumed worldwide. However, poor seed emergence is one of the main impediments to obtaining higher yield of rice especially in hot and dry ecosystems of the world that are ravaged by drought. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate the effects of potassium nitrate (KNO3), salicylic acid (SA) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) priming in improving emergence, seedling growth, biochemical attributes and antioxidant activities of FARO44 rice under drought conditions. Rice seedlings primed with 2.5% and 5% KNO3, 3% and 3.5% SiO2, and 1 mM and 2.5 mM SA were subjected to three drought levels of low, moderate and severe under the greenhouse. Seed emergence, seedling growth, biochemical attributes and antioxidant activities were thereafter evaluated. Seed priming experiments were laid in a completely randomized design with five replicates per treatment. The results found that rice seedlings responded differently to different priming treatments. However, all primed rice seedlings had significantly (P ≤ 0.05) improved emergence percentage (72–92%), seedling growth, seedling vigor, seedling fresh and dry biomass and shorter emergence time compared with controls. Likewise, total soluble protein content, activities of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, carbohydrate, soluble sugar and total chlorophyll contents of rice seedlings were increased by more than two-folds by seed priming compared with control. Salicylic acid showed less effect in increasing emergence, seedling growth, antioxidant activities and biochemical attributes of rice. Thus, this study established that seed priming with KNO3 (2.5% and 5%) and SiO2 (3% and 3.5%) were more effective in improving emergence, seedling growth, biochemical attributes and antioxidant activities of FARO44. Thus, priming of FARO44 rice with this chemical is recommended for fast emergence, seedling growth and drought resistance in dry ecosystems.

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Role of Ferrous Sulfate (FeSO4) in Resistance to Cadmium Stress in Two Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom10121693 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1693

Author(s):

Javaria Afzal ◽

Muhammad Hamzah Saleem ◽

Fatima Batool ◽

Ali Mohamed Elyamine ◽

Muhammad Shoaib Rana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Photosynthetic Pigments ◽

Ferrous Sulfate ◽

Oryza Sativa L ◽

Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽

Cd Stress ◽

Ultra Structure ◽

Gas Exchange Characteristics

The impact of heavy metal, i.e., cadmium (Cd), on the growth, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange characteristics, oxidative stress biomarkers, and antioxidants machinery (enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants), ions uptake, organic acids exudation, and ultra-structure of membranous bounded organelles of two rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes (Shan 63 and Lu 9803) were investigated with and without the exogenous application of ferrous sulfate (FeSO4). Two O. sativa genotypes were grown under different levels of CdCl2 [0 (no Cd), 50 and 100 µM] and then treated with exogenously supplemented ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) [0 (no Fe), 50 and 100 µM] for 21 days. The results revealed that Cd stress significantly (p < 0.05) affected plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange characteristics, affected antioxidant machinery, sugar contents, and ions uptake/accumulation, and destroy the ultra-structure of many membranous bounded organelles. The findings also showed that Cd toxicity induces oxidative stress biomarkers, i.e., malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) initiation, and electrolyte leakage (%), which was also manifested by increasing the enzymatic antioxidants, i.e., superoxidase dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds (phenolics, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and anthocyanin) and organic acids exudation pattern in both O. sativa genotypes. At the same time, the results also elucidated that the O. sativa genotypes Lu 9803 are more tolerant to Cd stress than Shan 63. Although, results also illustrated that the exogenous application of ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) also decreased Cd toxicity in both O. sativa genotypes by increasing antioxidant capacity and thus improved the plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange characteristics, and decrease oxidative stress in the roots and shoots of O. sativa genotypes. Here, we conclude that the exogenous supplementation of FeSO4 under short-term exposure of Cd stress significantly improved plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange characteristics, regulate antioxidant defense system, and essential nutrients uptake and maintained the ultra-structure of membranous bounded organelles in O. sativa genotypes.

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Impact of Exogenous Application of Salicylic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide on Essential Nutrients and Silymarin in Silybum Marianum (L.) Gaertn Grown at Two Different Altitudes of Balochistan Under Cadmium Stress

10.21203/rs.3.rs-917972/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mereen Nizar ◽

Kanval Shaukat ◽

Noreen Zahra ◽

Abdul Samad ◽

Mohammad Bilal Hafeez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Salicylic Acid ◽

Cadmium Toxicity ◽

Foliar Spray ◽

Cadmium Stress ◽

Milk Thistle ◽

Silybum Marianum ◽

Essential Nutrients ◽

Exogenous Application

Abstract Cadmium (Cd+2) is a potentially toxic element that inhibits growth and development of several species of plants along with Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn which is an essential medicinal plant belonging to family Asteraceae. The exogenous application with 0.25µM Salicylic acid (SA) and 10µM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to ameliorate harmful effects of cadmium (500 µM) on milk thistle were studied that were grown at two different ecological zones of Balochistan province of Pakistan i.e. Quetta (Qta) and Turbat (Tbt). The design of experiment was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. Application of SA and H2O2, priming (P), Foliar spray (FS) and combinational treatments (P+FS) were highly helpful in alleviating the negative role of cadmium toxicity. The essential nutrients i.e. nitrate (NO3-), calcium (Ca2+) and potassium (K) were affected by Cd+2 induced toxicity however, the substantial role of SA and H2O2 widely helped to reduce the cadmium stress and boosted up the plant nutrients content. In a nutshell, exogenous treatments of SA and H2O2 enhanced the yield potential along with highest silymarin contents in milk thistle seeds which is of prime significance for its medicinal importance in treatment of liver diseases. The data obtained in this study highly recommend the priming and foliar spray of SA and H2O2 on milk thistle plants, as the best solution to alleviative the cadmium toxicity which will ultimately leads to better growth and yield of the plants.

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Effects of Salicylic Acid and Calcium Chloride on Heat Tolerance in Rhododendron ‘Fen Zhen Zhu’

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.141.4.363 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 141 (4) ◽

pp. 363-372 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Huifei Shen ◽

Bing Zhao ◽

Jingjing Xu ◽

Xizi Zheng ◽

Wenmei Huang

Keyword(s):

Salicylic Acid ◽

Heat Stress ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Heat Tolerance ◽

Soluble Protein ◽

Total Soluble Protein ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Combined Application ◽

Mda Content

Rhododendrons (Rhododendron) are ornamental plants that exhibit poor thermotolerance. Salicylic acid (SA) and Ca2+ regulate the physiological and biochemical mechanisms in plants adapted to adverse environmental conditions. This study investigated the role of SA and CaCl2 in managing heat tolerance of Rhododendron ‘Fen Zhen Zhu’. Plants of the triennial Rhododendron ‘Fen Zhen Zhu’ were pretreated with SA and CaCl2, alone and combined. Following this pretreatment, the plants were subjected to 38/30 °C (day/night) incubation for 6 days, and then allowed to recover for 20 days under 25/17 °C (day/night) in a chamber. Changes in morphology were observed and recorded. Data were collected on plant chlorophyll content, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, H2O2 level, antioxidant enzyme activity, and total soluble protein content. The results revealed that the plant growth was considerably affected by heat stress, the leaves became brown and withered, and the plant defoliated. Under heat stress, chlorophyll content and total soluble protein levels decreased. Peroxidase (POD) activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD) also decreased, whereas the H2O2 and MDA content increased. Individual or combined application of SA and CaCl2 had a positive effect on plant growth, chlorophyll content, total soluble protein levels, and enzymatic antioxidant activity under heat stress. In general, the effect of the combined application of SA and CaCl2 was superior to individual application. In addition, treatment with high CaCl2 concentrations effectively alleviated the decrease in chlorophyll content. However, at low SA and CaCl2 concentrations, SOD and POD activity and total soluble protein accumulation increased whereas MDA and H2O2 levels decreased. These results suggest that SA and CaCl2 may interact to alleviate heat stress.

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Exogenous application of salicylic acid, indoleacetic acid and tryptophan protects growth, chlorophyll synthesis and antioxidant activities and gene expression in Catharanthus roseus

Pakistan Journal of Botany ◽

10.30848/pjb2020-3(15) ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 52 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Ibrahim A. Alaraidh

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Salicylic Acid ◽

Catharanthus Roseus ◽

Indoleacetic Acid ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Chlorophyll Synthesis ◽

Exogenous Application

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Role of Salicylic Acid on Growth, Yield, Qualityand Disease Pest Reaction of Onion (Allium Cepal.) CV. Agrifound Light Red

SAARC Journal of Agriculture ◽

10.3329/sja.v18i1.48380 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 39-49

Author(s):

P Bhasker ◽

PK Gupta ◽

HP Sharma

Keyword(s):

Salicylic Acid ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Harvest Management ◽

Exogenous Application ◽

Stemphylium Blight ◽

Blight Disease ◽

And Storage

Salicylic acid (SA) is endogenous naturally occurring plant growth hormone acting as an important signaling molecule adds tolerance against abiotic stress. A field experiment was conducted to assess the efficacy of exogenous application of SA on growth, yield and storage performances of onion during Rabi 2012-13, 2013-14 and 2014-15. The experiment was comprised of 6 different treatments of SA including control. Exogenous applications of all SA treatments significantly influenced plant growth and development. The treatment application of SA at 30 days after seed sowing and second spray at 30 days after transplanting and third spray at 60 days after transplanting performed superior in terms of growth, development and yield. Exogenous application of SA significantly influenced on thrips population and stemphylium blight disease incidence and intensity. The results also revealed that SA partially involved in post-harvest management of onion. SAARC J. Agri., 18(1):39-49 (2020)

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Gibberellins Target Shoot-Root Growth, Morpho-Physiological and Molecular Pathways to Induce Cadmium Tolerance in Vigna radiata L.

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11050896 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 896

Author(s):

Haroon Rashid Hakla ◽

Shubham Sharma ◽

Mohammad Urfan ◽

Narendra Singh Yadav ◽

Prakriti Rajput ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Surface Area ◽

Photosynthetic Pigments ◽

Vigna Radiata ◽

Mung Bean ◽

Agronomic Traits ◽

Chloroplast Ultrastructure ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Cd Stress ◽

Bean Plants

Cadmium (Cd) inhibits plant growth, perturbs nutrient uptake, and affects chloroplast ultrastructure. The role of Cd stress in affecting growth and physiology and ameliorative effects of gibberellins (GAs) in Cd-induced toxicity in mung bean are lesser-known. This study comprehensively investigated Cd stress (CdCl2, IC50—500 µM L−1) with or without GA3 on mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Var. SML-668). In our methodology, a total of 80 mung bean plants (15 days old of uniform height) were divided into four groups, and each group (n = 20) was subjected to four different treatments (Control, CdCl2, GA3, CdCl2+GA3) twice during the entire life cycle of mung bean plants (until harvest 85–90 days). Results revealed negative impacts of Cd stress on shoot morphometry (plant height, leaf surface area, stem diameter, shoot fresh weight, number of leaves, number of pods, length, and diameter of pods), root morphometry (root length, root surface area, root dry weight, nodule number and nodule diameter), photosynthetic pigments, and agronomic traits. GA3 application ameliorated Cd stress by modulating shoot and root growth, improving overall plant metabolism, photosynthetic pigments, and shoot and root morphometry and transcript abundance of VrPCS1, VrIRT1, VrIRT2 and VrCD29. Thus, we propose GA3 application for the effective management of Cd-induced phytotoxicity in mung bean plants.

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Biomass Accumulation, Photosynthetic Pigments, Osmotic Adjustments and Antioxidant Activities of Leymus chinensis in Response to BA, BR, and GA

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582019370100057 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 ◽

Author(s):

Z. XUE-FENG ◽

L.V. JUN ◽

M. SHAHID ◽

S.A. ANJUM ◽

L. NA-JIA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Photosynthetic Pigments ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Block Design ◽

Biomass Accumulation ◽

Leymus Chinensis ◽

Growth Substances ◽

Potential Yield ◽

Plant Growth Substances

ABSTRACT: Abiotic stresses and poor biomass accumulation are chief constraints to accomplish potential yield in Leymus chinensis. An experiment was conducted to improve biomass and correlation of biomass accumulating attributes with photosynthetic pigments, osmotic substances and antioxidants under foliar application of different plant growth substances. The experiment was conducted at inner Mongolia Xilinguole, China, using a Randomized Complete Block Design and 5 replications. The treatments consisted of water (control); BA5 = application of BA (6-benzylaminopurine) at 5 mg L-1; BA25 = application of BA at 25 mg L-1; BA50 = application of BA at 50 mg L-1; BR0.02 = application of BR (brassinosteroid) at 0.02 g L-1; BR0.2 = application of BR at 0.2 mg L 1; BR2 = application of BR at 2 mg L-1; GA10 = application of GA (gibberellic acid) at 10 mg L-1; GA50 = application of GA at 50 mg L-1 and GA100 = application of GA at 100 mg L-1. Application of all plant growth substances significantly improved biomass, osmotic adjustments, photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant activities compared to control. However, the most promising results were found with 0.2 mg L-1 BR. The highest chlorophyll a/b, glutathione and ascorbate peroxidase activities were recorded with 25 mg L-1 BA. Conclusively, 25 mg L-1 BA, 0.2 mg L-1 BR and 10 mg L-1 GA exhibited more promising results than other concentrations for the evaluated attributes.

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