scholarly journals Cattle trade between and within biomes in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 2023-2028
Author(s):  
Rísia L. Negreiros ◽  
José H.H. Grisi-Filho ◽  
Ricardo A. Dias ◽  
Fernando Ferreira ◽  
Valéria S.F. Homem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Animal Movement ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
The State ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Cattle Movements ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACT: The analysis of animal movement patterns may help identify farm premises with a potentially high risk of infectious disease introduction. Farm herd sizes and bovine movement data from 2007 in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, were analyzed. There are three different biomes in Mato Grosso: the Amazon, Cerrado, and Pantanal. The analysis of the animal trade between and within biomes would enable characterization of the connections between the biomes and the intensity of the internal trade within each biome. We conducted the following analyses: 1) the concentration of cattle on farm premises in the state and in each biome, 2) the number and relative frequency of cattle moved between biomes, and 3) the most frequent purposes for cattle movements. Twenty percent (20%) of the farm premises had 81.15% of the herd population. Those premises may be important not only for the spread of infectious diseases, but also for the implementation of surveillance and control strategies. Most of the cattle movement was intrastate (97.1%), and internal movements within each biome were predominant (88.6%). A high percentage of movement from the Pantanal was to the Cerrado (48.6%), the biome that received the most cattle for slaughter, fattening and reproduction (62.4%, 56.8%, and 49.1% of all movements for slaughter, fattening, and reproduction, respectively). The primary purposes for cattle trade were fattening (43.5%), slaughter (31.5%), and reproduction (22.7%). Presumably, movements for slaughter has a low risk of disease spread. In contrast, movements for fattening and reproduction purposes (66.2% of all movements) may contribute to an increased risk of the spread of infectious diseases.

Understanding and predicting the global spread of emergent infectious diseases

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Brockmann
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Network Theory ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Complex Network Theory ◽  
Global Spread ◽  
And Control

AbstractThe emergence and global spread of human infectious diseases has become one of the most serious public health threats of the 21st century. Sophisticated computer simulations have become a key tool for understanding and predicting disease spread on a global scale. Combining theoretical insights from nonlinear dynamics, stochastic processes and complex network theory these computational models are becoming increasingly important in the design of efficient mitigation and control strategies and for public health in general.

scholarly journals Livestock Movement Informs the Risk of Disease Spread in Traditional Production Systems in East Africa

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Divine Ekwem ◽  
Thomas A. Morrison ◽  
Richard Reeve ◽  
Jessica Enright ◽  
Joram Buza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Transmission Distance ◽  
Cattle Movements ◽  
Risk Of Disease

Abstract In Africa, livestock are important to local and national economies, but their productivity is constrained by infectious diseases. Comprehensive information on livestock movements and contacts is required to devise appropriate disease control strategies; yet, understanding contact risk in systems where herds mix extensively, and where different pathogens can be transmitted at different spatial and temporal scales, remains a major challenge. We deployed Global Positioning System collars on cattle in 52 herds in a traditional agropastoral system in western Serengeti, Tanzania, to understand fine-scale movements and between-herd contacts, and to identify locations of greatest interaction between herds. We examined contact across spatiotemporal scales relevant to different disease transmission scenarios. Daily cattle movements increased with herd size and rainfall. Generally, contact was greatest away from households, during periods with low rainfall and in locations close to dipping points. We demonstrate how movements and contacts affect the risk of disease spread. For example, contact rate was relatively sensitive to the survival time of different pathogens in the environment, and less sensitive to transmission distance, at least over the range of values that we explored. We identify times and locations of greatest disease transmission potential and that could be targeted through tailored control strategies.

scholarly journals Region-wise analysis of dairy cow movements in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshinori Murato ◽  
Yoko Hayama ◽  
Yumiko Shimizu ◽  
Kotaro Sawai ◽  
Emi Yamaguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Animal Movement ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
National Database ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Traceability System ◽  
Cattle Movements

Abstract Background Animal movement is considered the most significant factor in the transmission of infectious diseases in livestock. A better understanding of its effects would help provide a more reliable estimation of the disease spread and help develop effective control measures. If the movement pattern is heterogeneous, its characteristics should be considered in epidemiological analyses, such as when using simulation models to obtain reliable outputs. In Japan, following the bovine spongiform encephalopathy epidemic, a traceability system for cattle was established in 2003, and the registration of all cattle movements in the national database began. This study is the first to analyze cattle movements in Japan. We examined regional and seasonal heterogeneity in dairy cow movements, which accounted for most Japanese breeding cattle. Results In the 14 years from April 2005 to March 2018, 4,577,709 between-farm movements of dairy cows were recorded, and the number of movements was counted by month and age for both inter- and intra-regional movements. As a result, two characteristic round-trip movements were observed: one was non-seasonal and inter-regional movements related to cattle-breeding ranches in Hokkaido (the northern region of Japan), which consists of the movement of cows around ages 6 to 8 and 21 to 23 months old. In addition, the seasonal movement of heifers for summer grazing within Hokkaido occurred in May and October at the peak ages of 13 to 14 and 19 to 20 months old, respectively. The observed heterogeneity seemed to reflect the suitability of raising the Holstein breed in Hokkaido and the shortage of supply of replacement heifers and available farming areas outside Hokkaido. Conclusions Understanding the patterns of dairy cow movements will help develop reliable infectious disease models and be beneficial for developing effective control measures against these diseases.

scholarly journals Underreporting of communicable diseases in the prefecture of Achaia, western Greece, 1999-2004 – missed opportunities for early intervention

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (21) ◽  
Author(s):  
E Jelastopulu ◽  
G Merekoulias ◽  
E C Alexopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Health Centre ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Public Health Department ◽  
Missed Opportunities ◽  
Notification System ◽  
And Control ◽  
Western Greece

This study investigates the completeness of the reporting of infectious diseases in the prefecture of Achaia, western Greece in the period of 1999-2004. We collected hospital records relating to infectious diseases retrospectively from three major hospitals in the region and compared the records to corresponding records at the prefectural public health department (PHD). After record-linkage and cross-validation a total of 1,143 notifiable cases were identified in the three hospitals, of which 707 were reported to the PHD of Achaia, resulting in an observed underreporting of infectious diseases of 38% during the study period. At prefecture level, a further 259 cases were notified by other sources, mainly by the fourth hospital of the region not included in our study, resulting in a total of 966 cases reported to the PHD; 73% of these were reported from the three hospitals included in our study, 27% were notified by the fourth hospital not included in our study and less then 0,3% by physicians working in a private practice or health centre. Meningitis (51%), tuberculosis (12%) and salmonellosis (8%) were the most frequently reported diseases followed by hospitalised cases of varicella (7%), brucellosis (6%) and hepatitis (6%). During the study period, clustering of specific diseases like brucellosis, meningitis, mumps, and salmonellosis was observed, indicating possible outbreaks. Our results show that notification system needs to be improved, in order to ensure proper health resources allocation and implementation of focused prevention and control strategies.

scholarly journals Advances in Cardiac Pacing: Arrhythmia Prediction, Prevention and Control Strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrie Harshad Patel ◽  
Shrikanth Sampath ◽  
Anoushka Kapoor ◽  
Devanshi Narendra Damani ◽  
Nikitha Chellapuram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrhythmias ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Clinical Intervention ◽  
Cardiac Pacing ◽  
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Pacing Strategies ◽  
And Control

Cardiac arrhythmias constitute a tremendous burden on healthcare and are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. An alarming number of people have been reported to manifest sudden cardiac death as the first symptom of cardiac arrhythmias, accounting for about 20% of all deaths annually. Furthermore, patients prone to atrial tachyarrhythmias such as atrial flutter and fibrillation often have associated comorbidities including hypertension, ischemic heart disease, valvular cardiomyopathy and increased risk of stroke. Technological advances in electrical stimulation and sensing modalities have led to the proliferation of medical devices including pacemakers and implantable defibrillators, aiming to restore normal cardiac rhythm. However, given the complex spatiotemporal dynamics and non-linearity of the human heart, predicting the onset of arrhythmias and preventing the transition from steady state to unstable rhythms has been an extremely challenging task. Defibrillatory shocks still remain the primary clinical intervention for lethal ventricular arrhythmias, yet patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators often suffer from inappropriate shocks due to false positives and reduced quality of life. Here, we aim to present a comprehensive review of the current advances in cardiac arrhythmia prediction, prevention and control strategies. We provide an overview of traditional clinical arrhythmia management methods and describe promising potential pacing techniques for predicting the onset of abnormal rhythms and effectively suppressing cardiac arrhythmias. We also offer a clinical perspective on bridging the gap between basic and clinical science that would aid in the assimilation of promising anti-arrhythmic pacing strategies.

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Infection or Colonization with CTX-M Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Positive Escherichia coli

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (11) ◽  
pp. 5575-5580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer H. Han ◽  
Kei Kasahara ◽  
Paul H. Edelstein ◽  
Warren B. Bilker ◽  
Ebbing Lautenbach
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Urinary Culture ◽  
Multivariable Analyses ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACTThere has been a significant increase in the prevalence ofEnterobacteriaceaethat produce CTX-M-type extended-spectrum β-lactamases. The objective of this study was to evaluate risk factors for infection or colonization with CTX-M-positiveEscherichia coli. A case-control study was conducted within a university system from 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2008. All patients with clinical cultures withE. colidemonstrating resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins were included. Case patients were designated as those with cultures positive for CTX-M-positiveE. coli, and control patients were designated as those with non-CTX-M-producingE. coli. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate risk factors for CTX-M-positive isolates. A total of 83 (56.8%) of a total of 146 patients had cultures with CTX-M-positiveE. coli. On multivariable analyses, there was a significant association between infection or colonization with CTX-M-type β-lactamase-positiveE. coliand receipt of piperacillin-tazobactam in the 30 days prior to the culture date (odds ratio [OR], 7.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.61 to 33.8;P= 0.01) and a urinary culture source (OR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.17 to 0.77;P= 0.008). The rates of resistance to fluoroquinolones were significantly higher in isolates from case patients than in isolates from control patients (90.4 and 50.8%, respectively;P< 0.001). We found that nonurinary sources of clinical cultures and the recent use of piperacillin-tazobactam conferred an increased risk of colonization or infection with CTX-M-positiveE. coli. Future studies will need to focus on outcomes associated with infections due to CTX-M-positiveE. coli, as well as infection control strategies to limit the spread of these increasingly common organisms.

scholarly journals Ungulate use of locally infectious zones in a re-emerging anthrax risk area

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 200246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgan A. Walker ◽  
Maria Uribasterra ◽  
Valpa Asher ◽  
José Miguel Ponciano ◽  
Wayne M. Getz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Camera Traps ◽  
Risk Area ◽  
Southwestern Montana ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Anthrax Spores ◽  
Causative Bacterium ◽  
And Control

Environmentally mediated indirect pathogen transmission is linked to host movement and foraging in areas where pathogens are maintained in the environment. In the case of anthrax, spores of the causative bacterium Bacillus anthracis are released into the environment following host death and create locally infectious zones (LIZs) around carcass sites; by grazing at LIZs, herbivores are potentially exposed to spores. Here, we used camera traps to assess how ungulate species use carcass sites in southwestern Montana and evaluated how these behaviours may promote indirect anthrax transmission, thus providing, to our knowledge, the first detailed documentation and study of the fine-scale mechanisms underlying foraging-based disease transmission in this ecosystem. We found that carcasses at LIZs significantly increased aboveground biomass of vegetation and concentrations of sodium and phosphorus, potentially making these sites more appealing to grazers. Host behavioural responses to LIZs varied depending on species, sex, season and carcass age; but, overall, our results demonstrated that carcasses or carcass sites serve as an attractant to herbivores in this system. Attraction to LIZs probably represents an increased risk of exposure to B. anthracis and, consequently, increased anthrax transmission rates. Accordingly, continued anthrax surveillance and control strategies are critical in this system.

scholarly journals The contribution of travellers visiting friends and relatives to notified infectious diseases in Australia: state-based enhanced surveillance

2016 ◽  
Vol 144 (16) ◽  
pp. 3554-3563 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. HEYWOOD ◽  
N. ZWAR ◽  
B. L. FORSSMAN ◽  
H. SEALE ◽  
N. STEPHENS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Visiting Friends And Relatives

SUMMARYImmigrants and their children who return to their country of origin to visit friends and relatives (VFR) are at increased risk of acquiring infectious diseases compared to other travellers. VFR travel is an important disease control issue, as one quarter of Australia's population are foreign-born and one quarter of departing Australian international travellers are visiting friends and relatives. We conducted a 1-year prospective enhanced surveillance study in New South Wales and Victoria, Australia to determine the contribution of VFR travel to notifiable diseases associated with travel, including typhoid, paratyphoid, measles, hepatitis A, hepatitis E, malaria and chikungunya. Additional data on characteristics of international travel were collected. Recent international travel was reported by 180/222 (81%) enhanced surveillance cases, including all malaria, chikungunya and paratyphoid cases. The majority of cases who acquired infections during travel were immigrant Australians (96, 53%) or their Australian-born children (43, 24%). VFR travel was reported by 117 (65%) travel-associated cases, highest for typhoid (31/32, 97%). Cases of children (aged <18 years) (86%) were more frequently VFR travellers compared to adult travellers (57%,P< 0·001). VFR travel is an important contributor to imported disease in Australia. Communicable disease control strategies targeting these travellers, such as targeted health promotion, are likely to impact importation of these travel-related infections.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Bovine Mastitis and its Diagnosis, Prevention, and Control

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.D. Audarya ◽  
D. Chhabra ◽  
R. Sharda ◽  
R. Gangil ◽  
R. Sikrodia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
The State ◽  
Madhya Pradesh ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Etiological Agents ◽  
And Control

Mastitis is an inflammation of mammary glands that is prevalent in dairy bovines. It causes a significant proportion of economic losses to the dairy farmers in India. Cattle and buffalo farming contribute significantly to the economy of the state. Various infectious agents such as bacteria, fungi, and algae may cause mastitis. Hence, it is essential to understand the etiological agents and predisposing factors that lead to mastitis in susceptible bovine populations in Madhya Pradesh state so that appropriate prevention and control strategies can be implemented. In this chapter, epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention, and control measures of mastitis in general and in India, the state of Madhya Pradesh, in particular, will be presented.

scholarly journals Strong seasonality produces spatial asynchrony in the outbreak of infectious diseases

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (59) ◽  
pp. 817-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott M. Duke-Sylvester ◽  
Luca Bolzoni ◽  
Leslie A. Real
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Spatial Synchronization ◽  
Demographic Structure ◽  
Detection Ability ◽  
Southern States ◽  
The North ◽  
Eastern Usa ◽  
And Control ◽  
Strong Seasonality

Models for infectious diseases usually assume a fixed demographic structure. Yet, a disease can spread over a region encountering different local demographic variations that may significantly alter local dynamics. Spatial heterogeneity in the resulting dynamics can lead to important differences in the design of surveillance and control strategies. We illustrate this by exploring the north–south gradient in the seasonal demography of raccoon rabies over the eastern USA. We find that the greater variance in the timing of spring births characteristic of southern populations can lead to the spatial synchronization of southern epidemics, while the narrow birth-pulse associated with northern populations can lead to an irregular patchwork of epidemics. These results indicate that surveillance in the southern states can be reduced relative to northern locations without loss of detection ability. This approach could yield significant savings in vaccination programmes. The importance of seasonality in many widely distributed diseases indicates that our findings will find applications beyond raccoon rabies.

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