scholarly journals ENERGY PROPERTIES OF WOOD PARTICLES TORREFIED AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Miguel Simões da Silva ◽  
Benedito Rocha Vital ◽  
Angélica de Cassia Oliveira Carneiro ◽  
Aylson Costa Oliveira ◽  
Solange Oliveira Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Final Temperature ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Wood Particles ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Fixed Carbon Content ◽  
Positive Effect

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the final torrefaction temperature on the energy properties of wood. It was applied four treatments with three replicates, consisting of untreated wood particles and particles torrefied at temperatures of 170, 220 and 260ºC. Better physical, chemical and thermal properties of the particles were observed as a function of the torrefaction temperature. Comparing with the control group, the particles torrefied at the highest final temperature (260ºC) showed significant differences in bulk density - from 239 to 396kg/m3; the equilibrium moisture content changed from 12.3 to 5.7%; fixed carbon content - from 13.0 to 24.8%; heating value - from 4,465 to 4,945kcal/kg; and energy density - from 882 to 1,727Mcal/m3. It was concluded that torrefaction had a positive effect on the energy properties of the wood.

scholarly journals ENERGY PROPERTIES OF WOOD PARTICLES TORREFIED AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Miguel Simões da Silva ◽  
Benedito Rocha Vital ◽  
Angélica de Cassia Oliveira Carneiro ◽  
Aylson Costa Oliveira ◽  
Solange Oliveira Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Final Temperature ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Wood Particles ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Fixed Carbon Content ◽  
Positive Effect

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the final torrefaction temperature on the energy properties of wood. It was applied four treatments with three replicates, consisting of untreated wood particles and particles torrefied at temperatures of 170, 220 and 260ºC. Better physical, chemical and thermal properties of the particles were observed as a function of the torrefaction temperature. Comparing with the control group, the particles torrefied at the highest final temperature (260ºC) showed significant differences in bulk density - from 239 to 396kg/m3; the equilibrium moisture content changed from 12.3 to 5.7%; fixed carbon content - from 13.0 to 24.8%; heating value - from 4,465 to 4,945kcal/kg; and energy density - from 882 to 1,727Mcal/m3. It was concluded that torrefaction had a positive effect on the energy properties of the wood.

scholarly journals Alternative Fuels from Forestry Biomass Residue: Torrefaction Process of Horse Chestnuts, Oak Acorns, and Spruce Cones

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Dyjakon ◽  
Tomasz Noszczyk
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fixed Carbon Content

The global energy system needs new, environmentally friendly, alternative fuels. Biomass is a good source of energy with global potential. Forestry biomass (especially wood, bark, or trees fruit) can be used in the energy process. However, the direct use of raw biomass in the combustion process (heating or electricity generation) is not recommended due to its unstable and low energetic properties. Raw biomass is characterized by high moisture content, low heating value, and hydrophilic propensities. The initial thermal processing and valorization of biomass improves its properties. One of these processes is torrefaction. In this study, forestry biomass residues such as horse chestnuts, oak acorns, and spruce cones were investigated. The torrefaction process was carried out in temperatures ranging from 200 °C to 320 °C in a non-oxidative atmosphere. The raw and torrefied materials were subjected to a wide range of tests including proximate analysis, fixed carbon content, hydrophobicity, density, and energy yield. The analyses indicated that the torrefaction process improves the fuel properties of horse chestnuts, oak acorns, and spruce cones. The properties of torrefied biomass at 320 °C were very similar to hard coal. In the case of horse chestnuts, an increase in fixed carbon content from 18.1% to 44.7%, and a decrease in volatiles from 82.9% to 59.8% were determined. Additionally, torrefied materials were characterized by their hydrophobic properties. In terms of energy yield, the highest value was achieved for oak acorns torrefied at 280 °C and amounted to 1.25. Moreover, higher heating value for the investigated forestry fruit residues ranged from 24.5 MJ·kg−1 to almost 27.0 MJ·kg−1 (at a torrefaction temperature of 320 °C).

scholarly journals Effect of starch binder on charcoal briquette properties

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Borowski ◽  
Witold Stępniewski ◽  
Katarzyna Wójcik-Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Ash Content ◽  
Wheat Starch ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Burning Time ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
High Maximum ◽  
Mixed Material ◽  
Fixed Carbon Content ◽  
Press Unit

Abstract The paper shows the results of a study on the effect of starch binder on the mechanical, physical and burning properties of charcoal briquettes. Two types of binders were repeatedly used to make briquettes of native wheat starch and modified wheat starch, at 8% of the whole. Briquetting was performed in a roller press unit, and pillow-shaped briquettes were made. The moisture of the mixed material ranged from 28 to 32%. The product, whether the former or the latter, was characterized by very good mechanical properties and satisfactory physical properties. Moreover, the type of starch binder had no effect on toughness, calorific heating value, volatiles, fixed carbon content and ash content. However, the combustion test showed quite different burning properties. As briquettes should have short firing up time and lower smokiness, as well as high maximum temperature and long burning time, we have concluded that briquettes with native wheat starch as a binder are more appropriate for burning in the grill.

scholarly journals Effects of Selenium on Bull’s Sperm Oxidative Stress and Viability Under in Vitro Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
M. Dolník ◽  
D. Mudroňová
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Sodium Selenite ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Semen Extender ◽  
Live Sperm ◽  
Bull Ejaculate ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the effects of sodium selenite on the level of oxidative stress and viability of spermatozoa in fresh bull ejaculate in in vitro conditions at different temperatures. Samples of the bull's ejaculates with a concentration of 7 × 105 spermatozoa per ml were placed into the commercial semen extender containing 0 (control), 1 (1Se), 3 (3Se) and 5 (5Se) µg.ml–1 of sodium selenite. The following analyses were performed by flow cytometry after 1, 3, 6, 8, 24, 48 and 72 hours of incubation at 4 °C and 37 °C. All analyses were carried out in triplicate. The level of oxidative stress at both temperatures were significantly lower in the experimental groups in comparison to the control group. However, a significant decline of live sperm concentration and a rise of damaged sperm concentration were recorded, especially in groups 1Se and 3Se in comparison to the control group. Only in group 5Se was there observed a positive effect on the damaged spermatozoa level in comparison with groups C, 1Se and 3Se at 4 °C. In conclusion, the applied concentrations of sodium selenite had a positive effect on the level of oxidative stress in all experimental groups, but mainly at concentration of 5 µg.ml–1 of sodium selenite, especially at 4 °C. However, the effect of selenium was not sufficient for improving the sperm viability.

scholarly journals Hydrothermal Carbonization of Spent Coffee Grounds

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 6542
Author(s):  
Hyeok-Jin Kim ◽  
Sea-Cheon Oh
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Spent Coffee Grounds ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Coffee Grounds ◽  
Fuel Characteristics ◽  
Fixed Carbon Content

With increasing coffee production and consumption, the amount of coffee by-product is also increasing. Therefore, there is growing worldwide interest in using these by-products as a renewable energy source. In this study, hydrothermal carbonization was conducted with subcritical water to improve the fuel characteristics of spent coffee grounds. The water content was varied, with the mass ratio between the dry sample and water set to 1:1.5 and 1:4. The reaction temperature was increased by 10 °C from 180 to 250 °C. The fuel and thermal characteristics of the reaction products were investigated through mass and energy yields, elemental, proximate, and heating value analysis. In analysis results, as the reaction temperature increased, carbon and fixed carbon content increased, and oxygen and volatile matter content decreased, resulting in an increase in calorific value. Thermogravimetric analysis, derivative thermogravimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were also conducted on the reaction products. To investigate their storage characteristics, chemical oxygen demand analysis was conducted. The results showed that with increasing reaction temperature, the fixed carbon content and heating value increased; also, the fuel characteristics became similar to those of coal. In addition, the reaction products became more hydrophobic as the reaction temperature increased.

scholarly journals Influence of the parameters of the hydrothermal carbonization of the biomass on the biocoal obtained from peat

2019 ◽  
Vol 114 ◽  
pp. 07003
Author(s):  
Kristina Krysanova ◽  
Alla Krylova ◽  
Victor Zaichenko ◽  
Vladimir Lavrenov ◽  
Vladimir Khaskhachikh
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Inorganic Component ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Temperature Method ◽  
Different Temperatures

Hydrothermal carbonization is modern low-temperature method to improve characteristics of peat and other types of biomass as a fuel. The influence of methods at different temperatures and different reaction time the physical-chemical and energy properties of the resulting biochar is studied. Characteristics of the initial peat and hydrochar were determined such as elemental composition, ash content, moisture content, heating values. It has been established that with an increase in temperature and reaction time, yield of hydrochar oxygen in it decreases (from 33.1% - initial peat to 19.47% - hydrochar obtained at 230 °C), but carbon (from 52.09% - initial peat to 68.17% - hydrochar obtained at 230 °C) and heating value increases. Also was observed leaching the inorganic component from hydrochar into the water.

scholarly journals Mass and energy balance of the carbonization of babassu nutshell as affected by temperature

2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago de Paula Protásio ◽  
Paulo Fernando Trugilho ◽  
Alfredo Napoli ◽  
Marcela Gomes da Silva ◽  
Allan Motta Couto
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Carbonization Temperature ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Charcoal Production ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Final Temperature ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Eucalyptus Wood ◽  
Lower Heating Value ◽  
Lower Heating

The objective of this work was to evaluate the carbonization yield of babassu nutshell as affected by final temperature, as well as the energy losses involved in the process. Three layers constituting the babassu nut, that is, the epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp, were used together. The material was carbonized, considering the following final temperatures: 450, 550, 650, 750, and 850ºC. The following were evaluated: energy and charcoal yields, pyroligneous liquid, non-condensable gases, and fixed carbon. The use of babassu nutshell can be highly feasible for charcoal production. The yield of charcoal from babassu nutshell carbonization was higher than that reported in the literature for Eucalyptus wood carbonization, considering the final temperature of 450ºC. Charcoal and energy yields decreased more sharply at lower temperatures, with a tendency to stabilize at higher temperatures. The energy yields obtained can be considered satisfactory, with losses between 45 and 52% (based on higher heating value) and between 43 and 49% (based on lower heating value) at temperatures ranging from 450 to 850ºC, respectively. Yields in fixed carbon and pyroligneous liquid are not affected by the final carbonization temperature.

Соматические дисфункции у детей с задержкой речи

2017 ◽  
pp. 61-65
Author(s):  
E. L. Kuznetsova ◽  
L. A. Dultsev ◽  
E. V. Safin
Keyword(s):  
Standard Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Complex Therapy ◽  
Osteopathic Treatment ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Experimental Group

Goal of research - the study aims to examine the osteopathic profi le of children with dysarthria and to develop recommendations for osteopathic correction of somatic dysfunctions in 2-3 year old children presenting this pathology.Materials and methods. 30 2-3 year old children with the symptoms of dysarthria took part in the research. All the children were divided into 2 groups: the control group of 15 children received standard treatment, and the experimental group of 15 children received both standard and osteopathic treatment. The dysarthria severity and the osteopathic profi le were evaluated with account of the number of somatic dysfunctions at global, regional, and local levels.Results. The osteopathic correction was shown to have a positive effect on dysarthria severity. The study established a correlation between the dysarthria severity in children and the number of somatic dysfunctions at the local level.Conclusion. The study suggests using osteopathic correction of somatic dysfunctions in the complex therapy of dysarthria in children.

Pragmatic instruction in L2-Russian

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-95
Author(s):  
Daniele Artoni ◽  
Valentina Benigni ◽  
Elena Nuzzo
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Written Discourse ◽  
Instructional Treatment ◽  
Completion Task ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
National Corpus ◽  
Pragmatic Instruction

Over the last three decades, a growing number of studies have investigated the effects of instruction on the acquisition of pragmatic features in L2. The bulk of this research has focused mainly on the teaching of English as a second/foreign language. However, instructional pragmatic studies in L2-Russian are lacking. The main purpose of our study is to contribute towards filling this gap by analysing the effects of pragmatic instruction on the acquisition of two speech acts by Italian learners of Russian. Furthermore, we aim to explore whether the Multimodal Russian Corpus (MURCO), a multimedia subcorpus of the Russian National Corpus, can be an effective tool for teaching speech acts in L2-Russian. Our research was composed of one experimental group (n = 18) and one control group (n = 11); each was composed of two intact classes of Italian university students at an intermediate level of L2-Russian, who were pre- and post-tested using a written discourse completion task. The experimental group was subjected to a programme of pragmatic instruction – eight thirty-minute MURCO-based lessons devoted to requests and advice, while the control group was taught according to the standard syllabus, that is, with no pragmatic instruction. The results revealed that the use of the target pragmatic features varied significantly in the experimental group, but not in the control group, thus showing a general positive effect of the instructional treatment based on the MURCO corpus. However, some limitations were identified with regard to the usability of this tool by teachers and learners.

scholarly journals Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Oxidative Status by β-Carotene in Late Pregnant Sows

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xupeng Yuan ◽  
Jiahao Yan ◽  
Ruizhi Hu ◽  
Yanli Li ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Metabolic Activities ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Β Carotene

Recent evidences suggest that gut microbiota plays an important role in regulating physiological and metabolic activities of pregnant sows, and β-carotene has a potentially positive effect on reproduction, but the impact of β-carotene on gut microbiota in pregnant sows remains unknown. This study aimed to explore the effect and mechanisms of β-carotene on the reproductive performance of sows from the aspect of gut microbiota. A total of 48 hybrid pregnant sows (Landrace × Yorkshire) with similar parity were randomly allocated into three groups (n = 16) and fed with a basal diet or a diet containing 30 or 90 mg/kg of β-carotene from day 90 of gestation until parturition. Dietary supplementation of 30 or 90 mg/kg β-carotene increased the number of live birth to 11.82 ± 1.54 and 12.29 ± 2.09, respectively, while the control group was 11.00 ± 1.41 (P = 0.201). Moreover, β-carotene increased significantly the serum nitric oxide (NO) level and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity (P < 0.05). Characterization of fecal microbiota revealed that 90 mg/kg β-carotene increased the diversity of the gut flora (P < 0.05). In particular, β-carotene decreased the relative abundance of Firmicutes including Lachnospiraceae AC2044 group, Lachnospiraceae NK4B4 group and Ruminococcaceae UCG-008, but enriched Proteobacteria including Bilophila and Sutterella, and Actinobacteria including Corynebacterium and Corynebacterium 1 which are related to NO synthesis. These data demonstrated that dietary supplementation of β-carotene may increase antioxidant enzyme activity and NO, an important vasodilator to promote the neonatal blood circulation, through regulating gut microbiota in sows.

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