scholarly journals A comparison of verbal person marking across Tupian languages

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-345
Author(s):  
Joshua Birchall
Keyword(s):  
Historical Linguistic ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
The Family ◽  
Reconstruction Model ◽  
Person Marking

Abstract: This paper explores the diachrony of the verbal person marking system across the large and structurally diverse Tupian language family. I argue that the historical development of these different patterns are best informed by analyzing their synchronic distributions with regard to the current evolutionary hypotheses on the family. I apply a parsimony reconstruction model across the topology of two different classifications and compare the results with what is known from traditional historical linguistic work. This study is able to provide support for previous claims about the family and also generates a number of additional hypotheses about the intermediate stages of development of these patterns.

Synchrony and diachrony of postverbal negation in Jodï-Sáliban

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Emilio Rosés Labrada
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
South America ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
The Family ◽  
Comparative Treatment

Abstract This article proposes a detailed comparative treatment of negation in the Jodï-Sáliban language family (Venezuela-Colombia, Northwest Amazonia, South America), which consists of four languages: Jodï [yau], Sáliba [slc], Piaroa [pid] and Mako [wpc]. This comparative analysis of negation strategies across the four languages in the family not only offers an overview of negation strategies in this language family but also allows for conclusions to be drawn on the cognacy of the different constructions and markers as well as on the sources of the main negation strategies. Specifically, I show that, even though certain markers are not cognate, negation in these languages has – as far back as the documentation goes – always been postverbal and suggest that postverbal negation can be diachronically stable. This research thus offers an in-depth analysis of negation in Jodï-Sáliban, a language family that remains underdescribed, and, crucially, contributes to our understanding of postverbal negation and its sources.

scholarly journals STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF ELITE FAMILY UPBRINGING AND HOME EDUCATION IN RUSSIAN IN 18TH – EARLY 20TH CENTURIES

2020 ◽  
pp. 151-164
Author(s):  
Марина Алексеевна Мазалова
Keyword(s):  
Educational Practice ◽  
Home Education ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Content Organization ◽  
State Education ◽  
National Values ◽  
The Family ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Basic Characteristics

Выявлена специфика организации и эволюционирования элитного семейного воспитания и домашнего образования, а также содержания государственной политики в сфере регулирования отношений воспитания в семье и определения на этой основе этапов развития данных процессов в России в XVIII – начале XX в. Организация исследований учитывает эволюцию семейной образовательной практики, которая позволяет проследить логику становления и развития элитного семейного воспитания и домашнего образования. Были определены критериальные признаки, характеризующие особенности содержания, организации и методики элитных педагогических процессов, протекавших в семье в изучаемый период. Периодизация осуществлялась на основе соотнесения с факторами элитизации личности в условиях семьи, среди важнейших названы содержание семейного воспитания и домашнего образования; совокупность средств, методов и педагогических приемов, требования к личности и профессиональным качествам домашних учителей и иностранных гувернеров и др. Выделено четыре исторических периода (этапа). На первом этапе (начало XVIII в. – 1750-е гг.) оформились базовые характеристики осуществления взаимодействия взрослых и детей с целью формирования элитной личности. Второй этап (1760-е гг. – начало XIX в.) характеризуется влиянием на лучшие практики семейного воспитания складывающейся системы государственного образования. Третий этап (начало XIX в. – 1840-е гг.) связан с возвращением к национальным ценностям в семейной воспитательной практике, ослаблением влияния иностранного гувернерства. Завершающий период – 1850-е гг. и до Революции 1917 г. – характеризуется тем, что все наиболее значимые элитивистские тенденции и традиции семейного воспитания и домашнего образования достигли высшей степени развития и выраженности. Предложенная нами периодизация позволяет определить временные этапы генезиса этих педагогических процессов, выделить основные тенденции их исторического эволюционирования, проследить особенности возникновения и проявления элитивистских образовательных тенденций в семьях дворянской и купеческой элиты, в императорской семье. The purpose of the article is to identify the characteristic features of the organization and logic of evolving the tendencies of elite family upbringing and home education as well as the content of the state policy in the sphere of regulating the relations of upbringing in the family and to define on that basis the stages of development of these processes in the period of the 18th – the early 20th centuries. The organization of the research takes into account the evolution of educational practice which allows us to track the logic of the formation and development of elite family upbringing and home education. We defined the criterial features characterizing the peculiarities of the content, organization and methodology of elite pedagogical processes going in the family in the period under study. Thechronological frames of the research are grounded. The periodization of the historical development of elite family upbringing was conducted on the basis of correlation with the factors of elitization of the personality under the conditions of the family. Among the most important are the content of family upbringing and home education, the sum total of the means, methods and pedagogical techniques, requirements for the personality and professional characteristics of home teachers and foreign family tutors and others. At the first stage (the early 18th – the 1750s) of the development of elite family upbringing and home education in Russia the basic characteristics of realizing an interaction of adults and children for the purpose of creating an elite personality are formed. The second stage (from the 1760s to the early 19the century) can be characterized by the influence of the forming system of state education on the best practices of family upbringing. The third stage of evolving elite family upbringing and home education (the early 19th – the 1840s) is connected with returning to national values in family upbringing practice, weakening the influence of foreign family tutorship on the formation of moral sphere of elite personality. The last period (the 1850s up to the revolution of 1917) can be characterized by the fact that all the most significant elitivist tendencies and traditions of family upbringing and home education reached the highest degree of their development and manifestation. The periodization of the development of elite family upbringing and home education in Russia in the 18th – the early 20th centuries suggested by us allows to identify the time stages of the genesis of these pedagogical processes, to single out the main tendencies of their historical evolving, to trace the peculiarities of emergence and manifestation of elitivist educational tendencies in families of the nobility and merchants belonging to the elite, in the family of the emperor.

scholarly journals Cultural cooperation between Russia and Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (SPE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafik. R. Magdeev ◽  
Alina A. Khaliullina
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Cultural Relations ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Interstate Relations ◽  
Methodological Basis ◽  
Joint Development

It is necessary to conduct an analysis of relations between Japan and Russia to determine the main trends and prospects for joint development. The purpose of the article is to study and disclose the stages of development of cultural relations between Russia and Japan and determine its features, highlight the most pressing problems of relations and identify possible ways to build strong interstate relations. The methodological basis of the study is the analytical method, for a comprehensive analysis of the changes that occurred during the development of cultural relations between Japan and Russia. Also a prerequisite is compliance with the principles of historicism and objectivity. In the course of studying used the method of study and systematization of literature. As a result of studying the problem, we can evaluate the historical development of cultural relations between Russia and Japan. Assess the state of relations between Russia and Japan and uncover limitations and growth points to strengthen relations between Japan and Russia. The results of this study can be useful as Japanologists and to specialists dealing with the problems of Asia-Pacific as a whole.

The Northwest Caucasian Languages

2021 ◽  
pp. 367-446
Author(s):  
Peter Arkadiev ◽  
Yury Lander
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Adequate Representation ◽  
Clause Combining

This chapter describes the major features of the Northwest Caucasian (Abkhaz-Adyghe) language family, comprising Abkhaz, Abaza, West Circassian (Adyghe), East Circassian (Kabardian), and the now extinct Ubykh. Starting with the sociolinguistic setting of the Northwest Caucasian varieties and the history of linguistic research on them, the discussion then proceeds to a description of the most important features of their phonology, morphology, and syntax, concluding with a brief discussion of a number of typologically outstanding features. The chapter, based both on published sources and the authors’ fieldwork data, covers issues such as exuberant consonantism, lexical category underspecification, polysynthetic morphology, expression of spatial meanings in the verb, rich systems of tense, aspect and mood categories, finite and non-finite verbal forms, non-trivial noun phrase syntax, relativization, and complexities of clause-combining. Besides describing the features common for all the languages of the family, we focus on important points of variation among the Northwest Caucasian languages and their dialects, aiming at an adequate representation of the wealth of phenomena they present and highlighting the challenges they offer for typology and linguistic theory.

A Bayesian approach to the classification of the Turkic languages

2020 ◽  
pp. 114-124
Author(s):  
Alexander Savelyev
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Approach ◽  
Controversial Issue ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Independent Verification ◽  
Linguistic History ◽  
The Family ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
The Common ◽  
Widespread View

Despite more than 150 years of research, the internal structure of the Turkic language family remains a controversial issue. In this study, the Bayesian phylogenetic approach is employed in order to provide an independent verification of the contemporary views on Turkic linguistic history. The data underlying the study are Turkic basic vocabularies, which are resistant to replacement and likely to reflect the genealogical relationships among the Turkic languages. The method tested in the chapter is based on the strict clock model of evolution, which assumes that relevant changes occur at the same rate at every branch of the family. This study supports the widespread view that the binary split between Bulgharic and Common Turkic was the earliest split in the Turkic family. The model further replicates most of the conventional subgroups within the Common Turkic branch. Based on a Bayesian analysis, the time depth of Proto-Turkic is estimated to be around 2,119 years BP, which is in accordance with the traditional estimates of 2,000–2,500 years BP.

‘To Kill’ and ‘To Die’ (and Other Suppletive Verbs) in Uto-Aztecan

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason D. Haugen ◽  
Michael Everdell
Keyword(s):  
Language Family ◽  
Number Agreement ◽  
Plural Form ◽  
Suggestive Evidence ◽  
The Family ◽  
Replacement Process

Previous research has noted that verbal suppletion for ergative number agreement (i.e. agreement with the subjects of intransitives and the objects of transitives) is widespread throughout the Uto-Aztecan language family and is therefore reconstructable to Proto-Uto-Aztecan (PUA) (Langacker, 1977). However, no previous works have systematically surveyed the attested forms of suppletion in these languages nor posited specific proposals for reconstructions of particular suppletive morphs back to PUA. We redress this lacuna by surveying the suppletive verbs in the various subgroups of Uto-Aztecan and assessing which of those are sufficiently widespread to reconstruct to PUA. We argue for specific PUA reconstructions for two verbal domains: die and kill, arguing that there were three distinct suppletive verb stems for marking these functions: *muku die.sg, *ko(i) die.pl, and *mɨɁa kill.sg. The plural form of kill in PUA was derived by adding a causative suffix *-ya to the plural stem for die, yielding *ko-ya. Other suppletive verbs in the family are not as easily reconstructable to PUA due to variation in attested forms, although some semantic functions seem to be widespread enough to be reconstructable. The PUA forms serving those functions would have been altered in different ways at different times by a lexical replacement process endemic to cases of strong suppletion, i.e. incursion (Juge, 2000). We also consider the issue of potential areal contact involving suppletion patterns in the areas where Uto-Aztecan languages are spoken, finding limited but suggestive evidence for possible areal effects involving suppletion for verbal number agreement.

Morphological exceptionality and pathways of change

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-339
Author(s):  
Parker L. Brody
Keyword(s):  
Change Process ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Strong Tendency ◽  
Language Family

Abstract This paper explores the notion of analyzing cross-linguistically uncommon morphosyntactic structures in terms of their historical development. What may seem extraordinary in the synchronic snapshot of a language can often be clearly accounted for through diachronic considerations. To illustrate this, the current study examines the typologically uncommon phenomenon of multiple exponence, the realization of the same grammatical information in multiple places within an inflected word, in the Kiranti (Tibeto-Burman) languages. Typologically speaking, we do see a strong tendency cross-linguistically towards encoding grammatical information once within an inflected word, and against multiple exponence. Yet the phenomenon of multiple exponence is attested in a number of languages. This paper presents comparative evidence from the Kiranti languages that supports the claim that multiple exponence in synthetic verbs in the modern Kiranti languages comes as a result of the interaction between language(family)-specific typology (multiple agreement in periphrastic verbs) and an uncontroversial language change process (coalescence of periphrastic forms into synthetic forms).

Subgrouping the Sogeram languages

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don Daniels ◽  
Danielle Barth ◽  
Wolfgang Barth
Keyword(s):  
Historical Linguistic ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
The Way

Abstract Historical Glottometry is a method, recently proposed by Kalyan and François (François 2014; Kalyan & François 2018), for analyzing and representing the relationships among sister languages in a language family. We present a glottometric analysis of the Sogeram language family of Papua New Guinea and, in the process, provide an evaluation of the method. We focus on three topics that we regard as problematic: how to handle the higher incidence of cross-cutting isoglosses in the Sogeram data; how best to handle lexical innovations; and what to do when the data do not allow the analyst to be sure whether a given language underwent a given innovation or not. For each topic we compare different ways of coding and calculating the data and suggest the best way forward. We conclude by proposing changes to the way glottometric data are coded and calculated and the way glottometric results are visualized. We also discuss how to incorporate Historical Glottometry into an effective historical-linguistic research workflow.

Larval morphology of Dart-Poison Frogs (Anura: Dendrobatoidea: Aromobatidae and Dendrobatidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 3637 (5) ◽  
pp. 569 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID A. SÁNCHEZ
Keyword(s):  
Digestive System ◽  
Larval Morphology ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Taxonomic Assignment ◽  
Digestive Tube ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Constant Diameter ◽  
The Family ◽  
Upper Jaw ◽  
Late Stages

Tadpoles in the superfamily Dendrobatoidea (families Aromobatidae and Dendrobatidae), housed in zoological collections or illustrated in publications, were studied. For the most part, tadpoles of species within the family Aromobatidae, the subfamilies Colostethinae and Hyloxalinae (of the family Dendrobatidae), and those of the genus Phyllobates, Dendrobatinae (Dendrobatidae) have slender anterior jaw sheaths with a medial notch and slender lateral processes, triangular fleshy projections on the inner margin of the nostrils and digestive tube with constant diameter and color and its axis sinistrally directed, concealing the liver and other organs. These morphologies are different from the ones observed in tadpoles of species included in the Dendrobatinae (minus Phyllobates). Exceptions to these morphological arrangements are noted, being the digestive system arrangement and the nostril ornamentation more plastic than the shape of the upper jaw sheath. Tadpoles of all species of the Dendrobatoidea have similar disposition of digestive organs in early stages, but differentiate in late stages of development. Classifying the upper jaw sheath into the two recognized states is possible from very early stages of development, but gut disposition and nostril ornamentation cannot be determined until late in development, making classification and taxonomic assignment of tadpoles based on these morphological features challenging.

scholarly journals III.—The Historical Development of the Possessive Pronouns in Italian

PMLA ◽  
1893 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-209
Author(s):  
Louis Emil Menger
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Chronological Order ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Literary Forms

These literary forms, as given, are found in the earliest texts. But a mere casual reading of the texts will reveal also many variants; this makes evident the fact that a succession of stages or steps was gone through before the above forms were adopted as the regular ones. The simplest method to be followed in discovering what these successive stages of development were must be to begin with the earliest texts in which the variants were sometimes the rule, and follow the occurrence of these variants in chronological order down into those texts in which they are exceptions; thus finally arriving at literary monuments in which no variants occur, but where they have been merged completely into the prevailing literary forms.

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