scholarly journals III.—The Historical Development of the Possessive Pronouns in Italian

PMLA ◽  
1893 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-209
Author(s):  
Louis Emil Menger

These literary forms, as given, are found in the earliest texts. But a mere casual reading of the texts will reveal also many variants; this makes evident the fact that a succession of stages or steps was gone through before the above forms were adopted as the regular ones. The simplest method to be followed in discovering what these successive stages of development were must be to begin with the earliest texts in which the variants were sometimes the rule, and follow the occurrence of these variants in chronological order down into those texts in which they are exceptions; thus finally arriving at literary monuments in which no variants occur, but where they have been merged completely into the prevailing literary forms.

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (SPE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafik. R. Magdeev ◽  
Alina A. Khaliullina

It is necessary to conduct an analysis of relations between Japan and Russia to determine the main trends and prospects for joint development. The purpose of the article is to study and disclose the stages of development of cultural relations between Russia and Japan and determine its features, highlight the most pressing problems of relations and identify possible ways to build strong interstate relations. The methodological basis of the study is the analytical method, for a comprehensive analysis of the changes that occurred during the development of cultural relations between Japan and Russia. Also a prerequisite is compliance with the principles of historicism and objectivity. In the course of studying used the method of study and systematization of literature. As a result of studying the problem, we can evaluate the historical development of cultural relations between Russia and Japan. Assess the state of relations between Russia and Japan and uncover limitations and growth points to strengthen relations between Japan and Russia. The results of this study can be useful as Japanologists and to specialists dealing with the problems of Asia-Pacific as a whole.


Author(s):  
Т.К. САЛБИЕВ

В статье предлагается добавить к двум традиционно выделяемым этапам истори- ческого развития Нартиады еще один третий, предполагая, что наряду с родоплеменным и военно-демократическим в своей эволюции она проходит еще и через феодальный этап. С общефольклорной точки зрения они будут соответствовать трем следующим фазам: разрозненные сказания; циклы, образуемые вокруг главных героев; гиперциклизация / це- лостная эпопея. В результате получают иную интерпретацию не только сюжеты и мо- тивы эпопеи, представленные в ней персонажи, но и ее общее содержание, а также в ином свете предстает ее прагматика, то есть место и роль в традиционной культуре в целом. Основой для пересмотра общепринятой точки зрения является пока еще в полной мере не оцененное сообщение «Хронографа» (груз. «Жамтаагмцерели») – «Столетней летопи- си» XIV в. Содержащееся в памятнике отождествление аланской правящей династии с эпическим воинским родом Ахсартаггата позволяет рассматривать Нартиаду как своего рода «Книгу царей». Эпической фигурой, совместившей в своем образе мифологического и исторического царя, следует считать нарта Челахсартага. С одной стороны в его имени распознается связь с родоначальником воинского рода Ахсартага, представляющего мифо- логическую эпоху. С другой стороны, он носит титул исторического средневекового прави- теля Ас-Тархана. Благодаря имени его дочери (Бедуха), которое может рассматриваться как просторечный вариант имени Бурдухан, он может быть отождествлен с аланским царем XII в. Худданом. Сама эпопея в этом случае могла бы рассматриваться как средство легитимизации аланской правящей, то есть исторической, династии на власть. Участие царской династии в событиях эпопеи обеспечивало ей преемственную связь с мифологи- ческой эпохой, что и давало ей необходимое идеологическое обоснование господствующего положения в обществе. The article advances a proposition to add a third feudal stage to the two traditionally distinguished stages of the historical development of the Narts’ epic, suggesting that alongside with the tribal and military-democratic stages of its evolution it goes through the feudal one as well. From a point of view of general folklore, these will correspond to the following three phases: scattered legends – cycles formed around the main characters – hypercyclization / complete epics. As a result, not only the plots and motifs of the epic, the characters represented in it, but also its general content are reconsidered, its pragmatics, i. e., its place and role in traditional culture as a whole are seen in a different light. The basis for the review of the generally accepted theory is a passage from the so-called “Chronograph” (Georgian “Zhamtaagmcereli”), or the “Hundred Year Anniversary” of the XIV century. The identification of the Alanian ruling dynasty with the epic military lineage of Axsærtæggatæ the mentioned work contains makes it possible to consider the Nart epic as a kind of “Book of Kings”. From this point of view, Nart Čelæxsærtæg should be regarded as a hero, in whose image the traits of mythological and historical kin are interwoven. On the one hand, his name recognizes the link with the ancestor of the military family Axsærtæg, representing the mythological era. On the other hand, he holds the title of the historical medieval ruler As-Tarxan. Thanks to the name of his daughter (Bedukha), which can be considered as a vernacular version of the name Burdukhan, he can be identified as Khuddan, the Alanian king of the XIIth c. In this case, the epic itself could be considered as a means of legitimizing the Alan ruling, that is, historical dynasty of power, which thus provided its continuity with the mythological epoch, giving it the necessary ideological basis for the dominant position in the society.


Author(s):  
Ya.S. Mazmanov

This article presents preliminary results of the analysis of architecture and urban planning in Bishkek, considers its historically developed architectural and planning structure and historical development trends of historical development in order to understand the main problems of the current state of the city and determine its further development.


2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-71
Author(s):  
A.V. Frolova ◽  
◽  
V.A. Leonova ◽  

Historical information about the owners, stages of development of the estate «Arkhangelskoye» and the creation of the Park is presented. Special attention is paid to the planning structure of the estate, its main compositional axis in the Northern part-the Imperial alley and the Bykov grove. The current state and problems of restoration of the Imperial alley and the possibility of adapting the Bykov grove to modern recreational conditions are considered in detail. The main wood assortment of the Bykov grove is indicated and the recommendations for care are given. For the first time, the archives of the estate Museum (projects in 1978, 2001, and 2017) were worked out all data about the Bykov grove and the Imperial alley are collected in chronological order and described in the article. The authors conducted the last research before the restoration and adaptation in 2018.


2021 ◽  
Vol LXII (2) ◽  
pp. 123-130
Author(s):  
Nikolay Katrandzhiev ◽  

The article presents in a historical plan the results from an investigation of the Informational systems for mechanized and automated admission of local taxes and fees in Bulgaria. Presented is the change of the technical, software and communicational means used in the different stages of development and refinement of the Informational systems for local taxes and fees. A period of 50 years is reviewed starting from 1970 until today. The historical development is bound with the development of regulatory base and information technology.


Author(s):  
Joshua Birchall

Abstract: This paper explores the diachrony of the verbal person marking system across the large and structurally diverse Tupian language family. I argue that the historical development of these different patterns are best informed by analyzing their synchronic distributions with regard to the current evolutionary hypotheses on the family. I apply a parsimony reconstruction model across the topology of two different classifications and compare the results with what is known from traditional historical linguistic work. This study is able to provide support for previous claims about the family and also generates a number of additional hypotheses about the intermediate stages of development of these patterns.


Author(s):  
N. Igolkin

The article is a continuation of the research devoted to the development of the spatial -planning structure of Murmansk in the 1920s – 1950s. The stages of development of architecture and the logic of its historical development are determined on the basis of an analysis of the stages of development of the urban structure, the historically established urban planning situation and the archival documents of Murmansk. The article describes the specifics and defines the stylistic features of the Murmansk architecture of the identified periods on the example of characteristic buildings on separate segments of the main city highway – Lenin Prospekt. A brief architectural analysis of the buildings that are valuable elements of the spatial-planning structure of the historical center of Murmansk is carried out: spatial, stylistic dominants and accents, plastic accents. The objects under consideration form the planning units, the street rhythm and the building. To identify the specificity and value characteristics of Murmansk architecture, a brief comparison of the compositional techniques and stylistics of the buildings of Murmansk and Leningrad in the 1930s - 1950s is carried out. The contribution of Leningrad architects to the design of Murmansk and the formation of its spatial and planning structure and architectural appearance is noted. The article contains schematic diagrams of separate segments of the building, photographic materials, archival photographs and documents.


Author(s):  
C. Edwards

The hitherto unknown hydroid of the anthomedusa Bougainvillia principis has been found in the Firth of Clyde, and medusae from it have been reared. The hydroid and the stages of development of the medusa are described and figured. The medusa is commonly present in the plankton in this area, and its seasonal occurrence is described.The historical development of our knowledge of B. principis and of B. superciliaris, which have been confused, is discussed. The hydroid and the young medusae of B. principis are shown to be identical with those described by Hartlaub and attributed by him to B. superciliaris.Several doubtful species of Bougainvillia medusae described from British waters are considered and are identified with accepted species. Medusa ocilia and M. duodecilia are probably synonymous with Bougainvillia pyramidata and B. principis respectively; and B. nigritella is identified with B. muscoides, B. simplex with B. principis, B. dinema with B. britannica., and B. charcoti with Nemopsis crucifera, itself a probable synonym of N. bachei. The medusa B. alderi is a probable synonym of B. ramosa.The hydroids and the medusae of the British species of Bougainvillia are reviewed and compared; and records of B. superciliaris and B. macloviana are given.


2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (34) ◽  
pp. 4-13
Author(s):  
Fadil Shehu ◽  
Ferat Shala

The aim of this expert paper is to show development in the area of cartography in chronological order from the time when Albania first appeared on maps by well-known Venetian cartographers (with toponyms in Albanian). An overview of various topographic maps and maritime charts is presented, along with the relevant local and international institutions whose main activities were cartography and geoinformation during different periods. An expert opinion is expressed on the current state of cartographic and geoinformation data as a scientific discipline, with a special emphasis on alignment with international standards.


Author(s):  
O. V. Khaletskyj

According to modern scientific and philosophical representations, the world is its creation as development. Because of anthroponoospherization, world development appears as a historical and spiritual development. A measure of progressive development are: 1) the completeness of the implementation of legislative tendency (directions) of development, 2) the superiority of the old to new, 3) the increase of consciousness and spiritual factors of development. In the development of society, the historical-spiritual appear to it: 1) degrees, 2) local ways (civilization) actually happen-ideas-development, which are: 1) initial with the stages of anthroposociogenesis, tribal community of collectors and hunters, the clan community of farmers and herders, 2) agrarian society with the stages of the first civilizations of the copper stone age  (Ancient Egyptian, Sumerian-Babylonian, Indo, Aegean, Hatto-Smallasian Early Chinese, Ancient American) iron age from the 1st millennium BC of ancient (Middle East, Antique, Ancient Indian and Ancient Chinese) and medieval (Far Eastern, Indian, Austrian, Central Asian, Iranian-Islamic, Eastern Christian and West Christian local civilizations) and so-called industrial society with preindustrialization XVIІІ-mid. ХVІІ century, industrialization the middle of ХVІІ–ХІХ centuries, industrial first half of Twentieth century and, the middle of XX century, the globalization-information stages of development with the corresponding all of them-events-ideas-development. Stages of development are determined by their main direction. Civilizations can be defined as local socio-culturaland organisms that are inherent in the physiognomic unity of distinctive features. In the process of historical development there is a growth of conscious-spiritual factors of development (socio-cultural paradigm), mainly as the implementation of various socio-cultural projects, which prompts the creation of consciously projected, intellectually creative, idea-creative, spiritually-constructed world as it happens-idea- development. Events are actingknowledged as ideas, and ideas are projected as development. All further history of mankind is the deduction and embodiment of consciously-projected ideas. Socio-cultural projects require the realization, and that’s why historical development is somehow dejected, and is carried out as some kind of enthusiasm. Religion - faith in God through the cult, what is the act of consciousness (faith) of world creation (God) through its activation in itself (the cult). The historical-spiritual world-development are as follows: 1) the continuation of the world creation, 2) the belief of realization as a kind of locomotive, because of what 3) religious socio-cultural projects of spiritual world transformation are currently the largest. From the New Times monotheism comes into the secular phase of practicing faith. From the seventeenth century humanity passes to industrial ways of development and to the twentieth century. the world economy is formed, world politics and world spirituality that are from the middle of Twentieth century turn into the globalization-informational period of “the inventive future”, when any social and cultural projects can be implemented. There is a world civilization as a cathedral unity of national cultures. In the field of religious, there is not immorality, but newly-religions as a God's gradual faith. Innovation faith occurs as: 1) ecumenization, 2) secularization, and 3) new secular dynastic theologians. A peculiar “spiritual evaporation” of globalization processes is the maturation of the so-called universal religion. There can be no universal religion, only a universal faith can be. Universal religion is not a separate religion, but the unity of all religions of the world as its spiritual transformation. Universal religion arises as 1) activation of the creative forces of man, 2) the locomotive of socio-cultural projects that require the faith realization, 3) as a social and cultural project for the spiritual transformation of the world (God's reign, etc.). The unity of all religions in the world is currently the most expressed in theistic evolutionism, which in modern universal evolutionism receives a scientific and philosophical justification, where a new process-creative-centric image of the world for its transformation arises. Secular gradual faith passes into the development of the world, world-wide – the consciousness of the world as its development, which is achieved by the event-idea-development. The world of faith appears in three hypostases: 1) as the unity of all religions of the world as its spiritual transformation, 2) the world is not religion, but faith, and 3) acts consciousness of the world as its development. Concentration of the meanings of spiritual uplift form the so-called spiritual republics (Zion, Shambhala, mountainous Jerusalem, etc.) as our antisocial spiritual homeland. World-development of historical-spiritual appears as an intelligent world development (World building).


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