scholarly journals COWPEA LEAF AREA, BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY UNDER DIFFERENT WATER REGIMES IN CASTANHAL, PARÁ, BRAZIL

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 748-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAULO JORGE DE OLIVEIRA PONTE DE SOUZA ◽  
VIVIAN DIELLY DA SILVA FARIAS ◽  
MARCUS JOSÉ ALVES DE LIMA ◽  
THAYNARA FERNANDES RAMOS ◽  
ADRIANO MARLISOM LEÃO DE SOUSA
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Productivity Data ◽  
Reproductive Phase ◽  
Conductance Data ◽  
Student’S T

ABSTRACT This work evaluated the effect of soil water availability on growth and productivity variables of cowpea in northeastern Pará, Brazil. The experiment was carried out in a field of 2,100 m2 at the experimental site of the Federal Rural University of Amazon, during the driest season of the years 2011, 2012 and 2013, in a completely randomised design with two treatments (irrigated and non-irrigated), both with 12 replications in the reproductive phase (2012 and 2013). Growth and productivity data were submitted to analysis of variance with two variation factors (water regime and experimental year) at 5% probability. Student's t -test at 5% probability was used in the means of the stomatal conductance data, since this was monitored only in 2012. Final biomass production presented a reduction of 54.3% in 2012 and 26.4% in 2013 as a result of water deficit (DEF) of 76 and 26 mm, respectively. Mean stomatal conductance was reduced by 73% in the grain-filling stage as a result of the lower water availability during this period. Average cowpea productivity under water deficit reached 1,257 kg ha-1 in 2012 and 1,396 kg ha-1 in 2013. The reduction in water supply over the reproductive period significantly decreased production by 72 and 41% (F test, p < 0.05) in 2012 and 2013, respectively. An accumulated water deficit during the reproductive phase caused a maximum LAI reduction of 47% in 2012 (DEF of 76 mm) and of 13% in 2013 (DEF of 26 mm).

scholarly journals Yield gap in cowpea plants as function of water déficits during reproductive stage

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 372-378
Author(s):  
Paulo J. O. P. Souza ◽  
Vivian D. da S. Farias ◽  
João V. N. Pinto ◽  
Hildo G. G. C. Nunes ◽  
Everaldo B. de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Block Design ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Water Deficiency ◽  
Yield Gap ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Reproductive Phase ◽  
Yield Gaps

ABSTRACT The cowpea bean presents low productivity in the Pará state, Brazil, due to low soil fertility and climatic adversity, mainly water deficiency. The aim of this study was to evaluate the yield gap of cowpea bean in northeast of Para state in response to water deficit during its reproductive phase. The experiment was carried out in Castanhal, PA, Brazil, during 2015 and 2016. A randomized block design with six repetitions and four treatments was used; where T1 consisted of 100% replacement of the crop evapotranspiration (ETc), T2 to 50%, T3 to 25% and T4 without irrigation, in the reproductive phase. The yield was determined at R9 stage. The simulations with the SARRAZON model were carried out with different sowing dates. The total deficiencies in the reproductive phase were spatialized considering the 30 locations in order to assess the temporal and spatial seasonality of water availability and the sowing period in the study region. The cowpea bean was sensitive to soil water availability with considerable reductions in productivity due to the increase in water deficit compared to the treatment T1 (100% ETc). When water deficits reached more than 47 mm, there were yield gaps over 20%. According to the spatial variability of simulated water deficiency, the sowing of cowpea bean in regions located above 2° latitude may extend until June 20 without showing high yield gaps.

scholarly journals Effect of Water Stress during Grain Filling on Yield, Quality and Physiological Traits of Illpa and Rainbow Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Cultivars

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angie L. Gámez ◽  
David Soba ◽  
Ángel M. Zamarreño ◽  
José M. García-Mina ◽  
Iker Aranjuelo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Stomatal Opening ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Yield And Quality

The total area under quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) cultivation and the consumption of its grain have increased in recent years because of its nutritional properties and ability to grow under adverse conditions, such as drought. Climate change scenarios predict extended periods of drought and this has emphasized the need for new crops that are tolerant to these conditions. The main goal of this work was to evaluate crop yield and quality parameters and to characterize the physiology of two varieties of quinoa grown under water deficit in greenhouse conditions. Two varieties of quinoa from the Chilean coast (Rainbow) and altiplano (Illpa) were used, grown under full irrigation or two different levels of water deficit applied during the grain filling period. There were no marked differences in yield and quality parameters between treatments, but the root biomass was higher in plants grown under severe water deficit conditions compared to control. Photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance decreased with increased water stress in both cultivars, but the coastal variety showed higher water use efficiency and less discrimination of 13C under water deficit. This response was associated with greater root development and a better stomatal opening adjustment, especially in the case of Rainbow. The capacity of Rainbow to increase its osmoregulant content (compounds such as proline, glutamine, glutamate, K and Na) could enable a potential osmotic adjustment in this variety. Moreover, the lower stomatal opening and transpiration rates were also associated with higher leaf ABA concentration values detected in Rainbow. We found negative logarithmic relationships between stomatal conductance and leaf ABA concentration in both varieties, with significant R2 values of 0.50 and 0.22 in Rainbow and Illpa, respectively. These moderate-to-medium values suggest that, in addition to ABA signaling, other causes for stomatal closure in quinoa under drought such as hydraulic regulation may play a role. In conclusion, this work showed that two quinoa cultivars use different strategies in the face of water deficit stress, and these prevent decreases in grain yield and quality under drought conditions.

scholarly journals Gas Exchange of Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poiret Under Water Deficit and Rewatering

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 297
Author(s):  
Francisco Jose Basilio Alves ◽  
Antonio Lucineudo Oliveira Freire
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Soil Mixture ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Stomatal Parameters ◽  
Variable Water ◽  
Mimosa Tenuiflora

This research aimed to evaluate the physiological responses of Mimosa tenuiflora plants submitted to variable water availability conditions during the nursery stage. Twelve-month-old plants kept in plastic pots containing 5 kg of the substrate composed of the subsoil soil mixture and bovine manure (2:1) were submitted to two treatments: irrigated (control) and water stress, which was imposed through the suspension of irrigation, rewatering after seven days of stress. The relative water content (RWC) and stomatal parameters were evaluated. The M. tenuiflora plants responded quickly to the irrigation suspension, promoting the closure of the stomata, occurring reduction in stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and photosynthesis. The instantaneous efficiency in water use of plants under water deficit remained high only until the middle of the period when irrigation was suspended, and then declined until the last day of the water deficit. After rehydration, the plants showed recovery in all evaluated parameters, indicating that the level of stress imposed did not cause irreversible damages in the cells and tissues.

scholarly journals Candidate genes and SNPs associated with stomatal conductance under drought stress in Vitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimiliano Trenti ◽  
Silvia Lorenzi ◽  
Pier Luigi Bianchedi ◽  
Daniele Grossi ◽  
Osvaldo Failla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Snp Array ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Raffinose Synthase ◽  
Response To Water

Abstract Background Understanding the complexity of the vine plant’s response to water deficit represents a major challenge for sustainable winegrowing. Regulation of water use requires a coordinated action between scions and rootstocks on which cultivars are generally grafted to cope with phylloxera infestations. In this regard, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach was applied on an ‘ad hoc’ association mapping panel including different Vitis species, in order to dissect the genetic basis of transpiration-related traits and to identify genomic regions of grape rootstocks associated with drought tolerance mechanisms. The panel was genotyped with the GrapeReSeq Illumina 20 K SNP array and SSR markers, and infrared thermography was applied to estimate stomatal conductance values during progressive water deficit. Results In the association panel the level of genetic diversity was substantially lower for SNPs loci (0.32) than for SSR (0.87). GWAS detected 24 significant marker-trait associations along the various stages of drought-stress experiment and 13 candidate genes with a feasible role in drought response were identified. Gene expression analysis proved that three of these genes (VIT_13s0019g03040, VIT_17s0000g08960, VIT_18s0001g15390) were actually induced by drought stress. Genetic variation of VIT_17s0000g08960 coding for a raffinose synthase was further investigated by resequencing the gene of 85 individuals since a SNP located in the region (chr17_10,497,222_C_T) was significantly associated with stomatal conductance. Conclusions Our results represent a step forward towards the dissection of genetic basis that modulate the response to water deprivation in grape rootstocks. The knowledge derived from this study may be useful to exploit genotypic and phenotypic diversity in practical applications and to assist further investigations.

Water Deficit-Induced Senescence and Its Relationship to the Remobilization of Pre-Stored Carbon in Wheat during Grain Filling

2001 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 196-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianchang Yang ◽  
Jianhua Zhang ◽  
Zhiqing Wang ◽  
Qingsen Zhu ◽  
Lijun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Grain Filling

scholarly journals Sensitivity of stomatal conductance to soil moisture: implications for tropospheric ozone

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Anav ◽  
Chiara Proietti ◽  
Laurent Menut ◽  
Stefano Carnicelli ◽  
Alessandra De Marco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Lower Atmosphere ◽  
Water Limitation

Abstract. Soil moisture and water stress play a pivotal role in regulating stomatal behaviour of plants; however, in the last decade, the role of water availability was often neglected in atmospheric chemistry modelling studies as well as in integrated risk assessments, despite through stomata plants remove a large amount of atmospheric compounds from the lower troposphere. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of soil water limitation on stomatal conductance and assess the resulting changes in atmospheric chemistry testing various hypotheses of water uptake by plants in the rooting zone; following the main assumption that roots maximize water uptake, i.e. they adsorb water at different soil depths depending on the water availability, we improve the dry deposition scheme within the chemistry transport model CHIMERE. Results highlight how dry deposition significantly declines when soil moisture is used to regulate the stomatal opening, mainly in the semi-arid environments: in particular, over Europe the amount of ozone removed by dry deposition in one year without considering any soil water limitation to stomatal conductance is about 8.5 Tg O3, while using a dynamic layer that ensures plants to maximize the water uptake from soil, we found a reduction of about 10 % in the amount of ozone removed by dry deposition (~ 7.7 Tg O3). Despite dry deposition occurs from top of canopy to ground level, it affects the concentration of gases remaining into the lower atmosphere with a significant impact on ozone concentration (up to 4 ppb) extending from the surface to the upper troposphere (up to 650 hPa). Our results shed light on the importance of improving the parameterizations of processes occurring at plant level (i.e. from the soil to the canopy) as they have significant implications on concentration of gases in the lower troposphere.

scholarly journals Drought resistance of sugar-cane crop for different levels of water availability in the soil

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando da S. Barbosa ◽  
Rubens D. Coelho ◽  
Rafael Maschio ◽  
Carlos J. G. de S. Lima ◽  
Everaldo M. da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Drought Resistance ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Final Population ◽  
Different Levels

Soil water availability is the main cause of reduced productivity, and the early development period most sensitive to water deficit. This study aimed to evaluate the drought resistance of the varieties of sugar-cane RB867515 and SP81-3250 during the early development using different levels of water deficit on four soil depths. The experiment was conducted at the Department of Biosystems at Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ/USP) in a greenhouse in soil classified as Oxisol, sandy loam texture (Series "Sertãozinho"). Once exhausted the level of available water in the soil, the dry strength of the studied strains are relatively low. Water balance with values less than -13 mm cause a significant decrease in the final population of plants, regardless of the variety, and values below -35 mm, leads to the death of all plants.

Boron Supply and Water Deficit Consequences in Young Paricá (Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum) Plants

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 250-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bianca do Carmo SILVA ◽  
Pêola Reis de SOUZA ◽  
Daihany Moraes CALLEGARI ◽  
Vanessa Ferreira ALVES ◽  
Allan Klynger da Silva LOBATO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Electrolyte Leakage ◽  
Tolerance Mechanism ◽  
Schizolobium Parahyba ◽  
Use Efficiency

Boron (B) is a very important nutrient required by forest plants; when supplied in adequate amounts, plants can ameliorate the negative effects of abiotic stresses. The objective of this study was to (i) investigate gas exchange, (ii) measure oxidant and antioxidant compounds, and (iii) respond how B supply acts on tolerance mechanism to water deficit in young Schizolobium parahyba plants. The experiment employed a factorial that was entirely randomised, with two boron levels (25 and 250 µmol L-1, simulating conditions of sufficient B and high B, respectively) and two water conditions (control and water deficit). Water deficit induced negative modifications on net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and water use efficiency, while B high promoted intensification of the effects on stomatal conductance and water use efficiency. Hydrogen peroxide and electrolyte leakage of both tissues suffered non-significant increases after B high and when applied water deficit. Ascorbate levels presented increases after water deficit and B high to leaf and root. Our results suggested that the tolerance mechanism to water deficit in young Schizolobium parahyba plants is coupled to increases in total glutathione and ascorbate aiming to control the overproduction of hydrogen peroxide and alleviates the negative consequences on electrolyte leakage and gas exchange. In relation to B supply, this study proved that sufficient level promoted better responses under control and water deficit conditions.

scholarly journals Genome scan identifies flowering-independent effects of barley HsDry2.2 locus on yield traits under water deficit

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lianne Merchuk-Ovnat ◽  
Roi Silberman ◽  
Efrat Laiba ◽  
Andreas Maurer ◽  
Klaus Pillen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Genotype By Environment Interactions ◽  
Shoot Morphology ◽  
Genotype By Environment ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Wild Allele ◽  
Novel Alleles

AbstractIncreasing crop productivity under climate change requires the identification, selection and utilization of novel alleles for breeding. We analyzed the genotype and field phenotype of the barley HEB-25 multi-parent mapping population under well-watered and water-limited (WW and WL) environments for two years. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) for genotype by-environment interactions was performed for ten traits including flowering time (HEA), plant grain yield (PGY). Comparison of the GWAS for traits per-se to that for QTL-by-environment interactions (QxE), indicates the prevalence of QxE mostly for reproductive traits. One QxE locus on chromosome 2, Hordeum spontaneum Dry2.2 (HsDry2.2), showed a positive and conditional effect on PGY and grain number (GN). The wild allele significantly reduced HEA, however this earliness was not conditioned by water deficit. Furthermore, BC2F1 lines segregating for the HsDry2.2 showed the wild allele confers an advantage over the cultivated in PGY, GN and harvest index as well as modified shoot morphology, longer grain filling period and reduced senescence (only under drought), therefore suggesting adaptation mechanism against water deficit other than escape. This study highlights the value of evaluating wild relatives in search of novel alleles and clues to resilience mechanism underlying crop adaptation to abiotic stress.HighlightA flowering-time independent reproductive advantage of wild over cultivated allele under drought identified in a barley GWAS for genotype-by-environment interactions, with modified shoot morphology, reduced senescence and longer grain filling

scholarly journals Spring barley performances in the Pannonian zone

Genetika ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Novo Przulj ◽  
Vojislava Momcilovic
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Grain Filling Period

Environmental conditions in the Pannonian zone can be characterized with moderate high temperature and partially water deficit during grain filling of spring barley, although low temperature and water deficit are possible also in period till anthesis. This study was conducted to evaluate the variation of the duration of the period from emergence to anthesis (VP), duration of grain filling period (GFP), plant height (PH), spikes number m-2 (SN), grains number spike-1 (GN), thousand grains weight (GW) and yield (YIL) in spring two-rowed barley in conditions of the Pannonian zone. All three factors; genotype, environment and the interaction GxY affected the studied traits. Average VP was 777 GDD, GFP 782 GDD, PH 78 cm, SN 523, GN 28.2, GW 43.2 g and YIL 6.26 t ha-1. Variation across varieties was higher than across growing seasons. Heritability varied from 0.66 for YIL to 0.94 for VP and GFP. This study confirmed that a sufficiently large genetic variability must be base for selecting appropriate varieties for the Pannonian zone conditions. In order to determine high yielding and quality barley extensive research in relation to breeding, variety choice for production and growing practice must be done.

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