scholarly journals Infant mortality rates according to socioeconomic status in a Brazilian city

2001 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Zubaran Goldani ◽  
Marco Antonio Barbieri ◽  
Heloisa Bettiol ◽  
Marisa Ramos Barbieri ◽  
Andrew Tomkins
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Neonatal Mortality Rate ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poor Area

OBJECTIVE: Data from municipal databases can be used to plan interventions aimed at reducing inequities in health care. The objective of the study was to determine the distribution of infant mortality according to an urban geoeconomic classification using routinely collected municipal data. METHODS: All live births (total of 42,381) and infant deaths (total of 731) that occurred between 1994 and 1998 in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, were considered. Four different geoeconomic areas were defined according to the family head's income in each administrative urban zone. RESULTS: The trends for infant mortality rate and its different components, neonatal mortality rate and post-neonatal mortality rate, decreased in Ribeirão Preto from 1994 to 1998 (chi-square for trend, p<0.05). These rates were inversely correlated with the distribution of lower salaries in the geoeconomic areas (less than 5 minimum wages per family head), in particular the post-neonatal mortality rate (chi-square for trend, p<0.05). Finally, the poor area showed a steady increase in excess infant mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that infant mortality rates are associated with social inequality and can be monitored using municipal databases. The findings also suggest an increase in the impact of social inequality on infant health in Ribeirão Preto, especially in the poor area. The monitoring of health inequalities using municipal databases may be an increasingly more useful tool given the continuous decentralization of health management at the municipal level in Brazil.

scholarly journals Infant mortality: comparison between two birth cohorts from Southeast and Northeast, Brazil

2004 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 773-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valdinar S Ribeiro ◽  
Antônio A M Silva ◽  
Marco A Barbieri ◽  
Heloisa Bettiol ◽  
Vânia M F Aragão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Northeast Brazil ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Neonatal Mortality Rate ◽  
Live Births

OBJECTIVE: To obtain population estimates and profile risk factors for infant mortality in two birth cohorts and compare them among cities of different regions in Brazil. METHODS: In Ribeirão Preto, southeast Brazil, infant mortality was determined in a third of hospital live births (2,846 singleton deliveries) in 1994. In São Luís, northeast Brazil, data were obtained using systematic sampling of births stratified by maternity unit (2,443 singleton deliveries) in 1997-1998. Mothers answered standardized questionnaires shortly after delivery and information on infant deaths was retrieved from hospitals, registries and the States Health Secretarys' Office. The relative risk (RR) was estimated by Poisson regression. RESULTS: In São Luís, the infant mortality rate was 26.6/1,000 live births, the neonatal mortality rate was 18.4/1,000 and the post-neonatal mortality rate was 8.2/1,000, all higher than those observed in Ribeirão Preto (16.9, 10.9 and 6.0 per 1,000, respectively). Adjusted analysis revealed that previous stillbirths (RR=3.67 vs 4.13) and maternal age <18 years (RR=2.62 vs 2.59) were risk factors for infant mortality in the two cities. Inadequate prenatal care (RR=2.00) and male sex (RR=1.79) were risk factors in São Luís only, and a dwelling with 5 or more residents was a protective factor (RR=0.53). In Ribeirão Preto, maternal smoking was associated with infant mortality (RR=2.64). CONCLUSIONS: In addition to socioeconomic inequalities, differences in access to and quality of medical care between cities had an impact on infant mortality rates.

scholarly journals KEGIATAN PENYULUHAN PADA REMAJA TENTANG PERSONAL HYGIENE DAN PUBERTAS DI KAMPUNG PAMEUNGPEUK DESA CIKUNIR KECAMATAN SINGAPARNA TASIKMALAYA TAHUN 2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-10
Author(s):  
Hapi Apriasih ◽  
Tupriliany Danefi
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Neonatal Mortality Rate ◽  
Postnatal Mortality ◽  
Hiv Aids

Seiring dengan  perkembangan zaman, masalah remaja makin bertambah di mana-mana khususnya di Indonesia.  Masa remaja adalah masa peralihan dari masa anak-anak ke masa dewasa. Masalah remaja di zaman ini bukanlah baru terjadi, tapi dari tahun sebelum-sebelumnya sudah sering terjadi, dimana masalah pada remaja yaitu pergaulan bebas,  tawuran, memakai narkoba, menonton film porno, meminum minuman alkohol, pesta pora dan masih banyak lagi masalah yang terjadi pada remaja.  Dan sekarang ini ada juga anak-anak yang masih duduk di bangku sekolah seperti SD, maupun SMP dan SMA sudah ada yang merokok, pergaulan bebas, meminum alkohol, menonton film porno, dan bahkan ada yang sudah hamil di luar nikah. Ini semua terjadi karena kurang adanya pengawasan dari orangtua atau keluarga, guru, dan pemerintah.  Masalah remaja tentunya  tak jarang lagi mendengar atau menonton dan bahkan melihat yang terjadi disekitar kita. Berdasarkan hasil Survei Kesehatan berbasis Sekolah di Indonesia tahun 2015 (GSHS) dapat terlihat gambaran faktor risiko kesehatan pada pelajar uisa 12-18 tahun secara nasional sebanyak 41,8 % laki-laki dan 4,1 % perempuan mengaku pernah merokok, 32,82 % doantara merokok pertama kali pada umur < 13 tahun. Gambaran faktor resiko kesehatan lainnya adalah perilaku seksual dimana didapatkan 8,26 % pelajara laki-laki dan 4,17 pelajara perempuan usia 12-18 tahun pernah melakukan hubungan seksual. Perilaku seks pranikah tentunya memberikan dampak yang luas pada remaja terutama berkaitan dengan penularan penyakit dan kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan serta aborsi. Kehamilan pada remaja tidak hanya berpengaruh terhadap kondisi fisik, mental dan sosial remaja tetapi juga meningkatkan resiko kematian bayi dan balita, seperti yang ditunjukkan SDKI 2012 dimana kehamilan dan persalinan pada ibu dibawah umur 20 tahun memiliki kontribusi dalam tingginya Neonatal Mortality Rate (34/1000 KH), Postnatal Mortality Rate (16/1000 KH), Infant Mortality Rate (50/1000 KH) dan under -5 Mortality Rate (61/1000 KH). Laporan triwulan Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Penyakit dan Penyehatan Lingkungan (Ditjen P2PL) mulai 1987 sampai dengan Maret 2017 menunjukkan bahwa tingginya angka kejadian AIDS di kelompok usia 20-29 tahun mengindikasikan kelompok tersebut pertama kali terkena HIV pada usia remaja. Di Desa Cikunir merupakan desa di wilayah Puskesmas Singaparna yang terdiri dari 3 dusun yaitu Gunung Kawung, Pameungpeuk, dan Anggaraja. Melalui kegiatan praktik kerja nyata mahasiswa Program Studi Kebidanan STIKes Respati Tasikmalaya melalui focus grup discucion (FGD) diperoleh informasi dari 35 responden remaja sebagai berikut 48,7 % belum mengetahui kesehatan reproduksi khususnya terkait infeksi menular seksual, 45,71 % sudah mempunyai pcar, 51,43 % tidak mengetahui tentang HIV/AIDS, 22,86% tidak mengetahui dampai pernikahan dini, dan 11,43 % setuju dengan pernikahan dini. Berdasarkan data tersebut diketahui bahwa pengetahuan remaja tentang kesehatan reproduksi remaja masih kurang dan akan berdampak pada permasalahan yang serius maka menjadi hal yang sangat penting untuk adanya upaya dalam hal peningkatan pengetahuan remaja , oleh karena diselenggarakan kegiatan penyuluhan tentang personal higyene dan masa pubertas pada remaja.

scholarly journals Socio-demographic determinants of under-five mortality in rural Agra

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
pp. 3108
Author(s):  
Krishan Kumar ◽  
Rajiv Srivastava ◽  
S. K. Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Neonatal Mortality Rate ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Live Births

Background: One of the most important indicator or index of socio-economic development of a country or region is infant mortality rate. The present study was undertaken to assess the quantum of childhood mortality and to find out the social factors associated with these deaths by verbal autopsies. Methods: This one year cross-sectional study was undertaken in a purposively selected community Development Block Sainyan, district Agra among children aged between 0-5 years using multistage random sampling technique. Suitable statistical methods were applied. Results: Out of total 8355 families surveyed, a total of 185 deaths were reported among children. Number of deaths was higher among those belonging to nuclear family and lower socioeconomic status. The neonatal mortality rate was estimated to be 33.55/1000 live births. The post neonatal mortality rate was found to be 40.78/1000 live births and infant mortality rate was 74.33/1000 live births. Mortality rate in 1-5 year age group children was 10.6/1000 same age group children, while 0-5 yrs. mortality was estimated to be 22.39/1000 children of same age group. Out of 185 children who died, 52.7% were unimmunized and another 35.67% were partially immunized. Conclusions: Female education and socioeconomic well-being should be strengthened. 

scholarly journals The Role of Place of Delivery in Preventing Neonatal and Infant Mortality Rate in India

Geographies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-62
Author(s):  
Ujjwal Das ◽  
Barkha Chaplot ◽  
Hazi Mohammad Azamathulla
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Place Of Delivery ◽  
At Home

Skilled birth attendance and institutional delivery have been advocated for reducing maternal, neonatal mortality and infant mortality (NMR and IMR). This paper examines the role of place of delivery with respect to neo-natal and infant mortality in India using four rounds of the Indian National Family Health Survey conducted in 2015–2016. The place of birth has been categorized as “at home” or “public and private institution.” The role of place of delivery on neo-natal and infant mortality was examined by using multivariate hazard regression models adjusted for clus-tering and relevant maternal, socio-economic, pregnancy and new-born characteristics. There were 141,028 deliveries recorded in public institutions and 54,338 in private institutions. The esti-mated neonatal mortality rate in public and private institutions during this period was 27 and 26 per 1000 live births respectively. The study shows that when the mother delivers child at home, the chances of neonatal mortality risks are higher than the mortality among children born at the health facility centers. Regression analysis also indicates that a professionally qualified provider′s antenatal treatment and assistance greatly decreases the risks of neonatal mortality. The results of the study illustrate the importance of the provision of institutional facilities and proper pregnancy in the prevention of neonatal and infant deaths. To improve the quality of care during and imme-diately after delivery in health facilities, particularly in public hospitals and in rural areas, accel-erated strengthening is required.

Annual Summary of Vital Statistics—1991

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 835-845
Author(s):  
Myron E. Wegman
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Divorce Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Marriage Rates ◽  
Final Data

Between 1990 and 1991, provisional data show that the infant mortality rate decreased again, from 9.1 to 8.9, a decline of 2% in contrast to the 7% decline from 1989 to 1990. Birth, death, and marriage rates were also lower, but the divorce rate stayed at about the same level as in 1990. Natural increase in the population, excess of births over deaths, was less than 2 million, 4% less than the increase in 1990. Detailed analysis of changes and of the influence of factors like age and race requires final data; at the time of preparation of this report final birth and death data were available only through 1989. For a variety of reasons, including staff shortages and delays in receipt of state data by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), final data for 1990, which would usually have been available in late August 1992, are not expected before early 1993. Unlike recent years, the decline in the infant mortality rate was only in the neonatal component, which decreased 3.6%. Postneonatal mortality increased, for the first time in many years, by 1.6%, suggesting that the decline in the total is related more to therapeutic advances in neonatology than to improved prevention. Internationally, newly independent Latvia was added to the list of countries with rates less than 15, but Costa Rica was deleted. With the reunification of Germany the list shrank to 28 and, by default, the United States moved up from 21st to 20th. Some 12.5 million births, less than 9% of the world total, took place in countries with under-5 mortality rates of less than 20 per 1000. At the other end of the scale, 42% of the world's births occurred in countries with under-5 mortality rates of more than 140 per 1000. The median under-5 mortality rate for those countries in 1990 was 189 per 1000, meaning that almost 20% of the infants born alive in these countries died before their fifth birthday.

scholarly journals Smoke-free legislation and neonatal and infant mortality in Brazil: longitudinal quasi-experimental study

2019 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2019-054923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Hone ◽  
Andre Salem Szklo ◽  
Filippos T Filippidis ◽  
Anthony A Laverty ◽  
Isabela Sattamini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression

ObjectiveTo examine the associations of partial and comprehensive smoke-free legislation with neonatal and infant mortality in Brazil using a quasi-experimental study design.DesignMonthly longitudinal (panel) ecological study from January 2000 to December 2016.SettingAll Brazilian municipalities (n=5565).ParticipantsInfant populations.InterventionSmoke-free legislation in effect in each municipality and month. Legislation was encoded as basic (allowing smoking areas), partial (segregated smoking rooms) or comprehensive (no smoking in public buildings). Associations were quantified by immediate step and longer term slope/trend changes in outcomes.Statistical analysesMunicipal-level linear fixed-effects regression models.Main outcomes measuresInfant and neonatal mortality.ResultsImplementation of partial smoke-free legislation was associated with a −3.3 % (95% CI −6.2% to −0.4%) step reduction in the municipal infant mortality rate, but no step change in neonatal mortality. Comprehensive smoke-free legislation implementation was associated with −5.2 % (95% CI −8.3% to −2.1%) and −3.4 % (95% CI −6.7% to −0.1%) step reductions in infant and neonatal mortality, respectively, and a −0.36 (95% CI −0.66 to−0.06) annual decline in the infant mortality rate. We estimated that had all smoke-free legislation introduced since 2004 been comprehensive, an additional 10 091 infant deaths (95% CI 1196 to 21 761) could have been averted.ConclusionsStrengthening smoke-free legislation in Brazil is associated with improvements in infant health outcomes—particularly under comprehensive legislation. Governments should accelerate implementation of comprehensive smoke-free legislation to protect infant health and achieve the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goal three.

Retrospective analysis of neonatal deaths secondary to infections in England and Wales, 2013–2015

2020 ◽  
pp. fetalneonatal-2020-319093
Author(s):  
Godwin Oligbu ◽  
Leila Ahmed ◽  
Laura Ferraras-Antolin ◽  
Shamez Ladhani
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Neonatal Mortality Rate ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Neonatal Deaths ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Extremely Preterm ◽  
Related Mortality

ObjectiveTo estimate the overall and infection-related neonatal mortality rate and the pathogens responsible using electronic death registrations.DesignRetrospective analysis of national electronic death registrations data.SettingEngland and Wales.PatientsNeonates aged <28 days.Main outcome measuresOverall and infection-related mortality rate per 1000 live births in term, preterm (28–36 weeks) and extremely preterm (<28 weeks) neonates; the contribution of infections and specific pathogens; comparison with mortality rates in 2003–2005.ResultsThe neonatal mortality rate during 2013–2015 (2.4/1000 live births; 5095 deaths) was 31% lower than in 2003–2005 (3.5/1000; 6700 deaths). Infection-related neonatal mortality rate in 2013–2015 (0.32/1000; n=669) was 20% lower compared with 2003–2015 (0.40/1000; n=768), respectively. Infections were responsible for 13.1% (669/5095) of neonatal deaths during 2013–2015 and 11.5% (768/6700) during 2003–2005. Of the infection-related deaths, 44.2% (296/669) were in term, 19.9% (133/669) preterm and 35.9% (240/669) extremely preterm neonates. Compared with term infants (0.15/1000 live births), infection-related mortality rate was 5.9-fold (95% CI 4.7 to 7.2) higher in preterm (0.90/1000) and 188-fold (95% CI 157 to 223) higher in extremely preterm infants (28.7/1000) during 2013–2015. A pathogen was recorded in 448 (67%) registrations: 400 (89.3%) were bacterial, 37 (8.3%) viral and 11 (2.4%) fungal. Group B streptococcus (GBS) was reported in 30.4% (49/161) of records that specified a bacterial infection and 7.3% (49/669) of infection-related deaths.ConclusionsOverall and infection-related neonatal mortality rates have declined, but the contribution of infection and of specific pathogens has not changed. Further preventive measures, including antenatal GBS vaccine may be required to prevent the single most common cause of infection-related deaths in neonates.

The Effects of Health Expenditures to Decrease Infant Mortality Rates in OECD Countries

2020 ◽  
pp. 357-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Funda Kara ◽  
İrfan Ersin
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Panel Cointegration ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Causality Analysis ◽  
Analysis Process

There is a positive relationship between the health level of the society and its economic development. The main reason is that improving quality of the lives and increasing lifetime has lead to higher economic performance. This evaluates the relationship between health expenditure and infant mortality rate in OECD countries. In the analysis process, 20 different countries in the OECD are selected and annual data of these countries for the years between 1980 and 2017 is evaluated with the help of Kao panel cointegration and Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality analysis. The findings show that there is long term relationship between health expenditure and infant mortality rates in OECD countries. Another important conclusion is that there is a causality analysis from health expenditure to the infant mortality rate. While considering these results, it is recommended that OECD countries should take some actions in order to increase health expenditure so that it can be possible to decrease infant mortality rate.

Determinants of Infant Mortality Rate in Malaysia: Evidence from Dynamic Panel Data Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-450
Author(s):  
Chor Foon Tang
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Dynamic Panel Data ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Female Education ◽  
Dynamic Panel ◽  
Governance Quality

Understanding the factors associated with the infant mortality rate is essential as it may guide policymaking in efforts to alleviate the high incidence of infant mortality. The aim of this study is to explore the major determinants of the infant mortality rate with specific focus accorded to research and development (R&D) and governance quality. Our analysis utilizes unbalanced panel data from 122 countries from 2001 to 2013. Using the dynamic panel data generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator, we find that income, health spending, female education, technological progress and governance quality have significant negative impact on infant mortality rates. It can thus be surmised that policies to reduce infant mortality rates should focus upon improving the level of income, female education, health spending and governance quality, besides encouraging R&D activities.

On the Measurement of Infant Mortality

1973 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 433-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. McCutcheon
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
England And Wales

In England and Wales prior to 1956 annual estimates for the infant mortality rate q0 were obtained as the quotient of an observed number of deaths and an exposure calculated by reference to the related births. Since 1956, however, infant mortality rates have been measured as the ratio of the numbers of deaths and births in a given calendar year (cf. reference 4, Part I, supplement to Table 24).

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