scholarly journals Boron mobility in eucalyptus clones

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1733-1744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackson Freitas Brilhante de São José ◽  
Ivo Ribeiro da Silva ◽  
Nairam Felix de Barros ◽  
Roberto Ferreira Novais ◽  
Eulene Francisco Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compound ◽  
Boric Acid ◽  
Root System ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Mature Leaf ◽  
The Other ◽  
B Mobility ◽  
Boron Mobility

Understanding the magnitude of B mobility in eucalyptus may help to select clones that are more efficient for B use and to design new practices of B fertilization. This study consisted of five experiments with three eucalyptus clones (129, 57 and 58) where the response to and mobility of B were evaluated. Results indicated that clone 129 was less sensitive to B deficiency than clones 68 and 57, apparently due to its ability to translocate B previously absorbed via root systems to younger tissues when B in solution became limiting. Translocation also occurred when B was applied as boric acid only once to a single mature leaf, resulting in higher B concentration in roots, stems and younger leaves. The growth of B-deficient plants was also recovere by a single foliar application of B to a mature leaf. This mobility was greater, when foliar-applied B was supplied in complexed (boric acid + manitol) than in non-complexed form (boric acid alone). When the root system of clone 129 was split in two solution compartments, B supplied to one root compartment was translocated to the shoot and back to the roots in the other compartment, improving the B status and growth. Thus, it appears that B is relatively mobile in eucalyptus, especially in clone 129, and its higher mobility could be due to the presence of an organic compound such as manitol, able to complex B.

scholarly journals Phloem mobility of Boron in two eucalypt clones

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1695-1704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edson Marcio Mattiello ◽  
Hugo Alberto Ruiz ◽  
Ivo Ribeiro da Silva ◽  
Jorge Eduardo Souza Sarkis ◽  
Júlio César Lima Neves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foliar Application ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Mature Leaf ◽  
Boron Deficiency ◽  
Isotope Tracer ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Productivity Losses ◽  
Leaves And Roots ◽  
B Mobility

Boron deficiency causes large productivity losses in eucalypt stands in extensive areas of the Brazilian Cerrado region, thus understanding B mobility is a key step in selecting genetic materials that will better withstand B limitation. Thus, in this study B mobility was evaluated in two eucalypt clones (68 and 129), under B sufficiency or B deficiency, after foliar application of the 10B isotope tracer to a single mature leaf. Samples of young tissue, mature leaves and roots were collected 0, 1, 5, 12 and 17 days after 10B application. The 10B:11B isotope ratio was determined by HR-ICP-MS. Samples of leaves and xylem sap were collected for the determination of soluble sugars and polyalcohols by ion chromatography. Boron was translocated within eucalypt. Translocation of foliar-applied 10B to the young tissues, mature leaves and roots was higher in clone 129 than in 68. Seventeen days after 10B application to a single mature leaf, between 14 and 18 % of B in the young tissue was originated from foliar B application. In plants with adequate B supply the element was not translocated out of the labeled leaf.

Morphological and physiological attributes of root systems and seedling growth in three different Picea glauca reforestation stock

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 1669-1681 ◽  
Author(s):  
M J Krasowski ◽  
J N Owens
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
System Size ◽  
The Other ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Forest Sites

The relationship between certain morphological characteristics of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) planting stock (STK) and post-planting seedling performance was evaluated. Root system size at planting, its expansion, and its capacity to conduct water during the first post-planting weeks were determined. These characteristics were related to the performance of STK planted on two forest sites and measured for three growing seasons and to the performance of seedlings grown in large wooden boxes buried in the soil outdoors for one growing season (grown without competition from other vegetation). The compared STK were (i) polystyroblock grown, (ii) polystyroblock grown with chemical root pruning, and (iii) peat-board grown with mechanical root pruning. After three growing seasons on forest sites, seedlings with mechanically pruned roots grew more above ground than did seedlings from polystyroblock containers. This difference in seedling growth performance was even more significant for seedlings grown in wooden boxes. Of these, the mechanically pruned seedlings grew more not only above the ground but they also produced larger root systems by the end of the first growing season. This was despite the initially significantly smaller root systems of mechanically pruned seedlings, compared with the other two STK. Early (5-7 weeks after planting) post-planting root expansion patterns in the three STK were significantly different, with the roots of mechanically pruned seedlings growing less than the roots in the other two STK. In spite of this, pressure-probe measured hydraulic conductivity and water flux through root systems increased during the first post-planting weeks in mechanically pruned seedlings while declining or changing little in the other two STK. It was concluded that root system size at planting and its early post-planting expansion did not relate well to the root system hydraulic properties or to the post-planting seedling growth performance.

Basal and maintenance respiration of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal root systems of conifers

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 872-877 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Marshall ◽  
David A. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Root Respiration ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
The Other ◽  
Silica Sand ◽  
Maintenance Respiration ◽  
Root Longevity ◽  
Respiration Rates

We measured CO2 efflux from root systems of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal conifer seedlings planted in silica sand and maintained in darkness for 11 to 15 days. We first compared methods of isolating the root system for root respiration measurement using Douglas-fir seedlings (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco). Shoot excision effectively isolated the root system and affected total root respiration only slightly. We used this technique to compare respiration rates of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal root systems of ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa Laws.) seedlings. Some seedlings were uninoculated; others were infected with an ectomycorrhizal species (Laccahalaccata or Hebelomacrustuliniforme) or an unidentified ectendomycorrhizal species. After shoot excision, respiration rates declined within 48 h to a "maintenance" respiration rate. Over the next several days, the respiration rate continued to decline to a much lower "basal" rate typical of nonphotosynthetic seedlings depleting their reserves. The maintenance respiration rate of the Laccaria-infected seedlings was significantly lower than those of the other treatments. The basal respiration rates of the two ectomycorrhizal treatments (Laccaria and Hebeloma) were lower than those of the other groups. Such reductions in respiration rate might strongly affect root longevity and whole-plant carbon budgets.

Dark Island heath (Ninety-mile Plain, South Australia). III. The root systems

1957 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Specht ◽  
P Rayson
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fibrous Root ◽  
Tap Root ◽  
Heath Community

This paper describes the nature of the root systems of the most important members of the heath community. Several variations of tap-root and fibrous root systems were observed. Tap-rooted species were either shallow rooting (1–2 ft) or deep rooting (6 or more feet into the clay subsoil). Two variations of deep tap-rooted species were observed. The tap-root of one decays with age; the laterals of the other produce frequent sucker shoots. In all forms of the deep tap-rooted species an extensive lateral root system was developed within the surface 12 in. of soil — the organic A1 horizon; the tap-root and occasional secondary vertical descended, often unbranched, to the subsoil. The fibrous root system may arise from stem bases, rhizomes, tubers, or underground stocks (caudices). With the exception of underground stocks, which had extensive roots in the A2 and A3 to B horizons, the other forms of the fibrous root systems were confined to the A1 horizon. The marked concentration of roots in the organic A1 horizon was illustrated in dry weight–depth curves. Most of the roots in the A2, and A1 horizons arose from the caudex of Xanthorrhoea australis R.Br.; the remainder were vertical roots which passed directly into the subsoil from the deep-rooted species. About 70 per cent of the species recorded in the heath had morphological characteristics which enabled them to survive a fire and sprout from perennating buds buried under the surface of the ground. Thus, although the aerial organs of the heath were destroyed by fire, the root systems provided a reserve of food and nutrients for the regenerating heath. The dry weight of the root systems was therefore scarcely influenced by fire and thereafter steadily increased in the organic A1 horizon as the stand aged. The presence of root nodules on species of Leguminosae and Casuarinaoeae as well as of haustoria on Exocarpos sparteus R.Br. and Euphrasia collina R.Br. Is recorded.

scholarly journals Clifford Spinors and Root System Induction: $$H_4$$ and the Grand Antiprism

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Philippe Dechant
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Invariant Sets ◽  
Simple Construction ◽  
Reflection Groups ◽  
Computational Work ◽  
Algebraic Framework ◽  
Underlying Geometry ◽  
Coxeter Plane ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractRecent work has shown that every 3D root system allows the construction of a corresponding 4D root system via an ‘induction theorem’. In this paper, we look at the icosahedral case of $$H_3\rightarrow H_4$$ H 3 → H 4 in detail and perform the calculations explicitly. Clifford algebra is used to perform group theoretic calculations based on the versor theorem and the Cartan–Dieudonné theorem, giving a simple construction of the $${\mathrm {Pin}}$$ Pin and $${\mathrm {Spin}}$$ Spin covers. Using this connection with $$H_3$$ H 3 via the induction theorem sheds light on geometric aspects of the $$H_4$$ H 4 root system (the 600-cell) as well as other related polytopes and their symmetries, such as the famous Grand Antiprism and the snub 24-cell. The uniform construction of root systems from 3D and the uniform procedure of splitting root systems with respect to subrootsystems into separate invariant sets allows further systematic insight into the underlying geometry. All calculations are performed in the even subalgebra of $${\mathrm {Cl}}(3)$$ Cl ( 3 ) , including the construction of the Coxeter plane, which is used for visualising the complementary pairs of invariant polytopes, and are shared as supplementary computational work sheets. This approach therefore constitutes a more systematic and general way of performing calculations concerning groups, in particular reflection groups and root systems, in a Clifford algebraic framework.

On Closed Subsets of Root Systems

1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 338-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Ž. Doković ◽  
P. Check ◽  
J.-Y. Hée
Keyword(s):  
Weyl Group ◽  
Root System ◽  
Irreducible Component ◽  
Product Space ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Inner Product Space ◽  
Inner Product ◽  
Closed Sets ◽  
Finite Dimensional ◽  
Real Inner Product Space

AbstractLet R be a root system (in the sense of Bourbaki) in a finite dimensional real inner product space V. A subset P ⊂ R is closed if α, β ∊ P and α + β ∊ R imply that α + β ∊ P. In this paper we shall classify, up to conjugacy by the Weyl group W of R, all closed sets P ⊂ R such that R\P is also closed. We also show that if θ:R —> R′ is a bijection between two root systems such that both θ and θ-1 preserve closed sets, and if R has at most one irreducible component of type A1, then θ is an isomorphism of root systems.

Spray-Tank-Mix Compatibility of Manganese, Boron, and Fungicide: Solution pH and Precipitation1

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. L. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Boric Acid ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Manganese Sulfate ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Deep Well ◽  
Cupric Hydroxide ◽  
Disodium Octaborate Tetrahydrate

Abstract Foliar application of manganese and boron mixed with pesticides in water solution is a common practice for peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production. This study was conducted to determine the compatibility of mixing manganese, boron, and leafspot fungicides using water from three sources. Spray mixtures of the chelated manganese salt of ethylene diamine tetra-acetate and the inorganic salts of manganese as manganese sulfate(TECMANGAMTM), manganese sulfate monohydrate, manganese chloride, and manganese nitrate were developed using deep-well water, shallow well water, or distilled water. Boron was added to these mixtures using boric acid or disodium octaborate tetrahydrate. In addition, all combinations were mixed with the leafspot fungicides chlorothalonil or cupric hydroxide plus sulfur. Mixtures were equivalent to recommended rates of manganese, boron, and fungicide applied to the foliage in 140 L ha-1 of spray volume. Measurements were made of solution pH and manganese remaining in solution after filtration. Development of precipitates was noted. In the deep-well water solution (pH = 8.0), addition of manganese sulfate, manganese sulfate monohydrate and manganese chloride caused precipitates to form. Manganese nitrate and chelated manganese solutions did not form precipitates. Addition of disodium octaborate tetrahydrate increased the tank-mix pH for all waters source, and caused increased precipitation of the manganese inorganic salts, but not the chelated manganese. Use of boric acid in the water lowered solution pH, and all manganese sources remained in solution. Spray-tank-mix pH was critical in keeping all manganese inorganic salts in solution. For all pH levels studied (pH 4.6 to 8.4) the chelated manganese remained in solution without formation of a precipitate. Chemical analyses of the filtrate showed that only 75 to 80% of the inorganic salts of manganese remained in solution with disodium octaborate tetrahydrate, while 100% of the chelated manganese salt remained in solution. Inorganic salts of manganese and disodium octaborate tetrahydrate should not be mixed with chlorothalonil, and none of the manganese materials should be mixed with cupric hydroxide plus sulfur as a spray-tank-mixture for foliar application.

Extension and Longitudinal Growth During the Development of Red Pine Root Systems

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. F. Fayle
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Longitudinal Growth ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Moisture Availability ◽  
Below Ground

Extension of the root system and stem during the first 30 years of growth of plantation-grown red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) on four sites was deduced by root and stem analyses. Maximum rooting depth was reached in the first decade and maximum horizontal extension of roots was virtually complete between years 15 and 20. The main horizontal roots of red pine seldom exceed 11 m in length. Elongation of vertical and horizontal roots was examined in relation to moisture availability and some physical soil conditions. The changing relations within the tree in lineal dimensions and annual elongation of the roots and stem are illustrated. The development of intertree competition above and below ground is considered.

scholarly journals Effects of foliar fertilization of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.) during the seed-filling stage

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (0) ◽  
pp. 551-563
Author(s):  
A.M.L. Neptune ◽  
T. Muraoka
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Root System ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Filling Stage

An experiment was carried out with common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.) in a Red Yellow Latossol, sandy phase, in order to study the influence of foliar spraying of the Hanway nutrient solution (NPKS) at grain filling stage on: 1) grain yield; 2) the uptake of fertilizer and soil nitrogen by this crop through the root system and 3) the efficiency of utilization of the nitrogen in the foliar spray solution by the grain. The results of this experiment showed that the foliar application of the Hanway solution with ammonium nitrate at the pod filling period caused severe leaf burn and grain yield was inferior to that of the plants which received a soil application of this fertilizer at the same stage. These facts can be attributed to the presence of ammonium nitrate in the concentration used. The composition of final spray was: 114,28 Kg NH4NO3 + 43,11 Kg potassium poliphosphate + 12,44 Kg potassium sulphate per 500 litres. The uptake of nitrogen fertilizer through the root system and the efficiency of its utilization was greater than that through the leaves.

Effects of Temperature on Root Morphology and Ectendomycorrhizal Development in Pinusresinosa Ait.

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh E. Wilcox ◽  
Ruth Ganmore-Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
First Order ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

Seedlings of Pinusresinosa were grown at root temperatures of 16, 21 and 27 °C, both aseptically and after inoculation with the ectendomycorrhizal fungus BDG-58. Growth after 3 months was significantly influenced by the presence of the fungus at all 3 temperatures. The influence of the fungus on root growth was obscured by the effects of root temperature on morphology. The root system at 16 and at 21 °C possessed many first-order laterals with numerous, well developed second-order branches, but those at 27 °C had only a few, relatively long, unbranched first-order laterals. Although the root systems of infected seedlings were larger, the fungus increased root growth in the same pattern as determined by the temperature.

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