scholarly journals Phloem mobility of Boron in two eucalypt clones

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1695-1704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edson Marcio Mattiello ◽  
Hugo Alberto Ruiz ◽  
Ivo Ribeiro da Silva ◽  
Jorge Eduardo Souza Sarkis ◽  
Júlio César Lima Neves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foliar Application ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Mature Leaf ◽  
Boron Deficiency ◽  
Isotope Tracer ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Productivity Losses ◽  
Leaves And Roots ◽  
B Mobility

Boron deficiency causes large productivity losses in eucalypt stands in extensive areas of the Brazilian Cerrado region, thus understanding B mobility is a key step in selecting genetic materials that will better withstand B limitation. Thus, in this study B mobility was evaluated in two eucalypt clones (68 and 129), under B sufficiency or B deficiency, after foliar application of the 10B isotope tracer to a single mature leaf. Samples of young tissue, mature leaves and roots were collected 0, 1, 5, 12 and 17 days after 10B application. The 10B:11B isotope ratio was determined by HR-ICP-MS. Samples of leaves and xylem sap were collected for the determination of soluble sugars and polyalcohols by ion chromatography. Boron was translocated within eucalypt. Translocation of foliar-applied 10B to the young tissues, mature leaves and roots was higher in clone 129 than in 68. Seventeen days after 10B application to a single mature leaf, between 14 and 18 % of B in the young tissue was originated from foliar B application. In plants with adequate B supply the element was not translocated out of the labeled leaf.

scholarly journals Boron mobility in eucalyptus clones

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1733-1744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackson Freitas Brilhante de São José ◽  
Ivo Ribeiro da Silva ◽  
Nairam Felix de Barros ◽  
Roberto Ferreira Novais ◽  
Eulene Francisco Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compound ◽  
Boric Acid ◽  
Root System ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Mature Leaf ◽  
The Other ◽  
B Mobility ◽  
Boron Mobility

Understanding the magnitude of B mobility in eucalyptus may help to select clones that are more efficient for B use and to design new practices of B fertilization. This study consisted of five experiments with three eucalyptus clones (129, 57 and 58) where the response to and mobility of B were evaluated. Results indicated that clone 129 was less sensitive to B deficiency than clones 68 and 57, apparently due to its ability to translocate B previously absorbed via root systems to younger tissues when B in solution became limiting. Translocation also occurred when B was applied as boric acid only once to a single mature leaf, resulting in higher B concentration in roots, stems and younger leaves. The growth of B-deficient plants was also recovere by a single foliar application of B to a mature leaf. This mobility was greater, when foliar-applied B was supplied in complexed (boric acid + manitol) than in non-complexed form (boric acid alone). When the root system of clone 129 was split in two solution compartments, B supplied to one root compartment was translocated to the shoot and back to the roots in the other compartment, improving the B status and growth. Thus, it appears that B is relatively mobile in eucalyptus, especially in clone 129, and its higher mobility could be due to the presence of an organic compound such as manitol, able to complex B.

scholarly journals Productive and qualitative performance of tomato plants as a function of the application of plant growth regulators and mineral nutrients

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 416-424
Author(s):  
Marília Caixeta Sousa ◽  
Luan Fernando Ormond Sobreira Rodrigues ◽  
Mônica Bartira da Silva ◽  
Janaina Oliveira Cruz ◽  
Marla Silvia Diamante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Ascorbic Acid Content ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Antioxidant Compounds ◽  
Macro And Micronutrients

The tomato fruit is rich in antioxidant compounds and has great nutritional and economic importance, annually promoting research on the nutritional and productive characteristics. The present study aimed to evaluate whether foliar application of commercial products based on growth regulators [auxin, cytokinin and gibberellin (Ax+CK+GA)], micronutrients [cobalt and molybdenum (Mi)] and mixtures of macro and micronutrients [nitrogen, boron, copper, molybdenum and zinc (Ma+Mi)], isolated and in combination, increase productivity and improve the post-harvest quality of tomato fruits (Predador F1). The experiment design used randomized blocks, with seven treatments and four repetitions, which were (T1) control; (T2) Ax+CK+GA; (T3) Ma+Mi; (T4) Mi; (T5) Ax+CK+GA + (Ma+Mi); (T6) Ax+CK+GA + Mi; and (T7) Ax+CK+GA + Mi + (Ma+Mi). The variables production, precocity, soluble solids content (SS), titratable acidity (TA), ratio (SS/TA), pH, total soluble sugars, ascorbic acid and weight loss were evaluated. The Ax+CK+GA application, isolated or in combination with Ma+Mi, promoted the precocity, and the use of isolated Ax+CK+GA and Mi improved the tomato plant productivity. The growth regulators, macro and micronutrients, isolated or in combination, increased the ascorbic acid content in the fruits.

scholarly journals Aqueous Garlic Extract as a Plant Biostimulant Enhances Physiology, Improves Crop Quality and Metabolite Abundance, and Primes the Defense Responses of Receiver Plants

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sikandar Hayat ◽  
Husain Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Ali ◽  
Kashif Hayat ◽  
Muhammad Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foliar Application ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Garlic Extract ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Plant Metabolites ◽  
Crop Quality

Biostimulants are the next-generation choice for sustainable agricultural production and are gradually becoming an alternative to synthetic chemicals. Various botanicals are proposed to exert stimulatory effects, and garlic allelochemicals are among such botanicals; however, a peer-reviewed scientific evaluation is required to understand garlic-derived substances such as biostimulants. Current studies were therefore performed to identify the bioactivity of garlic extract as a biostimulant to improve crop quality, alter its physiological potential, and prime its defense responses against pathogenic fungal infections. 100 µg mL−1 aqueous garlic extracts (AGE) in consort with 1 mM of acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) and distilled water as a control treatment were applied to eggplant and pepper seedlings as foliar application and fertigation methods. The results revealed stimulatory responses in the growth of the vegetables with improved plant height, number of leaves, root growth, fresh and dry weight, etc., due to AGE and ASA applications. Moreover, significant alterations were indicated in plant metabolites such as chlorophyll, carotenoids, and soluble sugars. Additionally, stimulation of the antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), as well as the root activity of these plants, was observed after treatment. Application of AGE and ASA also exerted priming effects on pepper plants, inducing defense responses prior to Phytopthora capsici inoculation, and the treated plants therefore successfully resisted infection through activated antioxidant systems, and probably carotenoid and other protectory metabolites. Stress-induced H2O2 content was extremely low in the treated plants, indicating successful resistance against pathogenic infection.

Responses of the apple plant to CO2 enrichment: changes in photosynthesis, sorbitol, other soluble sugars, and starch

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Pan ◽  
Z. Wang ◽  
B. Quebedeaux
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Carbohydrate Accumulation ◽  
Photosynthetic Rates ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Plant Photosynthesis ◽  
Apple Plant ◽  
Ambient Co2

There is no information on the effects of elevated [CO2] on whole-plant photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and other sorbitol-translocating plants. Experiments were conducted in controlled growth chambers to evaluate how increases in [CO2] affect plant photosynthesis and carbon partitioning into soluble sugars and starch in apple leaves. Apple plants (cv. Gala), 1-year-old, were exposed to [CO2] of 200, 360, 700, 1000, and 1600 µL L-1 up to 8 d. Whole-plant net photosynthetic rates were analysed daily after [CO2] treatments. Newly expanded mature leaves were sampled at 1, 2, 4, and 8 d after [CO2] treatments for sorbitol, sucrose, glucose, fructose, and starch analysis. Midday whole-plant net photosynthetic rates increased linearly with increasing [CO2], but the differences in whole-plant photosynthesis between CO2-enrichment and ambient [CO2] treatments were less significant as apple plants acclimated to high atmospheric [CO2] for 8 d. Increases in [CO2] significantly increased sorbitol and starch, but did not affect sucrose concentrations. As a result, the ratios of starch to sorbitol and starch to sucrose at 8 d after [CO2] treatments were increased from 0.05 and 0.06 to 0.8 and 1.6 as [CO2] increased from ambient [CO2] (360 µL L-1) to 1000 µL L-1 [CO2], respectively. The sorbitol to sucrose ratio also increased from 1.3 to 2.2 as [CO2] increased from 360 to 1000 µL L-1. Elevated [CO2] enhanced the photosynthesis of apple plants and altered carbohydrate accumulation in mature leaves in favour of starch and sorbitol over sucrose.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Profiling of the Salt Stress Response in the Leaves and Roots of Halophytic Eutrema salsugineum

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuanshun Li ◽  
Yuting Qi ◽  
Chuanzhi Zhao ◽  
Xingjun Wang ◽  
Quan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Salt Stress Response ◽  
Salt Shock ◽  
Eutrema Salsugineum ◽  
Leaves And Roots

Eutrema salsugineum can grow in natural harsh environments; however, the underlying mechanisms for salt tolerance of Eutrema need to be further understood. Herein, the transcriptome profiling of Eutrema leaves and roots exposed to 300 mM NaCl is investigated, and the result emphasized the role of genes involved in lignin biosynthesis, autophagy, peroxisome, and sugar metabolism upon salt stress. Furthermore, the expression of the lignin biosynthesis and autophagy-related genes, as well as 16 random selected genes, was validated by qRT-PCR. Notably, the transcript abundance of a large number of lignin biosynthesis genes such as CCoAOMT, C4H, CCR, CAD, POD, and C3′H in leaves was markedly elevated by salt shock. And the examined lignin content in leaves and roots demonstrated salt stress led to lignin accumulation, which indicated the enhanced lignin level could be an important mechanism for Eutrema responding to salt stress. Additionally, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) assigned in the autophagy pathway including Vac8, Atg8, and Atg4, as well as DEGs enriched in the peroxisome pathway such as EsPEX7, EsCAT, and EsSOD2, were markedly induced in leaves and/or roots. In sugar metabolism pathways, the transcript levels of most DEGs associated with the synthesis of sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, and xylose were significantly enhanced. Furthermore, the expression of various stress-related transcription factor genes including WRKY, AP2/ERF-ERF, NAC, bZIP, MYB, C2H2, and HSF was strikingly improved. Collectively, the increased expression of biosynthesis genes of lignin and soluble sugars, as well as the genes in the autophagy and peroxisome pathways, suggested that Eutrema encountering salt shock possibly possess a higher capacity to adjust osmotically and facilitate water transport and scavenge reactive oxidative species and oxidative proteins to cope with the salt environment. Thus, this study provides a new insight for exploring the salt tolerance mechanism of halophytic Eutrema and discovering new gene targets for the genetic improvement of crops.

scholarly journals Variability in Sorbitol: Sucrose Ratios in Mature Leaves of Different Peach Cultivars

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham J. Escobar-Gutiérrez ◽  
Jean-Pierre Gaudillére
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Genotype Interaction ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Japanese Group

The aim of this study was to investigate variability in the sorbitol: sucrose ratio (SSR) in source leaves of different peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] cultivars. Four- and 5-year-old trees of 58 cultivars were examined. Mature leaves were sampled on three dates in middle to late summer and analyzed for neutral soluble sugars using high-performance liquid chromatography. Differences in SSRs were observed. In most cultivars, the sorbitol content was at least twice that of sucrose. The maximal range of SSR occurred on the third date and ranged from 1.5 to 4.3. There was a date × genotype interaction (P < 0.01). When cultivars were grouped by country of origin, the mean ratios of the Japanese group were lower than those of the Italian and American groups for all three sampling dates. The SSRs of nectarines were higher than those of peach and canning clingstone-type cultivars. In general, variations in SSR were due mostly to differences in sucrose content. The SSR was negatively correlated with flowering date. These results indicate variability in SSR in peach germplasm, variability that seems to be related to the geographical origin of the cultivars.

scholarly journals Changes in Carbohydrate and Nitrogen Relationships during Episodic Growth of Ligustrum japonicum Thunb.

1997 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 634-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff S. Kuehny ◽  
William B. Miller ◽  
Dennis R. Decoteau
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Total Soluble Sugars ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Episodic Growth ◽  
Ligustrum Japonicum ◽  
Leaf Flush

Rooted cuttings of Ligustrum japonicum Thunb., an episodically growing species, were grown hydroponically in a controlled-environment growth chamber to determine allocation of glucose, mannitol, total soluble sugars, and total protein in mature leaves, flush leaves, stems, and roots. During the 65 days of episodic growth, 43% of the total soluble sugars was glucose and 33% mannitol. Glucose concentrations of mature leaves decreased during the first root growth episode, increased in almost all plant tissue during a shoot growth episode and decreased in all plant tissue at initiation of a second root growth episode. Mannitol concentrations in the roots and stems decreased during episodes of root growth and increased during a shoot growth episode when leaf flush mannitol concentrations increased. Radiolabeled C applied to leaves before the initiation of the first period of shoot elongation was translocated to the roots. After shoot elongation, just before a root growth episode, most labeled C was translocated to new shoots and roots. Autoradiographs indicated that subsequent episodes of shoot growth were supported by photosynthate from the previous shoot flush. Protein concentrations decreased in all plant tissues during shoot growth but increased in roots and mature leaves during root growth. Concentrations of 15N in leaf and stem tissue indicated retranslocated N supported each episode of shoot growth. Changes in endogenous C and N concentrations and allocation patterns in ligustrum were linked to the control of episodic shoot and root growth.

scholarly journals Effect of Salt Stress on Growth, Physiological Parameters, and Ionic Concentration of Water Dropwort (Oenanthe javanica) Cultivars

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunjeet Kumar ◽  
Gaojie Li ◽  
Jingjing Yang ◽  
Xinfang Huang ◽  
Qun Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽  
High Accumulation ◽  
Oenanthe Javanica ◽  
Leaves And Roots ◽  
Water Dropwort ◽  
Number Of Branches

Salt stress is an important environmental limiting factor. Water dropwort (Oenanthe javanica) is an important vegetable in East Asia; however, its phenotypic and physiological response is poorly explored. For this purpose, 48 cultivars of water dropwort were grown hydroponically and treated with 0, 50, 100, and 200 mm NaCl for 14 days. Than their phenotypic responses were evaluated, afterward, physiological studies were carried out in selected sensitive and tolerant cultivars. In the present study, the potential tolerant (V11E0022) and sensitive (V11E0135) cultivars were selected by screening 48 cultivars based on their phenotype under four different levels of salt concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 200 mm). The results depicted that plant height, number of branches and leaves were less effected in V11E0022, and most severe reduction was observed in V11E0135 in comparison with others. Than the changes in biomass, ion contents, accumulation of reactive oxygen species, and activities of antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidants were determined in the leaves and roots of the selected cultivars. The potential tolerant cultivar (V11E0022) showed less reduction of water content and demonstrated low levels of Na+ uptake, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in both leaves and roots. Moreover, the tolerant cultivar (V11E0022) showed high antioxidant activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), and high accumulation of proline and soluble sugars compared to the sensitive cultivar (V11E0135). These results suggest the potential tolerance of V11E0022 cultivar against salt stress with low detrimental effects and a good antioxidant defense system. The observations also suggest good antioxidant capacity of water dropwort against salt stress. The findings of the present study also suggest that the number of branches and leaves, GSH, proline, soluble sugars, APX, and CAT could serve as the efficient markers for understanding the defense mechanisms of water dropwort under the conditions of salt stress.

scholarly journals Effects of Boron Deficiency on Geranium Grown under Different Nonphotoinhibitory Light Levels

2009 ◽  
Vol 134 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sasmita Mishra ◽  
Scott Heckathorn ◽  
Jonathan Frantz ◽  
Futong Yu ◽  
John Gray
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
High Light ◽  
Translation Initiation Factor ◽  
Initiation Factor ◽  
Boron Deficiency ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Carbohydrate Status

Apart from a role in cell wall structure, specific functions for boron (B) in plants are unclear; hence, responses and adaptations to B stress are incompletely understood. We tested hypotheses that net photosynthesis (Pn) decreases with B deficiency before visible foliar symptoms and that higher nonphotoinhibitory light levels enhance soluble carbohydrate status and therefore mitigate B deficiency. Geranium (Pelargonium ×hortorum L.H. Bailey cv. Nittany Lion Red) plants were grown hydroponically and were then exposed to normal (45 μm) or deficient (0 μm) B at two light levels [100 or 300 μmol·m−2·s−1 photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)]. Photosynthesis [net CO2 uptake, carboxylation, and photosystem II (PSII) efficiency] was monitored for 5 days, as were concentrations of B, chlorophyll, soluble sugars, total protein, and several photosynthetic and stress proteins [ribulose 1,5-bisphospate carboxylase oxygenase (rubisco), rubisco activase, oxygen-evolving complex-23 (OEC23), Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), Mn-SOD, and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A-2 (eIF5A-2)]. Biomass and sugar concentration were greater in high light, and mass was decreased by B deficiency only in leaves in high light. Boron deficiency decreased [B] in all tissues, especially in new leaves. Carboxylation efficiency and Pn decreased within 1 day of B deficiency in low light, but not until 5 days in high light. Chlorophyll concentration decreased, and Mn-SOD increased transiently, with B deficiency in both light levels, but no other effects of low B were observed. Protection of Pn by higher light was confirmed in a different cultivar (Maverick White) grown at 100, 300, and 500 μmol·m−2·s−1 PAR. Thus, in geranium, photosynthesis is affected by B deficiency before effects on leaf growth, and higher light can at least temporarily ameliorate B deficiency, perhaps partly due to enhanced carbohydrate status.

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