scholarly journals Abscisic acid as a potential chemical thinner for peach

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 989-992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Antônio Giovanaz ◽  
Daniel Spagnol ◽  
Josiane Bartz ◽  
Mateus da Silveira Pasa ◽  
Fabio Clasen Chaves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Fruit Abscission ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Lignin Deposition

Abstract:The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of abscisic acid, applied at different rates and different fruit developmental stages, on the thinning of 'Chiripá' peach. Abscisic acid (ABA) at 500 mg L-1 was applied at three stages of fruit development based on lignin deposition: stage 1, at 24 days after full bloom (DAFB); stage 2, at 40 DAFB; and stage 3, at 52 DAFB. Only ABA application at stage 2 - 40 DAFB - reduced fruit set and the number of fruit per plant. Three ABA concentrations (350, 500, and 750 mg L-1) were then applied at 40 DAFB. All rates increased fruit ethylene production and fruit abscission.

scholarly journals Heat unit accumulation and inflorescence and fruit development in ‘Ubá’ mango trees grown in Visconde do Rio Branco-MG

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena Moreira Carvalho Lemos ◽  
Luiz Carlos Chamhum Salomão ◽  
Dalmo Lopes de Siqueira ◽  
Olinto Liparini Pereira ◽  
Paulo Roberto Cecon
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Developmental Cycle ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Heat Units ◽  
Mango Tree ◽  
Apical Bud

Abstract There are little information in the scientific literature on flowering and fruiting of ‘Ubá’ mango trees. These information enables to know the proportion of hermaphrodite flowers in inflorescence, fruit set percentage and developmental stages of the fruit. In this study evaluations on inflorescence and fruit development of the ‘Ubá’ mango tree (Mangifera indica L.) were carried out, as well as the determination of the required number of heat units for full fruit development. Thirty branches whose terminal buds were swollen were selected from five mango trees. With the aid of a camera and a caliper, the panicle and fruit development were evaluated weekly until full fruit development. A digital thermometer was used to record ambient temperatures during fruit development in order to estimate the number of heat units required for complete development of the fruits. Male and hermaphrodite flowers of the panicles were also identified and counted. The developmental cycle of ‘Ubá’ mango from the beginning of apical bud swelling to commercial harvest of the fruit lasted 168 days in 2011 and 154 days in 2012. The number of hermaphrodite flowers and the percentage of fruit set in the inflorescence in 2011 were 32.3 and 0.066%, respectively; and 122.1 and 0.099% in 2012, respectively. There was accumulation of 3,173 heat units from flower bud swelling to full development of the ‘Ubá’ mangoes.

scholarly journals Vruggroei van Macadamia integnfolia Maiden & Betche cv Keauhou in die Transvaalse Laeveld

1993 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-43
Author(s):  
A. J. Joubert ◽  
L. C. Holtzhausen
Keyword(s):  
Seed Development ◽  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Growth Phases ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Dormant Stage ◽  
Macadamia Integrifolia ◽  
Three Stages

The morphological changes of the fruit of Macadamia integrifolia, from fruit set to fruit ripening, were studied and the growth phases of the fruit are described. The length of the fruit growth period, from full bloom to fruit ripening, was 31 weeks and the growth period is divided into three stages. During Stage I, which lasted 2 weeks, the zygote was dormant. Stage II is the seed development period, which lasted 12 weeks. Stage III is the ripening period, which occurred over 17 weeks.

scholarly journals Time of metamitron application and concentration in the chemical thinning of ‘Maciel’ peach

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roseli de Mello Farias ◽  
Carlos Roberto Martins ◽  
Caroline Farias Barreto ◽  
Marcos Antônio Giovanaz ◽  
Marcelo Barbosa Malgarim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Fruit Abscission ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Peach Trees ◽  
Thinning Effect ◽  
Peach Orchard

Abstract In the peach tree cultivation, the producer has the challenge of obtaining good quality fruits and maintaining production in a balanced way over the years. Thinning favors these parameters and reduces the fruit load on plants. Manual thinning commonly practiced on peach trees requires high labor and increases production costs. Chemical thinning as an alternative to manual thinning, which depending on the species, time and concentration, has demonstrated high efficiency. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of metamitron applied at different seasons and concentrations on the chemical thinning of peach trees in southern Brazil. Experiments were conducted in a commercial peach orchard (‘Maciel’ cultivar), in the municipality of Morro Redondo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, during the 2015 and 2016 harvests. In experiment 1, metamitron at concentration of 200 mg L-1 was applied at 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 days after full bloom and manual thinning performed at 40 days after full bloom. In experiment 2, metamitron was applied at concentrations of 100 mg L-1, 200 mg L-1, 300 mg L-1 and 400 mg L-1 and manual thinning at 40 days after full bloom, in addition to control plants. Fruit abscission, fruit set, total number of fruits per plant, yield per plant, average mass and fruit diameter were evaluated. Metamitron at concentration of 200 mg L-1 has thinning effect when applied before 40 days after full bloom. Metamitron concentration of 100 mg L-1 applied at 40 DAFB promoted fruit abscission superior to manual thinning. Therefore, the application of metamitron to ‘Maciel’ peach trees close to full bloom at concentration of 100 mg L-1 results in thinning practice similar to manual thinning.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of Volatile Compounds and Expression of Related Genes in Fruit from Two Apple Cultivars during Different Developmental Stages

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1553
Author(s):  
Shuaishuai Feng ◽  
Chengtai Yan ◽  
Tianhao Zhang ◽  
Miaomiao Ji ◽  
Ru Tao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Aroma Compound ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Apple Cultivars

Aromatic volatile compounds are important contributors to fruit quality that vary among different cultivars. Herein, headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine changes in volatile compounds and related gene expression patterns in “Ruixue” and “Fuji” apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) during fruit development and maturation. Volatile compounds detected in the fruit of both cultivars exhibited similar trends across different developmental stages. In the early stages of “Ruixue” fruit development (60 days after full bloom), there were fewer volatile compounds, mainly aldehydes (87.0%). During fruit maturation (180 days after full bloom), the types and amounts of volatile compounds increased, mainly including esters (37.6%), and alkenes (23.2%). The total volatile concentration, the types of major volatile compounds, and their relative content in both cultivars varied across different stages. Gene expression analysis indicated that the upregulation of MdLOX, MdAAT2, and MdADH3 was associated with increased aroma compound content, especially esters, during fruit development in both cultivars. Changes in the expression of MdArAT, MdACPD, MdADH3, MdAAT2, and MdLOX may lead to differences in volatile compounds between apple cultivars.

scholarly journals GA3—INDUCED FRUIT SET OF RABBITEYE BLUEBERRY

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 689c-689
Author(s):  
Raguel Cano—M ◽  
Rebecca L. Darnell
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Development Period

The effects of different GA3 concentrations and application times on fruit set, fruit development period, and fruit quality in rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) were studied. Flower clusters were sprayed with 100 or 250 ppm GA3 at 90% full bloom and again 7 days later, or with 125 ppm GA3 at 90% full bloom and again 7, 21, and 42 days later, under greenhouse conditions. Fruit set was monitored every 10 days and fruit weight, fruit development period, soluble solids, and titratable acidity were measured at harvest. Fruit set in GA3 treatments averaged 69 to 76% compared to an average of 43% for the pollinated control. Weight of GA3 treated berries averaged 1.2, g while that of pollinated berries averaged 2.0 g. However, calculated total yield was greater for the GA3 treatments compared to the pollinated control, averaging 244 and 206 g/treatment, respectively. GA3 increased the fruit development period by 2 to 11 days, depending on the treatment. Soluble solids and titratable acidity were not affected by any treatment.

scholarly journals Physiological Factors Affecting Response of Mature `Valencia' Orange Fruit to CMN-Pyrazole. II. Endogenous Concentrations of Indole-3-Acetic Acid, Abscisic Acid, and Ethylene

2001 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 420-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongcai Yuan ◽  
Ulrich Hartmond ◽  
Walter J. Kender
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Abscission Zone ◽  
Endogenous Iaa ◽  
Fruit Abscission ◽  
Valencia Orange ◽  
Orange Fruit ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid ◽  
Observation Period

Endogenous concentrations of IAA and ABA in the peel, pulp, seed, and abscission zone of mature `Valencia' oranges [Citrus sinesis (L.) Osbeck] were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay from early November 1998 to mid-June 1999. Ethylene production of mature `Valencia' oranges during the same period was determined by gas chromatography. IAA concentrations in the pulp and seed were three to five times lower than those in the peel over the 7-month observation period. IAA concentration in the abscission zone and peel was high from late April to mid-May, the period of less responsiveness to abscission chemicals. ABA concentration in the pulp was low over the entire observation period. ABA concentration in the abscission zone and peel was low during the less responsive period. Ethylene production was always low except for a slight increase during late December and early February. The IAA to ABA ratio was high in the fruit abscission zone during the less responsive period. Fruit detachment force of CMN-pyrazole-treated fruit was positively correlated with the ratio of endogenous IAA to ABA or endogenous IAA, but negatively to endogenous ABA in the fruit abscission zone. These data suggest the balance between IAA and ABA in the fruit abscission zone may be an important factor in determining sensitivity and thereby the response of mature `Valencia' orange fruit to abscission chemicals. Chemical names used: abscisic acid (ABA); indole-3-acetic acid (IAA); 5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole (CMN-pyrazole).

scholarly journals Absorption and Distribution of Calcium (45Ca) Applied to the Surface of Orange (Citrus sinensis) Fruits at Different Developmental Stages

Agronomy ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
Claudia Bonomelli ◽  
Victoria Fernández ◽  
Franco Capurro ◽  
Carola Palma ◽  
Ximena Videla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
The Other ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Ca Transport ◽  
Rate Of Absorption ◽  
Fruit Surface ◽  
Scanning Electron

In this study, the rate of absorption and transport of calcium (Ca) in orange fruits (Citrus sinensis cv. Fukumoto) after surface treatment with 45Ca was evaluated by supplying treatments at different dates between fruit set and mid-phase II of growth (i.e., 30, 44, 66 and 99 days after full bloom, DAFB). 45Ca absorption was always detected, but 45Ca application at the fruit set was associated with the highest rates of Ca transport into the pulp (39%) compared to the other treatments (17–19%). Scanning electron microscopy SEM) images of the fruit surface showed the occurrence of stomata along with the entire rind at all the developmental stages evaluated. However, from the beginning of stage I, stomata began to collapse and develop plugs, and this became frequent as the fruit age increased. From 44 DAFB, oil gland density increased, and Ca oxalates (CaOx) were found in the fruit flavedo and albedo. Fruit Ca (not labeled) concentration increased from fruit set (30 DAFB) to 99 DAFB, although oil gland formation and rind growth and differentiation likely hindered Ca transport to internal fruit tissues (pulp). The total Ca concentration in the pedicel was always higher than that in the fruit, with no differences between the first three treatments. The information obtained in this study may be essential for improving Ca fertilizer efficacy in citrus by spray applications.

scholarly journals Chemically Thinning Spur `Delicious' Apples with Carbaryl, NAA, and Ethephon at Various Stages of Fruit Development

1996 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard P. Marini
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Fruit Thinning ◽  
Repeated Applications ◽  
Fruit Diameter

Chemical fruit thinners were applied to limbs or whole trees of spur `Delicious' at various stages of fruit development as indicated by fruit diameter. Carbaryl, naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), and ethephon all reduced fruit set when applied at a fruit diameter of ≈4 to 15 mm. Fruit thinning for NAA and carbaryl, alone or combined, generally was greater when applied at an average fruit diameter of 8 mm, rather than at 4 mm. Repeated applications of NAA or carbaryl were no more effective than single applications. NAA + carbaryl applied at 9 mm was more effective than NAA applied at 4 mm followed by carbaryl at 8 mm. Applied when fruit diameter averaged 17 to 22 mm, ethephon and ethephon + carbaryl were effective fruit thinners. When applied at full bloom to ≈10 and 20 mm, the insecticides ethion and oxamyl, respectively, were effective fruit thinners.

scholarly journals 184 Timing of Benzyladenine Application as a Chemical Thinner of `Empire' Apple

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 455d-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. E. Emongor ◽  
D. P. Murr
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Effective Time ◽  
Fruit Diameter

Benzyladenine (100 or 200 mg.litre-1) was applied to mature Empire/M.26 apple trees as dilute sprays 2, 4, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 20, 25, 27, 29 or 31 days after full bloom (DAFB). The most effective time of thinning was 25-29 DAFB (king fruit diameter 8.94-13.91 mm), and the thinning response to BA concentration was linear. Benzyladenine (BA) did not reduce fruit set when king fruit diameter was less than 5.35 mm, but BA significantly increased fruit weight, diameter (D), length (L) and L:D ratio compared to unsprayed controls and later BA treatments. BA - treated fruitlets had higher ethylene production, 24 hours and 7 days after spraying compared to untreated controls. We suggest that the response of apple fruitlets to BA applied as a thinner is mediated by ethylene. High fruit quality was obtained when BA was applied at 17-31 DAFB. Timing of BA sprays had no effect on seed number, though BA significantly increased seed number, fruit size, weight and L:D ratio. These results suggest that BA has the potential to substitute for the use of carbaryl as a thinner of apples in Ontario orchards.

scholarly journals Apple Thinning by Photosynthetic Inhibition

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.E. Byers ◽  
J.A. Barden ◽  
R.F. Polomski ◽  
R.W. Young ◽  
D.H. Carbaugh
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Fruit Abscission ◽  
Hand Pump ◽  
Photosynthetic Inhibition ◽  
Fruit Thinning ◽  
Leaf Yellowing

Shading (92%) of `Redchief Delicious' apple (Malus domestics Borkh.) trees for 10-day periods from 10 to 20, 15 to 25, 20 to 30, and 25 to 35 days after full bloom (DAFB) caused greater fruit abscission than shading from 5 to 15, 30 to 40, 35 to 45, or 47 to 57 DAFB. Fruit 8 to 33 mm in diameter (10 to 30 DAFB) were very sensitive to 10 days of shade, even though fruit sizes of 6 to 12 mm are considered the most sensitive to chemical thinners. In a second test, shading for 3 days caused fruit thinning; 5 days of shade in the periods 18 to 23, 23 to 28, and 28 to 33 DAFB caused greater thinning than 11 to 16 or 33 to 38 DAFB. Shading reduced photosynthesis (Pn) to about one-third that of noncovered trees. Terbacil (50 mg·liter-1) + X-77 surfactant (1250 mg·liter-1) applied with a hand-pump sprayer 5, 10, or 15 DAFB greatly reduced fruit set and caused some leaf yellowing, particularly in the earliest treatments. Terbacil reduced Pn by more than 90% at 72 hours after application. Shoot growth of trees defruited by shade or terbacil was equivalent to defruited or deblossomed trees; ethephon (1500 mg·liter-1) inhibited tree growth and defruited trees. No terbacil residues were dectected in fruit at harvest from applications made 5, 15, 20, 25, or 30 DAFB. Eleven of 12 photosynthesis-inhibiting herbicides were also found to thin `Redchief Delicious' apple trees. Shading caused more thinning than terbacil at the later applications, which may reflect poorer absorption and/or lesser photosynthetic inhibition than when terbacil was applied to older leaves.

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