scholarly journals Soil roughness indexes and their relationship with water erosion

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 756-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Zangiski ◽  
David José Miquelluti ◽  
Ildegardis Bertol ◽  
Júlio César Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Crop Cycle ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Soil Losses ◽  
Dimension Index

Abstract: The objective of this work was to express soil roughness through statistical, geostatistical, and fractal indexes, comparing and relating them to soil and water losses in different experimental conditions. The study was conducted from 2012 to 2015, in the municipality of Lages, in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, in a completely randomized design with two replicates. Three treatments were evaluated: T1, scarified soil at the end of the ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) crop cycle after removal of the shoot residue; T2, scarified soil at the end of the vetch (Vicia sativa) crop cycle after removal of the shoot residue; and T3, scarified soil without cultivation and without cover. The heights of the microrelief were read with a surface roughness tester with rods. Soil roughness was analyzed through the statistical, geostatistical, and fractal indexes. The fractal dimension and intersection distance showed a clear difference between the treatments with cultivation. All indexes, except R1, are associated with soil losses in the treatments with cultivation. As for water losses, there is only an association with the fractal dimension index and only in the treatment without cultivation.

scholarly journals Response of Lupinus bracteolaris seeds to pre-germinative treatments and experimental conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-66
Author(s):  
Luciana Pinto Paim ◽  
Eduarda Demari Avrella ◽  
Juliana Carolina Alves Horlle ◽  
Claudimar Sidnei Fior ◽  
Marília Lazarotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Substrate Temperature ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
White Light ◽  
Green Light ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Germination Time ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Germination Speed ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Contextualization: Lupinus bracteolaris is a heliophite species that vegetates low lands, open slopes and sandstone hills. Knowledge gap: Despite the high rusticity and potential for covering poor soils, there is still no information to assist in the analysis of its seeds. Purpose: To determine pre-germinative treatments, substrate, temperature, luminosity and water intake in the vigor of Lupinus bracteolaris seeds. Methodology: Fruits were collected from 20 matrix plants, then the seeds were processed and submitted to the following tests: pre-germinative methods (six treatments at 25°C); substrates and temperatures (sand and paper at 20, 25 and 30°C); photoblast test (white light, diffuse-green light and continuous dark under 20°C) and the imbibition curve (control and scarification between sandpaper under 20°C). Evaluations: percentage of germination and formed seedlings, germination speed index, average germination time and seedling formation, using a completely randomized design. Results and conclusions: According to the analyzed variables, the results showed superiority for the pre-germinative treatment between sandpapers for 20 seconds. In addition, the substrate paper germibox and the temperature of 20°C were the most suitable during seed germination. The seeds of Lupinus bracteolaris were classified as neutral-photoblastic and without dormancy.

scholarly journals Production and Nutrient Accumulation of Common Bean Cultivars under Competition with Weed

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.G. COELHO ◽  
L.P. DALVI ◽  
L.S.G. OLIVEIRA ◽  
F.L. OLIVEIRA
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Nutrient Accumulation ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Crop Cycle ◽  
Bean Yield ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

ABSTRACT: Improper management of weeds is one of the causes of low bean yield, as it is very susceptible to interference due to their slow initial growth. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of dayflower on grain yield and nutrient accumulation of bean cultivars. The experiment was carried out in a screened house, in 5 L pots, in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme. Factor 1 corresponded to the presence or absence of weeds, and factor 2 bean cultivars: BRS Pontal, BRS Agreste, BRS Ametista and BRS Estilo. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with five replications. The coexistence of bean and weed was maintained throughout the crop cycle. Chlorophyll content, number of pods per plant, number of grains per plant, nutrients contents (N - nitrogen, P - phosphorus, K - potassium, Ca - calcium, Mg - magnesium, Mn - manganese, Fe - iron and Zn - zinc) in grains were evaluated. Competition with weeds negatively influenced chlorophyll content, number of pods, yield and N content in grains. The interaction was significant to P, Mg and Fe contents in grains, demonstrating that competition with weeds may impair allocation of these nutrients, resulting in grains of inferior nutritional quality. The cultivar BRS Agreste was more efficient to accumulate P and Mg in grains in competition with dayflower.

scholarly journals Plastochron and yield of Physalis peruviana L. grown in different environments and transplanting dates

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1151
Author(s):  
André Ricardo Zeist ◽  
Juliano Tadeu Vilela de Resende ◽  
Daniel Suek Zanin ◽  
Israel Felipe Lustosa da Silva ◽  
Daniel Fernandes da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Physalis Peruviana ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Crop Cycle ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Reproductive Phases

This study aimed to estimate plastochron, leaf area, and yield of Physalis peruviana seedlings grown in different environments and transplanted on different dates. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial scheme, namely: two cultivation environments (protected and field) and three transplanting dates (10/27/2013, 12/15/2013, and 02/11/2014). Four replicates of eight plants were used per plot, and the four central plants composed the useful area. Based on mathematical models and temperature data, plastochron was estimated for the entire crop cycle and vegetative and reproductive phases separately. Leaf area and node number were measured, and their relationship established at the end of the study. Other variables assessed were fruit number, mass, and yield per plant. Our results showed that the higher temperatures in the protected environment anticipated phenological timings. Plastochron values of 60.0 and 16.5 °C day-1 can be used during vegetative and reproductive stages, respectively. The protected environment increased vegetative growth and development, as well as yield of P. peruviana seedlings. In the Guarapuava-PR region, P. peruviana seedlings should be transplanted during the spring so that higher fruit yield and quality could be achieved.

scholarly journals COMPETITIVE ABILITY OF CANOLA HYBRIDS WITH WEEDS

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. GALON ◽  
L. R. AGAZZI ◽  
L. VARGAS ◽  
F. NONEMACHER ◽  
F. J. M. BASSO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Competitive Analysis ◽  
Raphanus Sativus ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Competition Ability ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

ABSTRACTThe objective of the study was to assess the relative competitive ability of canola hybrids in the presence of turnip (Raphanus sativus) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) in different ratios of plants in the mixture. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse, in a completely randomized design with four replications. Treatments were arranged in ratios of canola against turnip or ryegrass: 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100. Competitive analysis of the species was accomplished by means of diagrams usually applied to replacement series and also by the relative competitiveness indices. Fifty days after the emergence of the species, measurements of leaf area and shoot dry mass were performed. There was a competition between canola hybrids and weeds, with reduction for all variables. There was a differential competitive ability among canola hybrids in the presence of turnip and/or ryegrass. Canola hybrid Hyola 433 was more competitive in the presence of turnip than Hyola 61, 76 and 571 CL. Hyola 61, 76, 433 and 571 CL do not differ in terms of competition ability when growing with ryegrass.

Utilização dos Extratos Botânicos de Noni (Morinda citrifolia), e Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) Sobre o Gorgulho (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) em Condições Experimentais

UNICIÊNCIAS ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Gleucinei Dos Santos Castro ◽  
Adriana Dantas Gonzaga de Freitas
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Sitophilus Zeamais ◽  
Morinda Citrifolia ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Toxic Plants ◽  
Synthetic Chemicals ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Vegetable Extract ◽  
Hormonal System ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

ResumoA partir dos anos 1940, o controle das pragas na agricultura objetivou eliminar completamente os insetos nocivos. Esta visão absoluta de encarar o problema teve origem na entomologia aplicada, em decorrência do desenvolvimento dos inseticidas orgânico–sintéticos, como os clorados, (DDT) e o hexaclorobenzeno (BHC). Os derivados botânicos podem causar diversos efeitos sobre os insetos, tais como: repelência, inibição de oviposição, da alimentação e alterações no sistema hormonal. Em decorrência disto, o presente trabalho objetivou investigar o potencial inseticida da planta (Morinda citrifolia L), e Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) sobre o gorgulho (Coleóptera: curcunidae) em condições experimentais, por via de contato. A ação tóxica do extrato foi avaliada utilizando cinco repetições, nas seguintes concentrações: 1:0;1/1/2; 1:1; 1:1 ½; 1:2 mais H2O como controle nos insetos em 5 repetições, após 24 horas, sendo efetuada  a contagem de insetos. Para a atividade inseticida, em placas de petri, aplicou-se a primeira concentração do extrato, com 20 insetos cada. A mortalidade foi avaliada, diariamente, durante 120 horas. Os dados foram submetidos a uma análise de variância em que  foi usado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições, sendo avaliada a mortalidade dos insetos. O uso de extrato vegetal, principalmente, o de noni surge como uma opção para o controle de pragas que associados a outras práticas contribui com a redução do uso de produtos químicos sintéticos, que são nocivos  ao homem.  Palavras-chave: Plantas tóxicas, Sitophilus zeamais, extrato vegetal. AbstractFrom the 1940s, pest control in agriculture aimed to eliminate harmful insects completely. This absolute view of the problem originated in the applied entomology, due to the development of organic-synthetic insecticides such as chlorinated (DDT) and hexachlorobenzene (BHC). Botanical derivatives can cause various effects on insects, such as repellency, inhibition of oviposition, feeding and changes in the hormonal system. As a result, the present work aimed to investigate the insecticidal potential of the plant (Morinda citrifolia L) and Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) on the weevil (Coleoptera: curcunidae) under experimental conditions by contact. The extract toxic action was evaluated using five replicates, in the following concentrations 1: 0; 1/1/2; 1: 1; 1: 1 ½; 1: 2 plus H2O as control in the insects in 5 replicates, after 24 hours, the insects were counted. For the insecticidal activity, in petri dishes, the first extract concentration was applied, with 20 insects each. Mortality was assessed daily for 120 hours.  Data were submitted to an analysis of variance where a completely randomized design with five treatments and five replications was used, as well as the mortality of the insects. The use of noni plant extracts appears as an option to control pests that associated with other practices contribute  to the reduction of the use of synthetic chemicals that are harmful to man.Keywords: Toxic plants, Sitophilus zeamais, vegetable extract.

scholarly journals Soil and water losses in eucalyptus plantation and natural forest and determination of the USLE factors at a pilot sub-basin in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 432-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bárbara Pereira Christofaro Silva ◽  
Marx Leandro Naves Silva ◽  
Pedro Velloso Gomes Batista ◽  
Lucas Machado Pontes ◽  
Elias Frank Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Eucalyptus Plantation ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Factor C ◽  
Soil Losses ◽  
Soil And Water

ABSTRACT Monitoring water erosion and the factors that control soil and water loss are essential for soil conservation planning. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil and water losses by water erosion under natural rainfall in eucalyptus plantations established in 2001 (EF2), and 2004 (EF1), native forest (NF) and bare soil (BS), during the period of 2007 to 2012; and to determine the USLE factors: rain erosivity (R), erodibility (K) of a Red Argisol and the cover-management factor (C) for EF1, EF2 and NF at a pilot sub-basin, in Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil. The R factor was estimated by the EI30 index, using rainfall data from a gauging station located at the sub-basin. The soil and water losses were monitored in erosion plots, providing consistent data for the estimation of the K and C factors. The sub-basin presented an average erosivity of 4,228.52 MJ mm ha-1 h-1 yr-1. The average annual soil losses em EF1 and EF2 (0.81 e 0.12 Mg ha-1 year-1, respectively) were below of the limit of tolerance, 12.9 Mg ha-1 year-1. The percentage values of water loss relating to the total rainfall decreased annually, approaching the values observed at the NF. From the 5th year on after the implantation of the eucalyptus systems, soil losses values were similar to the ones from NF. The erodibility of the Red Argisol was of 0.0026 Mg ha h ha-1 MJ-1mm-1 and the C factor presented values of 0.121, 0.016 and 0.015 for EF1, EF2 and NF, respectively.

scholarly journals Low-cost organic fertilizations and bioactivator for arugula-radish intercropping

2019 ◽  
pp. 773
Author(s):  
Fernando Teruhiko Hata ◽  
Virgínia Sousa ◽  
Gustavo Adolfo de Freitas Fregonezi
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Fresh Biomass ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Crop Cycle ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of boiled chicken manure doses (via fertigation), bokashi and Penergetic bioactivator on radish-arugula intercropping production variables. The treatments were control, Penergetic, Bokashi (9 g per plant), and boiled chicken manure (BCM) on 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10% concentrations in water, for fertigation. The following variables were analyzed: leaf biomass (LB), leaf length (LL), for both plants. Bulb fresh biomass (BB) and bulb volume (BV) variables for radish only. A completely randomized design with nine replicates was used for first and second crop cycles, and five replicates, for third crop cycle. All production variables were influenced by the treatments, except radish LL, on third cycle. Bokashi increased production variables of arugula and radish. Penergetic increased radish bulb biomass (two cycles, only) and bulb volume. BCM increased arugula biomass at 10% and radish bulb biomass at 7.5% on three crop cycles, and with BCM concentration at 5, 7.5% and 10% bulb volume was increased (two crop cycles, only).

scholarly journals Soil water erosion under different cultivation systems and different fertilization rates and forms over 10 years

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1918-1928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ildegardis Bertol ◽  
Fabrício Tondello Barbosa ◽  
Álvaro Luiz Mafra ◽  
Murilo Córdova Flores
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Common Vetch ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Soil Losses

The action of rain and surface runoff together are the active agents of water erosion, and further influences are the soil type, terrain, soil cover, soil management, and conservation practices. Soil water erosion is low in the no-tillage management system, being influenced by the amount and form of lime and fertilizer application to the soil, among other factors. The aim was to evaluate the effect of the form of liming, the quantity and management of fertilizer application on the soil and water losses by erosion under natural rainfall. The study was carried out between 2003 and 2013 on a Humic Dystrupept soil, with the following treatments: T1 - cultivation with liming and corrective fertilizer incorporated into the soil in the first year, and with 100 % annual maintenance fertilization of P and K; T2 - surface liming and corrective fertilization distributed over five years, and with 75 % annual maintenance fertilization of P and K; T3 - surface liming and corrective fertilization distributed over three years, and with 50 % annual maintenance fertilization of P and K; T4 - surface liming and corrective fertilization distributed over two years, and with 25 % annual maintenance fertilization of P and K; T5 - fallow soil, without liming or fertilization. In the rotation the crops black oat (Avena strigosa ), soybean (Glycine max ), common vetch (Vicia sativa ), maize (Zea mays ), fodder radish (Raphanus sativus ), and black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris ). The split application of lime and mineral fertilizer to the soil surface in a no-tillage system over three and five years, results in better control of soil losses than when split in two years. The increase in the amount of fertilizer applied to the soil surface under no-tillage cultivation increases phytomass production and reduces soil loss by water erosion. Water losses in treatments under no-tillage cultivation were low in all crop cycles, with a similar behavior as soil losses.

scholarly journals WATER EROSION IN EUCALYPTUS FOREST IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF OTACÍLIO COSTA (SC)

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilmar Souza Pereira ◽  
Ildegardis Bertol ◽  
Bruno Afonso Magro ◽  
Ariane Andreola ◽  
Bárbara Bagio
Keyword(s):  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Eucalyptus Forest ◽  
Soil Preparation ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Soil Losses

ABSTRACT Water erosion is the main factor of degradation and reduction of the productive capacity of the soil, requiring management operations that minimize water and soil losses and at the same time maximize crop productivity. The research aimed to quantify losses by water erosion and, in the runoff water, determine the levels and total losses of P and K during the development of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus benthamii). Eucalyptus was planted in three types of soil preparation: minimum preparation in the direction of the slope, minimum preparation in the contour of the slope, and semi-mechanized preparation, in an experiment in southern Brazil on a Haplic Dystrudept soil. We observed that the mechanical preparation of the soil carried out in the direction of the slope is less effective in controlling soil losses than the mechanical carried out perpendicularly to the slope and also less effective than the manual in pits, in which the soil losses are equivalent to 10% of those that occur in the direction of the slope. As for the control of water losses, manual preparation in pits is more effective than the two mechanized preparations. The greatest losses of soil occur in the fall, with losses 27 times greater in relation to the other seasons of the year, and the greatest losses of water occurred in the mechanized preparation perpendicular to the slope and in the manual preparation. Water losses vary less than soil losses, regardless of the type of soil preparation and the season. The losses of phosphorus and potassium by the Runoff water vary with the contents in the soil, with the type of soil preparation and with the moment of evaluation.

scholarly journals Produtividade de Cártamo Conduzido com Diferentes Números de Capítulos por Planta

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-185
Author(s):  
Janine Farias Menegaes ◽  
Rogério Antonio Bellé ◽  
Ubirajara Russi Nunes
Keyword(s):  
Harvest Index ◽  
Carthamus Tinctorius ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Crop Cycle ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Growing Conditions

O cártamo (Carthamus tinctorius L.) caracteriza-se por uma cultura de vasta aptidão de uso desde ornamental a oleífero, sendo cultivado comercialmente em mais de 60 países. Objetiva-se com este trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade de cártamo conduzido com diferentes números de capítulos por planta. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, organizado em esquema fatorial 8x6 (épocas de semeadura e capítulos por planta), com cinco repetições. As épocas de semeadura ocorreram nas primeiras quinzenas estacionais dos anos de 2016 a 2018, e as plantas foram conduzidas com 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 e 6 capítulos, formando a densidade de 80 plantas m-2. Avaliaram-se os períodos dos estádios fenológicos, ciclo da cultura, produtividade e índice de colheita (IC). Verificou-se que as plantas de cártamo apresentam boa plasticidade conforme as condições de cultivo em que são submetidas, podendo ser cultivada anualmente. O ciclo de cultivo varia em média 136; 97; 93,5 e 146,5 dias após a semeadura, para as épocas de semeaduras realizadas nas estações de inverno, primavera, verão e outono, respectivamente, com IC médio de 0,35. A produtividade destaque ocorreu com a média de 6.042,2 kg ha-1, com as semeaduras realizadas no outono e com as plantas contendo seis capítulos. Palavras-chave: Carthamus tinctorius L..Épocas de Semeaduras. Sementes. Abstract Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is characterized by a culture of wide use from ornamental to oil, being commercially cultivated in more than 60 countries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the productivity of safflower conducted with different numbers of chapters per plant. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, arranged in an 8x6 factorial scheme (sowing times and chapters per plant), with five replications. Sowing seasons occurred in the first fortnightly seasons from 2016 to 2018, and the plants were conducted with 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 and 6 chapters, forming the density of 80 plants m-2. The periods of phenological stages, crop cycle, yield and harvest index (HI) were evaluated. Safflower plants have been found to have good plasticity according to the growing conditions in which they are submitted and can be grown annually. The cultivation cycle varies on average 136; 97; 93.5 and 146.5 days after sowing, for sowing seasons carried out in the winter, spring, summer and autumn seasons, respectively, with an average HI of 0.35. Highlighted yield occurred with an average of 6.042,2 kg ha-1, sowing in the fall and plants containing six chapters. Keywords: Carthamus tinctorius L.. Sowing Dates. Seeds.

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