Sagittal changes in lower incisors by the use of lingual arch

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate a sagittal variation on the lower incisors with the use of the lingual arch on the transition from mixed to permanent dentition. METHODS: The sample was constituted of 44 Caucasian patients (26 girls and 18 boys), divided in two groups: CG, control group, monitoring the lower arch space with no orthodontic/orthopedic treatment during the rated period (n = 14); EG, experimental group, presenting anterior inferior mild crowding and installation of the lingual arch for space maintenance (n = 30). The position of the lower incisors was analyzed on computerized cephalometric tracings performed at the beginning of the monitoring (T1) and at the end, on the permanent dentition (T2). In order to evaluate the position of the incisors it was used Tweed and Steiner measurements: IMPA, 1.NB and 1-NB. The alterations were analyzed through the "t" test for paired samples, while the differences between the groups were analyzed through the "t" test for independent samples, as for sexual dimorphism. RESULTS: The values in T2 were greater in relation to T1 for all measurements on EG (IMPA, p = 0.038; 1.NB, p = 0.007 and 1-NB, p < 0.0001). On comparing the differences (T2-T1) between CG and EG, it can be gauged differences significantly superior for measure 1.NB (p = 0.002) and 1-NB (p < 0.0001) on EG. There was no statisticaly significant difference between genres. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the lower incisors were projected after using the lingual arch to control the space on the transition from mixed to permanent dentition, however, within acceptable standards, not having difference between genres.

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Demonstration Technique to Improve Vocabulary and Grammar Element in Teaching Speaking at EFL Learners

English Language Teaching ◽

10.5539/elt.v11n2p26 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 26

Author(s):

Muhammad Husnu

Keyword(s):

T Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Efl Learners ◽

Paired Samples ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Post Test ◽

Class Iib ◽

And Control ◽

Academic Year ◽

Experimental Group

This study aimed at examining the effectiveness of demonstration technique to improve vocabulary and grammar element in teaching speaking at EFL learners. This research applied true-experimental design. The respondents of the study were 32 students (class IIA) as experimental group and 32 students (class IIB) as control group from the second semester of Economic Departments of Hamzanwadi University in the academic year 2016-2017. To collect the data, a pre-test and a post-test were given to the EFL learners. To analyze the data, the researcher applied SPSS 17 for windows. To analyze whether there was a significant difference in the mean score between pre-test and post-test, the researcher used a paired-samples t-test to get answer of the hypothesis. After performing a paired-samples t-test, the researcher found that there was a significant difference in mean scores between experimental and control group and t-test score is higher than t-table, it meant that demonstration technique was significantly effective in teaching speaking, especially to improve the element of vocabulary and grammar in teaching speaking at EFL learners.

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The Effect of WeChat-Based Online Instruction on EFL Learners’ Vocabulary Knowledge

Education Research International ◽

10.1155/2021/8825450 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Ehsan Namaziandost ◽

Arash Hashemifardnia ◽

Albina Anvarovna Bilyalova ◽

Doris Fuster-Guillén ◽

Jessica Paola Palacios Garay ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Online Instruction ◽

Vocabulary Instruction ◽

T Test ◽

Vocabulary Knowledge ◽

Placement Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Efl Learners ◽

Paired Samples ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Experimental Group

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of online instruction through different mobile applications has become more common in education all over the world. Therefore, this research investigated the potential effects of using WeChat-based online instruction on Iranian EFL learners’ vocabulary knowledge. To achieve this objective, 44 Iranian intermediate subjects were picked out among 67 students based on the findings of the Oxford Quick Placement Test (OQPT). The subjects were then randomly divided into two equal groups: experimental and control. After assigning the subjects to two groups, they were pretested by a vocabulary test. Then, the experimental group received vocabulary instruction using WeChat application, while the control group received a conventional vocabulary instruction. After the instruction, a vocabulary posttest was given to both groups to assess the effectiveness of the treatment. The gathered data were analyzed through independent samples t-test, one-way ANCOVA, and paired samples t-test. The outcomes attained in this research demonstrated that there was a significant difference between the posttests of both groups in favor of the experimental group. Eventually, the conclusions and the pedagogical implications of this study were explicated.

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Text-based Character in Teaching Reading: Do Students Can Achieve Significant Result in Reading Test?

Utamax : Journal of Ultimate Research and Trends in Education ◽

10.31849/utamax.v3i1.5629 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 21-28

Author(s):

Hasan Hasan ◽

Andi Sadapotto ◽

Muhammad Hanafi ◽

Usman Usman

Keyword(s):

Alternative Hypothesis ◽

T Test ◽

Reading Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Good Classification ◽

Post Test ◽

The Mean ◽

And Control ◽

Experimental Group

This quasi-experimental study involves the experimental and control group which consist of 60 students in first year of SMA Muhammadiyah Sidenreng Rappang 2019/2020 academic year. The reading test is used to collect data to find out do the students can achieve significant result in reading test using Text-based Character. Based on the result the mean score of the experimental group pre-test was 72.67 and classified into good classification, while the control group was 69.63 classified into good. The mean score of the post-test after treatment for the experimental group was 82.43 (very good) while the control group was 76.53, (good) classification still. The researcher found that the T-table is higher than the t-test (α) (1.659<2.021). It means that there is a significant difference in the pre-test of the control and experimental group, while in post-test of an experimental and control group, the researcher finds that the T-test is higher than the alpha and previous score in the the pre-test (α) (3.089>2.021). The degree of freedom is 58. This study reveals that the alternative hypothesis (H1) was accepted, and the null hypothesis (H0) was rejected. This is means that the use of Text-based Characters can improves students' reading skills in significant way.

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THE EFFECT OF SHORT MESSAGE SERVICE (SMS) TEXTING ON MEDICATION ADHERENCE AMONG TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS

Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Immanuel ◽

10.36051/jiki.v13i1.83 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 49

Author(s):

Yunus Adhy Prasetyo

Keyword(s):

Medication Adherence ◽

Short Message Service ◽

T Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Short Message ◽

Tuberculosis Patients ◽

The Public ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Message Service ◽

Experimental Group

The study was conducted to examine the effect of Short Message Service (SMS) Texting on medication adherence among tuberculosis patients. 68 persons diagnosed with tuberculosis and registered in the public health center in Klari, Karawang, West Java, Indonesia, were randomly appointed to an experimental or control group; 34 persons assigned to each group. Participants in the experimental group received routine SMS Texting, while those in the control group receive none. Data were analyzed using Dependent t-test and Independent t-test. The results indicated that after participating by receiving SMS texting, there was a significant improvement in medication adherence in TB patients in the experimental group, which was shown by significant difference in mean score of medication adherence. In addition, after participating in the program, there was a meaningful difference in mean scores of medication adherence between the experimental group (X=6.38, SD=0.85) and the control group (X=3.64, SD=1.04), p<0.01. The SMS Texting method appears to be effective in improving medication adherence among TB patients.

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Use of Maple Software to Reduce Student Teachers’ Errors in Differential Calculus

African Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Studies ◽

10.52589/ajmss-kbcfarpr ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 32-46

Author(s):

Sallah E.K. ◽

Joshua K.S. ◽

Alex O.

Keyword(s):

Student Teachers ◽

Differential Calculus ◽

Teaching And Learning ◽

Data Gathering ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

T Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Experimental Group

The study was conducted on the use of Maple software to reduce student teachers’ errors in Differential Calculus at Evangelical Presbyterian College of Education, Volta Region - Ghana. The research design for the study was quasi-experimental non-equivalent control group design. Convenience and simple random sampling techniques were employed to obtain a sample of 104 student teachers, which comprised 53 student teachers in the control group and 51 in the experimental group. Test items were the instruments used for data gathering. Descriptive, paired samples t-test and independent samples t-test were used in analyzing data. Descriptive content error analysis revealed that student teachers committed many conceptual, procedural and technical errors when solving tasks in the differential calculus. The results also indicated that there was a statistically significant difference between student teachers’ of the experimental group exposed to the use of Maple software in learning differential calculus to control groups exposed to traditional methods. Consequently, it was recommended that Maple assisted instruction be incorporated in the teaching and learning of differential calculus in the school; and also there is the need for the mathematics teachers in the school to employ blended teaching approaches, in which Maple software are used simultaneously to enhance teaching of mathematics concepts.

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Pengaruh Penambahan Hidroksiapatit dari Cangkang Telur Ayam Terhadap Kekerasan Permukaan GIC

Jurnal Material Kedokteran Gigi ◽

10.32793/jmkg.v5i2.247 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 8

Author(s):

Putri Ajri Mawadara ◽

Martha Mozartha ◽

Trisnawaty K

Keyword(s):

Dental Materials ◽

Surface Hardness ◽

T Test ◽

Control Group ◽

System A ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Calcium Source ◽

Chicken Eggshell ◽

Restorative Dental Materials ◽

Experimental Group

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a bioceramic with excellentbiocompatible properties, and composition and crystal structure similar to apatite in the human dental structure and skeletal system. A number of researchers have attempted to evaluate the effect of the addition of HA powders to increasemechanical properties of restorative dental materials. In this study, HA was synthesized using chicken eggshell as calcium source for synthesizing HA by using precipitation technique. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of incorporation of eggshell-derived HA on the surface hardness GIC (Fuji IX GP). Specimens were divided into two groups: group GIC without incorporation of HA as control group (n = 16) and group GIC with incorporation of 5% HA as experimental group (n = 16). Total of specimens were 32 cylinders 5mm diameter and 2mm height. Surface hardness GIC was measured with vickers microhardness tester. Data wasanalyzed by unpaired T-test. The mean of surface hardness for GIC control group was 51.37 ± 1,63VHN and the experimental group was 56.60 ± 1,22HVN. The results T-test showed a significant difference between groups (p<0.05). It can be concluded thatincorporation of eggshell-derivedHA could increasesurface hardness of GIC.

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Evaluating the Effect of Slow-Stroke Back Massage on the Anxiety of Candidates for Cataract Surgery

International Journal of Therapeutic Massage & Bodywork Research Education & Practice ◽

10.3822/ijtmb.v12i2.439 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 12-17

Author(s):

Maryam Keramati, MD ◽

Mohammad Sadegh Sargolzaei, MSc ◽

Ali Moghadasi ◽

Mohammad Hasan Basirinezhad, MSc ◽

Reza Mohammadpourhodki

Keyword(s):

Cataract Surgery ◽

Intervention Group ◽

T Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Paired Samples ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Student’S T ◽

Dependent Samples ◽

Student’S T Test ◽

Back Massage

Background: The patients under cataract sur-gery often experience anxiety not only during the surgery, but also prior to the surgery.Purpose: We sought to determine the effects of slow-stroke back massage on anxiety in patients undergoing cataract surgery. Setting: The study was conducted in the Amiral-momenin Hospital of Zabol city, south-east of Iran.Participants: A total of 60 candidates of cataract surgery participated in the study.Research Design: The participants were ran-domly allocated to either control or intervention groups. The intervention group received slow-stroke back massages, while patients in control group received routine interventions.Intervention: The slow-stroke back massage was performed on the patients assigned to the interven-tion group. The intervention was performed in the morning of the surgery day at 30 minutes before the surgery. The researcher performed each mas-sage session in a sitting position. The duration of each massage session was 15 minutes. Main Outcome Measures: Anxiety was assessed in the both groups in the morning of the surgery, before and immediately after the intervention. In-dependent samples Student’s t test, paired samples Student’s t test, and chi-squared test were used to analyze the data.Results: Anxiety was not significantly different between the two groups before and after the mas-sage (p = .816). On the other hand, paired samples Student’s t test showed a significant difference comparing the anxiety scores before (49.7±5.43) and after (45.16±3.89) the massage in the interven-tion group (p < .001). Conclusions: Based on our results, slow-stroke back massage, which is a low-cost and safe method, reduced anxiety in patients who were candidates for cataract surgery.

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Effectiveness of Video Lecture Material as Instructional Tool for a Statistics Class

IAMURE International Journal of Education ◽

10.7718/iamure.ije.v10i1.883 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

CAMILA L. LIKIT ◽

RENAN P. LIMJUCO

Keyword(s):

Experimental Design ◽

T Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Instructional Tool ◽

Video Lecture ◽

Lecture Material ◽

Lecture Method ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Quasi Experimental ◽

Experimental Group

The quest for better strategies in teaching is a never-ending process. This scenario is heightened more by the myriad online instructional materials fit for classroom use. The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of video lecture materials for statistics proficiency of first year students of Davao Doctors College.The researchers employed quasi-experimental design that involved purposively chosen 31 students for the control group and 26 students for the experimental group. The control group received traditional instruction while the experimental group utilized video lecture materials as the instructional tool. The questionnaire consisted 50 multiple choice items and established a reliability index of .82. This investigation used t-test analysis to establish the same level of statistics proficiency among the students before the conduct of the study. The study concluded that both learning strategies were effective in teaching students the basic concepts of statistics as indicated by the significant improvement of their pre-test to posttest scores. Although the posttest results of the students who were taught using video lecture materials were higher than those supervised using lecture method, the significance of this difference was never established. Thus, the use of video learning material as an instructional tool in statistics is equally effective with the traditional lecture method. Keywords - Mathematics education, video lecture material, effectiveness, statisticsproficiency, quasi-experimental design, significant difference, t-test, Philippines

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The Effects of Using Instructional Conversation Method on Oral Autonomy of Iranian Intermediate EFL Learners

Theory and Practice in Language Studies ◽

10.17507/tpls.0606.08 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (6) ◽

pp. 1191

Author(s):

Sahar Ghaffari ◽

Mohammad Ali Fatemi

Keyword(s):

Proficiency Test ◽

Role Playing ◽

T Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Instructional Conversations ◽

Efl Learners ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Instructional Conversation ◽

The Impact ◽

Experimental Group

This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the impact of instructional conversations on oral autonomy of Iranian English as Foreign Language (EFL) learners. Forty-nine Iranian intermediate EFL learners from three language institutes in Sarakhs were selected as the participants of the study based on their scores in Nelson Proficiency Test. Administering Nelson General Proficiency Test, participants were measured to make sure they are homogeneous. These participants were randomly assigned into to control and experimental groups. Participants in both groups sat for Learner Oral Autonomy Questionnaire with some modifications from Kashefian's learner autonomy questionnaire (2002). Results of independent samples t-test lack of any significant difference between the two groups in oral autonomy at the outset of the study. Throughout the study which lasted for 12 sessions participants in experimental group received the treatment, instructional conversations, as a tool for teaching speaking materials. Participants in the control group were taught the same materials as those practiced in the former group through such techniques as role playing, peer dialogues, and oral presentations. Finally, the posttest being the same as the pretest was administered. Results of independent samples t-test showed that the experimental group significantly outperformed the control one in Oral Autonomy Questionnaire. The present findings provide pedagogical implications for employing instructional conversation in EFL speaking classrooms.

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TEACHING READING COMPREHENSIN OF SPOOF TEXT BY USING JIGSAW LEARNING MODEL TO THE ELEVENTH GRADE STUDENTS AT SMA NEGERI 13 PALEMBANG

English Community Journal ◽

10.32502/ecj.v3i1.1699 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 335

Author(s):

Sri Yuliani

Keyword(s):

Reading Comprehension ◽

Learning Model ◽

T Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Teaching Reading ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Post Test ◽

Written Test ◽

And Control ◽

Experimental Group

The objective of the study is to find out whether it is effective or not using jigsaw learning model in teaching reading comprehension of spoof text to the eleventh grade students at SMA Negeri 13 Palembang. In this study, the researcher used experimental method. The population of this study is all the eleventh grade students at SMA Negeri 13 Palembang with the total numbers of students was 392. Therefore, the sample of the study is 72 students consist two classes,namely: 36 students for control group and 36 students for experimental group. The sample was taken by using non purposisve random sampling method. The data collected by using written test consist of 30 questions and the type of questions is multiple choice. The result of the test was analyzed by using t-test which were pair sample t-test and independent sample t-test was known as: mean of post test in expermental group was 72.22 higher than past test mean score of control group was 58.64. Furthermore, the result of t-obtained was 6.132 and t-table was 2.030, it shows that t-obtained was higher than t-table. From the explanation above, there were significant difference between the experimental group that have been taught by using jigsaw learning model and control group that was not taught using treatment. It means that, Ho was rejected and Ha was accepted. It was concluded that it was effective of using jigsaw learning model to teach reading comprehension of spoof text to the eleventh grade students at SMA Negeri 13 Palembang.

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