Integrating prescribed burning and clopyralid for the management of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis)

Prescribed burning and the herbicide clopyralid are very effective tools for the management of yellow starthistle. However, repeated use of either can be impractical or can present other problems. The potential solution is the development of an effective integrated weed management strategy using a combination of the two approaches. In small plot studies (0.2 ha), we tested one of five possible treatments: (1) untreated control, (2) 2 consecutive yr of clopyralid (0.105 kg ha−1), (3) 2 consecutive yr of prescribed summer burning, (4) first-year clopyralid followed by second-year prescribed burning, and (5) first-year prescribed burning followed by second-year clopyralid. Treatments were made in 1999 and 2000 at three study sites in California (San Benito, Yuba, and Siskiyou counties). In 2001, the year following the final treatment, 2 consecutive yr of clopyralid or first-year burning followed by second-year clopyralid consistently reduced yellow starthistle cover in the following year by 92 to 100%. However, at the Yuba site, clopyralid alone increased medusahead and ripgut brome cover. Although 2 consecutive yr of burning was effective in Yuba, very high levels of starthistle infestation in San Benito were not completely burned in the second year because of the lack of available consumable fuel. Clopyralid treatment the first year followed by prescribed burning in the second year stimulated yellow starthistle germination and did not reduce the infestation. In a large-scale study conducted at two sites (13 and 81 ha) in southern Monterey County, we used a first-year burn followed by either 2 yr of clopyralid (0.158 kg ha−1) or a single year of clopyralid (0.210 kg ha−1) and a subsequent burn. Results were in close agreement with those found in the small-scale studies. In the year following the final treatment, control of yellow starthistle was greater than 99% when the burn was followed by 2 yr of clopyralid. In contrast, when a prescribed burn was used in the last year of the program, the level of control was not as good, probably because of the increased germination of the remaining soil seedbank. These results indicate that a first-year prescribed burn followed by a second-year clopyralid treatment can provide consistently good control of yellow starthistle, as well as reduced levels of noxious annual grasses, including medusahead and ripgut brome.

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Cambridge Servicemen’s Memorial (Breuer, 1945): espacio público para el recuerdo

VLC arquitectura Research Journal ◽

10.4995/vlc.2019.10833 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 27

Author(s):

Salvador José Sanchís Gisbert ◽

Pedro Ponce Gregorio ◽

Ignacio Peris Blat

Keyword(s):

Public Space ◽

Large Scale ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Small Scale ◽

First Year ◽

Residential Land ◽

The Public ◽

International Recognition ◽

The World ◽

Strong Commitment

Marcel Breuer was in the first year of architectural technicians to graduate from Bauhaus School. The peculiar education he received there allowed him to explore the concept of design in its broadest sense. In his European stage we find, on the most private and small scale, unique solutions for furniture. In his first American stage we see a strong commitment with solutions related to the residential land and, when he earned international recognition, he developed large scale solutions for his public non-residential buildings and urban equipments in locations all over the world. It is strange to see that an architect like him did not have the opportunity to materialize any of his proposals associated with the public space. The 1945 Cambridge Servicemen’s Memorial project, also known as the Memorial War, is the most significant one he developed in his last years in Cambridge. Had it been built, it would have been a valuable example of modernity and contemporary reinterpretation of the monument in the public space.

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A survey and assessment of grasshoppers’ population in various sugarcane growing areas of Harion municipality in Sarlahi district, Nepal

Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources ◽

10.3126/janr.v3i2.32538 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 314-320

Author(s):

Kapil Paudel ◽

Naresh Dangi ◽

Anisur Rahman Ansari ◽

Rashmi Regmi

Keyword(s):

Natural Enemies ◽

Population Level ◽

Small Scale ◽

Risk Category ◽

First Year ◽

Population Densities ◽

Nymphal Stage ◽

Weather Parameters ◽

Second Year ◽

The Relationship

A small-scale study of grasshopper populations was undertaken in Harion municipality of Sarlahi district to ascertain whether grasshopper population in sugarcane growing areas is changing in consecutive years 2014 and 2015. The regular sugarcane growing areas were randomly selected and the survey was conducted to estimate the population in those consecutive years in 14 different locations where outbreak of Hieroglyphus banian (Fabricius) has occurred. The per square meter population was estimated using a ‘T’ shape which was made by tying 1m long two sticks to estimate one square meter area. The population of two consecutive years was compared to study the relationship between two years populations. The grasshopper infestation by risk category indicated that infestation warranted rating of severe in ward seven, eight and nine for 2015 from the population of 2014 AD. For 2016 AD, the risk was found low as most of the areas was categorized as moderate to light category as the population was found low in 2015 AD. Grasshopper population densities were found higher in some areas of Sarlahi district in the first year as compared to the second year. The population level in the first year was not found to induce population in next year as the population decreased in the second year. The trend of grasshopper population was not so threatening as the population was not found increasing in these years so was risk for next year. This might be due to the management of grasshoppers in nymphal stage in previous year, weather parameters, location, inter-cultural operations, decreasing of the rationing crops or presence of natural enemies. These findings provide guidance for the farmers in relation to grasshopper management and for future survey programs in relation to targeting regions of the district at risk from grasshoppers.

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Intoduction of palak (Spinacia oleracea L.) in Ernakulam district of Kerala through front line demonstration and on farm testing

Agricultural Science Digest - A Research Journal ◽

10.18805/asd.v36i2.10634 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Vijendra Kumar Meena ◽

Shinoj Subramanian ◽

N. V. Dipti ◽

K. Simta

Keyword(s):

Spinacia Oleracea ◽

Green Leaf ◽

Small Scale ◽

First Year ◽

Front Line ◽

Second Year ◽

On Farm ◽

Extension Gap ◽

Technical Guidance ◽

Leaf Vegetable

On Farm Testing (OFT) of <italic>palak</italic> were conducted in Ernakulam Krishi Vigyan Kendra during 2012-13. Highest green leaf vegetable yield (18.00.q/ha) was recorded in variety Harit Shobha and All Green in first year with farmers practice. Programme was continued in 2nd year under Front Line Demonstration (FLD). It was observed that Harit Shobha cultivar gave 20.0 q/ha−1 green leaf yields which was higher over All Green and farmers practice. An average yield of two cultivar Harit Shobha and All green was 15.5 q/ ha−1 and 17.7 q ha−1 in OFT and FLD, respectively. The average technology gap, extension gap and technology index of 2.9 q ha−1, 9.5 q ha−1 and 38 per cent and 1.8q ha−1, 7.5qha−1 and 30 per cent during first and second year, respectively. Technology index reduced from 38 to 30 per cent during the study period means technology was accepted by the farmers. As a result, 500 farmers initiated the small scale farming of <italic>palak</italic> in the district with the technical guidance provided from KVK.

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Further Experiments on the Fertilization of a Sea Loch (Loch Craiglin). The Effect of Different Plant Nutrients on the Phytoplankton

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ◽

10.1017/s002531540002542x ◽

1948 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 360-379 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

S. M. Marshall ◽

A. P. Orr

Keyword(s):

Small Scale ◽

First Year ◽

Monoammonium Phosphate ◽

Ph Values ◽

Bottom Mud ◽

Normal Quantity ◽

Second Year ◽

Special Points ◽

Very High ◽

Great Growth

Loch Craiglin cannot be considered as merely an isolated basin of Loch Sween. Its shallowness, the great growth of vegetation round the shore and the fluctuations in salinity make it atypical. On the more complete isolation of the loch with the making of the dam, these conditions led to a lack of circulation, a consequent development of hydrogen sulphide in the deep water and very high pH values near the surface. One could not therefore expect the plankton to be very similar to that in the outside loch (see, however, Marshall, 1947). Unfortunately there are no records of seasonal variation before fertilization was begun. In spite of these drawbacks Loch Craiglin was a convenient and manageable area for small-scale experiments on fertilization.The experiments may be divided into two groups, those which were not followed up in detail and those in which the plankton and hydrographic results were followed from day to day. The former, made during the earlier stages of the work, are mainly described in the previous papers and led to the conclusion that the richness in phytoplankton of Loch Craiglin in 1943 was probably caused to a large extent by fertilization. Those of the second group, described above, were made to test special points and different fertilizers. Two experiments made during the summer of 1944 had apparently no effect on the phytoplankton but a third in which a very large excess of fertilizer (ten times the normal quantity) was added, gave a good increase after an initial lag. At that time the attached algae were abundant and their needs apparently had to be satisfied before any nutrients could be used by the phytoplankton.The remaining experiments, which were therefore made during the winter, showed that commercial ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate and monoammonium phosphate could replace the sodium nitrate and superphosphate used hitherto. Two further experiments in the following spring using ammonium chloride and urea did not, however, prove effective. All the salts used had been found in laboratory tests by Miss F. A. Stanbury to be suitable for diatom growth, and the reason for the failure of these two in the loch is unknown.The utilization of the nutrients was extremely rapid even in winter but it is probable that their disappearance is not entirely caused by the phytoplankton or bottom-living algae but partly by adsorption on the bottom mud or by suspended matter. On one occasion it may have been caused by a serious fall in loch level.The zooplankton which during the first year of fertilizations was richer in Loch Craiglin than in the outside loch diminished in the second year and remained poor thereafter in spite of, or perhaps because of, the intensive fertilizations. The dense phytoplankton and other vegetation raised the pH at times to levels dangerous to animal life.

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Fuel treatment effects on tree mortality following wildfire in dry mixed conifer forests, Washington State, USA

International Journal of Wildland Fire ◽

10.1071/wf11121 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 21 (8) ◽

pp. 1004 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Susan J. Prichard ◽

Maureen C. Kennedy

Keyword(s):

Pinus Ponderosa ◽

Tree Mortality ◽

Prescribed Burning ◽

Strong Predictor ◽

Large Diameter ◽

Lower Probability ◽

First Year ◽

Prescribed Burn ◽

Fuel Treatment ◽

Crown Scorch

Fuel reduction treatments are increasingly used to mitigate future wildfire severity in dry forests, but few opportunities exist to assess their effectiveness. We evaluated the influence of fuel treatment, tree size and species on tree mortality following a large wildfire event in recent thin-only, thin and prescribed burn (thin-Rx) units. Of the trees that died within the first 3 years, most died in the first year regardless of treatment. First-year mortality was much higher in control and thin-only units (65 and 52%) than in thin-Rx units (37%). Cumulative third-year mortality followed a similar trend (78 and 64% in control and thin-only units) v. 43% in thin-Rx units. Percentage crown scorch is a strong predictor of mortality and is highly dependent on fuel treatment. Across all treatments, Pinus ponderosa had a lower probability of post-fire mortality than did Pseudotsuga menziesii. Finally, the probability of beetle attack on surviving trees was highest in large-diameter trees within thin-only treatments and lowest within thin-Rx treatments. This study contributes further evidence supporting the effectiveness of thinning and prescribed burning on mitigating post-fire tree mortality. We also present evidence that a combination of thinning and prescribed burning is associated with lower incidence of post-fire bark beetle attack.

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Prescribed burning for control of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) and enhanced native plant diversity

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500091669 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 47 (2) ◽

pp. 233-242 ◽

Cited By ~ 65

Author(s):

Joseph M. DiTomaso ◽

Guy B. Kyser ◽

Marla S. Hastings

Keyword(s):

Plant Diversity ◽

Prescribed Burning ◽

Plant Cover ◽

First Year ◽

Native Plant ◽

Vegetative Cover ◽

Seedling Density ◽

Yellow Starthistle ◽

Burned Areas ◽

Broadleaf Species

Two separate open grassland areas within Sugarloaf Ridge State Park, Sonoma County, CA, were burned for three consecutive years (1993–1995 [Site A] and 1995–1997 [Site B]) for control of yellow starthistle. Burns were conducted in late June to early July following seed dispersal and senescence of desirable grasses and forbs but prior to viable seed production in yellow starthistle. After the first year burn, there was no significant reduction in yellow starthistle cover the following spring and summer. Despite the lack of control, the first year burn reduced the yellow starthistle soil seedbank by 74% and the number of seedlings the following spring by 83%. However, total plant diversity and species richness increased dramatically in the burned areas. This was due primarily to an increase in the number of native broadleaf species. A second burn the next summer (1995–1997 site) reduced seedbank, seedling density, and summer vegetative cover the following year by 94, 92, and 85%, respectively, while maintaining significantly higher native plant cover and richness. A third consecutive summer burn decreased yellow starthistle seedbank and seedling density by 96, 98, and 85%, respectively, in the 1995–1997 burn site. Three consecutive years of burning in the 1993–1995 site reduced yellow starthistle seedbank and seedling density by over 99% and summer vegetative cover by 91%. These results indicate that prescribed burning can be an effective tool for the management of yellow starthistle and can have a long-term benefit on native broadleaf diversity and richness.

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Efficacy of Fungicide Treatments for Control of Anthracnose Canker in Young Cider Apple Trees in Western Washington

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech04201-18 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 35-40

Author(s):

Whitney J. Garton ◽

Mark Mazzola ◽

Travis R. Alexander ◽

Carol A. Miles

Keyword(s):

Cultural Practices ◽

Economic Life ◽

First Year ◽

Apple Trees ◽

Maritime Climate ◽

Final Treatment ◽

Western Washington ◽

Second Year ◽

Treatment Application

Anthracnose canker, caused by Neofabraea malicorticis, threatens the sustainability of cider apple (Malus ×domestica) production in the maritime climate of western Washington. In the short-term, the disease reduces overall orchard productivity and in the long-term it reduces an orchard’s economic life span. The disease is difficult to manage using cultural practices, and information on fungicide efficacy is limited and contradictory. To address this situation, a 2-year study was conducted to evaluate efficacy of zinc (4.49 lb/acre), basic copper sulfate (2.49 lb/acre), captan (2.94 lb/acre), thiophanate-methyl (0.69 lb/acre), pyraclostrobin plus boscalid (0.38 lb/acre), and combinations of these fungicides to manage anthracnose canker infection in young cider apple trees cultivated in a maritime climate. Trees used in the first year of the study (2016) were found to be infected by anthracnose canker on receipt, so the first year was a measure of disease control and the second year (2017) was a measure of disease prevention. In 2016, when fungicide treatments were applied every 3 weeks from March through October, none of the treatments evaluated inhibited the development of new infections or the expansion of existing cankers (77% increase in canker size on average for all treatments). In 2017, when fungicide treatments were applied every 3 weeks from February through April, two to three new cankers were observed 3 weeks after final treatment application for all treatments. Results from this study demonstrate that the current fungicides recommended for control of anthracnose canker are not reliably effective in the orchard environment of northwest Washington. Future studies should assess the fungicides evaluated in this study applied in rotation with additional systemic fungicides.

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Integrated Weed Management Systems to Control Common Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) in Soybean

Frontiers in Agronomy ◽

10.3389/fagro.2020.598426 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

Author(s):

Shawn C. Beam ◽

Charles W. Cahoon ◽

David C. Haak ◽

David L. Holshouser ◽

Steven B. Mirsky ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weed Management ◽

Planting Date ◽

Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽

Integrated Weed Management ◽

First Year ◽

Weed Seed ◽

Common Ragweed ◽

Late Planting ◽

Winter Cover ◽

Second Year

As resistance to herbicides limits growers' weed management options, integrated weed management (IWM) systems that combine non-chemical tactics with herbicides are becoming critical. A 2 year integrated weed management (IWM) study was conducted at three locations in VA, USA. The factorial study evaluated: (1) soybean planting date (early or late planted) (2) with or without winter cover (cereal rye/wheat or no cover), and (3) with or without harvest weed seed control (HWSC). Prior to soybean planting in the first year, winter cover resulted in a 22% reduction in common ragweed density compared to no cover. At soybean harvest in the first year, the lowest common ragweed densities were in the late planted plots following winter wheat, and common ragweed aboveground biomass was reduced by 46 and 22% at two locations in late planted compared to early planted soybean. To evaluate the impact of the first year's treatments and HWSC, full season soybeans were planted across the trial in the second year. Prior to soybean planting in the second year, late planting in the first year common ragweed density was reduced by 83% at one location, but significant reductions were not observed elsewhere. When comparing winter cover to no cover, common ragweed densities were reduced by 31 and 49% at two locations and densities were similar at the third location. Harvest weed seed control reduced common ragweed density by 43% at one location compared to the conventional harvest plots but no significant reductions were observed at the other locations or at other rating timings. However, there was a significant location by planting date by winter cover interaction and the overall lowest common ragweed densities (4.1 to 10.3 plants m−2) were in the late planted plots with winter cover. This research indicated that winter cover, late planting, and HWSC can reduce common ragweed populations with late planting being the most influential. Therefore, double-cropping soybean after wheat is likely the most viable means to better control common ragweed using IWM as it combines both winter cover and late planting date.

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Survival of Kamchatka pink salmon as result of combined influence of density regulation and environmental factors

Izvestiya TINRO ◽

10.26428/1606-9919-2015-182-88-114 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 182 (3) ◽

pp. 88-114

Author(s):

Mark G. Feldman ◽

Eugeny A. Shevlyakov

Keyword(s):

Environmental Factors ◽

Large Scale ◽

Coho Salmon ◽

Pink Salmon ◽

First Year ◽

Environmental Indices ◽

Parental Stock ◽

The Pacific ◽

Second Year ◽

The Western Pacific

Dynamics of stock abundance and survival is similar for the pink salmon populations from East Kamchatka and West Kamchatka, obviously because of the same large-scale environmental factors influence, as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the Western Pacific pattern (WP) that correlate significantly with the pink salmon populations indices for various stages of the life cycle. The survival measured as the recruits number per parental stock (R/S) has a non-linear dependence on this environmental indices described by parabolic equations. These dependencies are used in reproductive models, which simulate observed fluctuations of R/S with high accuracy. Note that these environmental factors influence on the pink salmon survival is opposite for its odd and even generations. For example, high PDO value in November is unfavorable for survival of the pink salmons in East Kamchatka in the first year of their life (incubation) but favorable for survival of the same population in the second year (marine feeding) - that’s why strong and weak year-classes of pink salmon are alternated. Both PDO and WP indices have quasi-biennial periodicity that is a bit longer than the 2-year alternation of the pink salmon generations, hence favorable environments change their correspondence with odd or even generations from time to time, on average in approximately every 8 years. Similar regularities are supposed for other salmon species, as West Kamchatka coho salmon.

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Knowledge and attitude among Indian medical students towards thalassemia: a study in Delhi NCR

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20174579 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (10) ◽

pp. 4470

Author(s):

Mukta Pujani ◽

Varsha Chauhan ◽

Charu Agarwal ◽

Deepshikha Rana ◽

Kanika Singh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Medical Students ◽

General Population ◽

Large Scale ◽

First Year ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Economic Class ◽

Medical College ◽

Second Year ◽

The Difference ◽

Knowledge And Attitude

Background: Thalassemia can easily be prevented by awareness, education, screening, premarital genetic counselling and prenatal diagnosis. There are only a handful of articles on knowledge and awareness about thalassemia among general population or parents of thalassaemic children. Aims and objectives was to evaluate the level of awareness, knowledge and attitudes of medical students towards thalassemia as well as to analyse the differences if any between the first year and second year MBBS students and their correlation with various socio-demographic parameters.Methods: This was an institutional based cross sectional observational descriptive study regarding knowledge and attitude of first and second year MBBS students about thalassemia using a pre-designed, structured, self-administered questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS software version 17. Values of p<0.05 were considered significant.Results: Mean knowledge scores of second year MBBS students compared to first year MBBS were 11.73±1.78 versus 10.8±1.92, the difference being statistically significant, however, the difference between mean attitude scores was not found to be significant. There was no effect of age, gender, region or Kuppuswamy’s socio-economic class on the knowledge or attitude of MBBS students towards thalassemia.Conclusions: Majority of the MBBS students had good knowledge and positive attitude towards thalassemia. To confirm the observations, large scale studies need to be conducted comprising of different study populations. Screening for thalassemia should be made mandatory, as part of medical examination, at entry to a medical college so that the medical college students are sensitized and can spread awareness among general population.

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