Mental foramen of Human Mandible: Morphometric Study

Aim: The aim of our study was to perform a morphometric analysis of the mental foramen in senegalese context. Material and method: The study was performed on thirty-nine dry mandibles of adult humans. On these mandibles, the number of mental foramen present and their shape were noted on inspection. The situation of the foramen in relation to the lower teeth was studied according to a methodology already described. The following measurements were made: the distance between the foramen and the other landmarks of the mandible (symphysis, basilar border, posterior border), vertical and horizontal diameters. Results: The number of mental foramina were 39 on the right and 40 on the left: one mandible presented a double foramen on the left. The oval shape was predominant. The most frequent situation was below the second premolar on both sides. The mean distance between the foramen and the mandibular symphysis was 25mm on both sides. The distance between the foramen and the basilar border of the mandible was on average 13mm on the right and 14mm on the left. The distance between the foramen and the posterior border of the mandible was on average 72mm on the right and 73mm on the left. The average vertical diameter was 33mm on the right and 32mm on the left, and the average horizontal diameter was 4mm on both sides. Conclusion: Mental foramen is a constant anatomical structure, found on all the mandibles studied. The results can be superimposed on those described in the majority of studies carried out on the mental foramen. Key words: Mental Foramen, Mandible Anatomy, Morphometry.

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Morphological and Morphometric Study of the Supratrochlear Foramen

Journal of Morphological Sciences ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1660487 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 35 (01) ◽

pp. 54-57

Author(s):

F.A. Silva ◽

T.S. Silva ◽

P.R.F.B. Souza ◽

R.S. Reis ◽

M.R.S. Ferreira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Distal Humerus ◽

Distal Portion ◽

Medullary Canal ◽

Human Bone ◽

Morphometric Study ◽

Left Handed ◽

Academic Center ◽

Preoperative Procedures ◽

The Mean ◽

The Right

Introduction The supratrochlear foramen (SF) is located in the distal portion of the humerus, formed in between the coronoid fossa and the olecranon fossa. Is associated with a narrowing of the medullary canal in the distal humerus, in addition to being a phylogenetic characteristic, more common in ancient populations. The objective was to evaluate the incidence of the supratrochlear foramen, it's shape, dimensions and translucency of the septum. Materials and Methods A total of 141 humerus adults, 72 right and 69 left-handed individuals from the collection of the Human Bone of the Academic Center of Vitória-Brazil. The format was classified as oval, round, irregular and cribriform. The vertical (VD) and transversal (TD) diameter were measured and the translucency of the septum was observed. Results Of the 141 humerus, 19.8% (28) had SF 39.3% (11) on the right side and 60.7% (17) on the left side. The oval was the most recurrent, found in 39% of the cases and the translucency was identified in 78% (110) of the bones. The mean VD was 3.653 mm and 3.492 mm on the right and left sides, respectively. The mean of the TD was 4.853 mm on the right side and 5.427 mm on the left. The area averages were 19.633 ± 20.57 mm2 on the right side and 19.919 ± 19.24 mm2 on the left side. Conclusion The knowledge of SF favors the preoperative procedures of patients with fractures in the distal humerus, necessary for the surgeries in the region.

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Morphometric study of the size of the postmortem human kidney

Journal of Bangladesh Society of Physiologist ◽

10.3329/jbsp.v15i2.50919 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 61-67

Author(s):

Fatema Johora ◽

Abu Sadat Mohammad Nurunnabi ◽

Dilruba Siddiqua ◽

Hasna Hena ◽

Shamim Ara

Keyword(s):

Young Adult ◽

Left Kidney ◽

Age Groups ◽

Morphometric Study ◽

Age Related ◽

Study Results ◽

Group A ◽

The Mean ◽

The Right ◽

Age Related Changes

Background: Changes in the size of the kidney are evident in humans, as age progresses. Objective: To see the age-related changes in the morphological dimensions of the kidney in a sample of the Bangladeshi population. Methods: This crosssectional study was done in the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, from July 2008 to June 2009, based on a collection of 140 postmortem human kidneys collected from 70 unclaimed dead bodies from the morgue of the same institution. All the samples of kidney were divided into three age groups, including A (10-19 years), B (20-39 years) and C (40-59 years). The length, breadth and thickness of all the kidneys were measured by using a slide calipers and recorded. Data were expressed as mean±SD. For statistical analysis, independent sample t test and one way ANOVA was used. Results: The length of the right and left kidneys found were 8.72±0.25 cm and 9.28±0.12 cm; 9.73±0.35 cm and 10.31±0.41 cm; 9.68±0.21 cm and 10.24±0.06 cm in group A, B and C respectively. The breadth of the right and left kidneys found were 4.32±0.09 cm and 4.22±0.11 cm; 4.74±0.29 cm and 4.55±0.28 cm; 4.61±0.21 cm and 4.44±0.21 cm in group A, B and C respectively. The thickness of the right and left kidneys found were 2.84±0.10 cm and 2.64±0.05 cm; 3.31±0.16 cm and 3.11±0.10 cm; 3.17±0.07 cm and 3.11±0.10 cm in group A, B and C respectively. The mean length of the left kidneys was found significantly greater than that of the right , whereas the mean breadth and the thickness of the right kidneys were found greater than that of the left kidney in all age groups. Moreover, age related changes were significant in all dimensions (length, breadth and thickness) of the kidney when compared between group A & B and A & C. Conclusion: This study results concluded that the length of the left kidney was greater than that of the right, but the breadth and the thickness of the right kidney were greater than that of the left one in all age groups. In addition, age related changes in all dimensions (i.e. length, breadth and thickness) of the kidneys were evident in middle age versus young adult and older adult versus young adult. J Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2020, December; 15(2): 61-67

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Xiphoid Lower-Sternotomy Approach for Multivessel Revascularization of the Left Internal Mammary Artery to the Left Anterior Descending Artery and Right Internal Mammary Artery Inflow to the Other Vessels

The Heart Surgery Forum ◽

10.1532/hsf98.20091131 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 36

Author(s):

Federico Benetti ◽

Sotirios Prapas ◽

Ernesto Angeletti ◽

Jose Luis Ameriso ◽

Eduardo Cicalle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Internal Mammary Artery ◽

Distal Part ◽

Left Internal Mammary Artery ◽

The Other ◽

Invasive Technique ◽

Complete Revascularization ◽

Internal Mammary ◽

Technical Details ◽

The Mean ◽

The Right

Background: We describe the technical details and the preliminary results of a new surgical approach for multivessel disease that involves using a lower T sternotomy, grafting of the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) to the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) and use of the right internal mammary artery (RIMA) as inflow to the other vessels.Operative Technique: The sternotomy was made from the xiphoid up to the fourth intercostal space and then was continued transversally (T incision). The LIMA was harvested for a length of approximately 8 cm, with preservation of the distal part. The vein was simultaneously taken from the leg. The RIMA was dissected for a length of approximately 5 cm, and the distal part was occluded. Then, 3 mg/kg heparin was given. The anastomosis between the vein and the RIMA was performed. The distal venous anastomoses were done either singly or sequentially. The anterior or posterior route was chosen according to the patient's anatomy. The LIMA was then anastomosed to the LAD. One drain was placed. The sternum was closed with 4 wires, 2 for the T incision and 2 for the sternum.Results: Between September and December 2008, 9 patients underwent their operations with this technique. The mean age was 60 years (range, 55-68 years). The mean number of grafts was 2.8. The mean hospital stay was 5.2 days. Operative mortality was 0%. All patients were reevaluated with 16-slice multislice computed tomography, and all grafts were patent. At the 3-month follow-up, all patients were alive and free of symptoms.Conclusion: This minimally invasive technique is a useful alternative for complete revascularization. The sternal mammary supply and the upper part of the sternum are preserved.

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The Age- and Gender-wise Assessment of the Position and Shape of Mental Foramen in Patients’ Panoramic Radiography

Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences ◽

10.32598/jams.23.6.6089.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (6) ◽

pp. 806-817

Author(s):

Hamzeh Ekran ◽

◽

Amin Ghanbarnejad ◽

Masomeh Afsa‌ ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Foramen ◽

Anatomical Landmarks ◽

Radiographic Images ◽

Panoramic Images ◽

The Mean ◽

And Gender ◽

Student’S T ◽

The Right ◽

Posterior Position ◽

Anterior Posterior

Background and Aim: Recognizing the position of the Mental Foramen (MF) is essential in numerous cases, such as anesthesia injection and periapical surgeries in the anterior region of the mandible. Furthermore, the diversity in the location and position of MF can develop problems during surgery in this region. Methods & Materials: The present study examined anatomical landmarks based on panoramic radiographic images obtained in Bandar Abbas City, Iran. In total, 450 panoramic radiographic images of men and women were assessed. All explored images were converted to JPEG format and entered in real size in Auto CAD software (2014). The collected data were analyzed in SPSS by one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Student’s t-test, and Chi-squared test. Ethical Considerations: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.HUMS.REC.1394.189). Results: The obtained data revealed that the mean distance from the MF to the lower edge of the mandible on the right and left was 10.53 mm and 10.51 mm, respectively. The mean distance from the MF to the posterior side of the mandible equaled 49.36 mm on the right and 48.72 mm on the left. Moreover, the mean distance of MF to the midline of the lower jaw on the right and left was calculated as 27.16 and 26.27 mm, respectively. Furthermore, in most cases, the anterior-posterior position of MF was symmetrical concerning anatomical landmarks. The anterior-posterior distance of MF to mandibular midline was significantly different between the explored males and females (P<0.001). There was no significant gender-wise difference in the shape of the MF (P=0.89). Conclusion: The present research results signified that the most frequent anterior-posterior position of the MF is between the apex of the first and second premolars. Furthermore, the most prevalent shape of MF is oval per panoramic images.

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Morphometric Study of Axis Vertebra in Subjects of Indian Origin

International Journal of Medical and Dental Sciences ◽

10.18311/ijmds/2018/18911 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 1615 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jasveen Kaur ◽

Kamaljeet Kaur ◽

Poonam Singh ◽

Ajay Kumar

Keyword(s):

Transverse Process ◽

Morphometric Study ◽

Transverse Diameter ◽

Medical College ◽

Axis Vertebra ◽

Graph Paper ◽

Indian Origin ◽

Mean Width ◽

The Mean ◽

The Right

Background: The axis vertebra, exhibits complex and extensive variability in the morphology and there are vital neurovascular structures in its proximity. Knowledge of this variability is important for neurosurgeons, orthopaedicians, otorhynologists and other physicians who in everyday practice are in contact with disorders of the spine and their consequences.Objective: The aim was to evaluate various morphometric dimensions of axis vertebrae and to compare with the available data.Material and Methods: 50 dried human axis vertebrae of Indian origin, available in the Department of Anatomy, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana were studied. Various dimensions were taken with vernier calipers, metric scale and graph paper. The dimensions were measured in millimetres and statistically analysed with paired t-test.Results: The mean of maximum anteroposterior diameter (max.APD) and maximum transverse diameter (max.TD) of Superior Articular Facet (SAF) was measured as 17.42mm±1.73 and 15.31mm±1.44 on the right side, 17.64mm±1.51 and 15.17mm±1.48 on left side. The mean Distance from Lateral most edge of SAF to Midline was measured as 22.56mm ± 2.37 and 22.40mm ± 2.16 on the right and left sides, respectively. The mean Distance from Tip of Transverse Process to Midline was 26.45mm ± 2.85 on the right and 26.03mm ± 2.64 on the left side. The mean Height of Dens was measured as 13.83mm ± 1.52, mean Width of Dens as 9.57mm ± 0.85. Width of Pedicle was measured as 10.52mm ± 1.99 and 10.61mm ± 1.67on right and left sides, respectively.Conclusion: The knowledge of these dimensions can provide useful information for safe planning of osseous fixation.

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Study of Position, Shape, and Size of Mental Foramen Utilizing Various Parameters in Dry Adult Human Mandibles from North India

ISRN Anatomy ◽

10.5402/2013/961429 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Virendra Budhiraja ◽

Rakhi Rastogi ◽

Rekha Lalwani ◽

Prabhat Goel ◽

Subhash Chandra Bose

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Axis ◽

Mental Foramen ◽

Morphometric Parameters ◽

North India ◽

Invasive Procedures ◽

Mental Nerve ◽

Adult Human ◽

Important Landmark ◽

The Mean ◽

The Right

Background. As the mental foramen (MF) is an important landmark to facilitate surgical, local anesthetic, and other invasive procedures, the present study was aimed to elucidate its morphological features and morphometric parameters with reference to surrounding landmarks. Material and Method. 105 dry adult human mandibles of unknown sex were observed for position, shape, and number of mental foramina. Their size was measured using a digital vernier caliper and statistically analyzed by mean and standard deviations (SD). Results. In most cases (74.3%), the MF was oval in shape and situated on the longitudinal axis of the 2nd premolar tooth (61% on right side and 59.1% on left side). The mean distance for the right and left sides was measured from various landmarks. Conclusion. Prior knowledge of mental foramen variations helps surgeons in planning surgery in that region to avoid nerve damage and also enable effective mental nerve block anesthesia.

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Anthropometric Analysis of Mental Foramen in Dry Human Mandibles in Karnataka

National Journal of Clinical Anatomy ◽

10.1055/s-0039-3400838 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 08 (04) ◽

pp. 148-152

Author(s):

Shashidhar S. ◽

Sridevi N. S.

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Axis ◽

Mental Foramen ◽

Common Type ◽

Anterior Surface ◽

Posterior Border ◽

Invasive Procedures ◽

Surgical Interventions ◽

Size And Shape ◽

Type Iv ◽

Horizontal Diameter

Abstract Background and Objectives The mental foramen which is located on the anterior surface of the mandible is a bilateral opening transmitting mental nerves and vessels that supply important structures around. However, it is reported that the location of mental foramen varies across different races and genders, the awareness of which is vital in surgical interventions, anesthetic applications, and various other invasive procedures. Hence, the objectives of the present study were to study the location, size, and shape of mental foramina in dry human mandibles and to study the incidence of accessory mental foramina in human mandibles. Materials and Methods One hundred eighty dried mandibles were observed for the location, size, and shape of mental foramen. Digital Vernier calipers were used to measure the distance of right and left mental foramen from various locations like alveolar crest, symphysis menti, lower border of mandible, and posterior border of the ramus of mandible. The data were analyzed using SPSS 20 software. The position and number of accessory mental foramen were determined. Results The various positions of mental foramina studied revealed the most common type to be type IV as per the Tebo and Telford classification. The average horizontal diameter was slightly higher than the average vertical diameter in majority of the bones. Accessory mental foramina were observed in 3 mandibles. Conclusion The mental foramen was most commonly situated along the longitudinal axis of second premolar tooth and the shape of the mental foramen was found to be oval in 95% of the bones studied.

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Integration of Proprioceptive and Visual Position-Information: An Experimentally Supported Model

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.1999.81.3.1355 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 81 (3) ◽

pp. 1355-1364 ◽

Cited By ~ 418

Author(s):

Robert J. van Beers ◽

Anne C. Sittig ◽

Jan J. Denier van der Gon

Keyword(s):

Visual Information ◽

The Body ◽

The Other ◽

Proprioceptive Information ◽

Position Information ◽

Left Hand ◽

The Mean ◽

The Right ◽

Variable Errors ◽

Available Information

Integration of proprioceptive and visual position-information: an experimentally supported model. To localize one’s hand, i.e., to find out its position with respect to the body, humans may use proprioceptive information or visual information or both. It is still not known how the CNS combines simultaneous proprioceptive and visual information. In this study, we investigate in what position in a horizontal plane a hand is localized on the basis of simultaneous proprioceptive and visual information and compare this to the positions in which it is localized on the basis of proprioception only and vision only. Seated at a table, subjects matched target positions on the table top with their unseen left hand under the table. The experiment consisted of three series. In each of these series, the target positions were presented in three conditions: by vision only, by proprioception only, or by both vision and proprioception. In one of the three series, the visual information was veridical. In the other two, it was modified by prisms that displaced the visual field to the left and to the right, respectively. The results show that the mean of the positions indicated in the condition with both vision and proprioception generally lies off the straight line through the means of the other two conditions. In most cases the mean lies on the side predicted by a model describing the integration of multisensory information. According to this model, the visual information and the proprioceptive information are weighted with direction-dependent weights, the weights being related to the direction-dependent precision of the information in such a way that the available information is used very efficiently. Because the proposed model also can explain the unexpectedly small sizes of the variable errors in the localization of a seen hand that were reported earlier, there is strong evidence to support this model. The results imply that the CNS has knowledge about the direction-dependent precision of the proprioceptive and visual information.

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THE DISTRIBUTION OF EGGS AND EMBRYOS BETWEEN SIDES IN THE MOUSE

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1677/joe.0.0270157 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 157-181 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

ANNE McLAREN

Keyword(s):

Normal Level ◽

Ovulation Rate ◽

The Other ◽

Single Female ◽

Normal Limits ◽

Unexpected Consequence ◽

Left And Right ◽

The Mean ◽

Positive Correlations ◽

The Right

SUMMARY The variance of the distribution of eggs and embryos between left and right sides was analysed in mice. Little or no departure from the variance of a binomial distribution was detected for eggs, whether ovulation was spontaneous or induced, and whether the mean number of eggs shed was within normal limits or was raised well above the normal level. As pregnancy advanced, the distribution of embryos between sides became slightly more equal than the binomial, as a result of pre- and post-implantational mortality. In pigs, the tendency towards equalization was much stronger owing to migration of embryos between the two uterine horns. The right side tended to be reproductively superior to the left in mice, in respect both of ovulation rate and survival of embryos. The correlation between left and right sides was negative after spontaneous ovulation, and after induced ovulation with a dose of hormone such that ovulation rate remained within normal limits. If, on the other hand, ovulation rate was raised above the normal level, a positive correlation between sides was found. These correlations arose not from any departures from binomiality in the distribution between sides, but from the level of variation between females in the total number of eggs or embryos. The condition for no correlation between sides is that the variance of total number should be equal to the mean. Positive correlations arise from inflation of this variance, a not unexpected consequence of increasing the mean ovulation rate above its physiological norm. Negative correlations imply that the variation between females is less than the variation between the two ovaries of a single female. In other words, the limit to the number of eggs shed operates on the female as a whole, and not on each ovary independently. The physiological implications of this finding are discussed.

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Structural Features of the Mental Foramen in a Saudi Subpopulation: A Retrospective CBCT Study

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2021/1138675 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Mohammed Mashyakhy ◽

Ahmed Mostafa ◽

Amani Abeery ◽

Zainab Sairafi ◽

Nazeeha Hakami ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Average Distance ◽

Root Apex ◽

Bilateral Symmetry ◽

Mental Foramen ◽

Structural Features ◽

Precise Knowledge ◽

Procedural Complications ◽

The Right ◽

Cone Beam Computer Tomography ◽

Oval Shape

Introduction. Accurate and precise knowledge about the position, size, and shape of the mental foramen (MF) are critical in avoiding procedural complications. The MF’s anatomical features vary among different ethnic groups, and various radiographic techniques have been used to determine these variations. Aims. To evaluate the MF’s shape, vertical and horizontal positions, and distance from the border of the mandible. To evaluate the differences among genders as they pertain to the right and left sides of the mandible and research the bilateral symmetry regarding the same variables. Materials and Methods. Cone beam computer tomography (CBCT) scans of 155 Saudi patients (69 males and 86 females) who visited the college of dentistry’s clinics were obtained from the college database for this retrospective study. All the scans were analyzed by 3 calibrated examiners. The data collected was analyzed statistically, and results were obtained. Results. The MF was located under the mandibular second premolar in 56.9% of cases, whereas in 26.9% of cases, it was located between the first and second mandibular premolar. The most prevalent position was below the level of the apices of the mandibular premolar teeth (87.2%). The round shape was most frequent (44.9%) compared to the H-oval (34.7%) and V-oval (20.4%). The V-oval shape was more frequent in males, while the H-oval shape was more frequent in females. The average distance from the center of the MF to the mandibular border was 14.03 ± 1.58 mm , with males exhibiting a greater distance than females. Overall, there were no significant differences between the bilateral symmetry and the right and left sides for all parameters. Conclusion. The most common position of the MF was under the root apex of the mandibular second premolar, with an average distance of about 14 mm from the border of the mandible. The position and shape of the MF were the same bilaterally in the majority of individuals.

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