scholarly journals PALEOLITHIC SITE-WORKSHOP OF AKBULATOVO-3 IN THE MOUNTAIN PART OF THE BELAYA RIVER (BASHKORTOSTAN)

2021 ◽  
pp. 15-34
Author(s):  
V. G. Kotov ◽  
◽  
M. M. Rumyantsev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Urals ◽  
Upper Paleolithic ◽  
Middle Pleistocene ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
Paleolithic Site ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
Forest Zone ◽  
Mountain Part ◽  
Chelyabinsk Region ◽  
River Valleys

The discovery of the pre-Mousterian monument, dating back to the Middle Pleistocene era, in the mountain-forest zone of the Southern Urals is of great interest both for archaeology, in particular, considering the problem of time and ways of setting on the territory, and for geology, taking into account the dating of the terraces of river valleys in the mountainous part of the region. The site-workshop Akbulatovo-3 is confined to the cover deposits of the III floodplain terrace of the Belaya river, 15 m above the modern level of the river, including pebble and clastic material from quartzite in the deposits of brownish-brown loam of periglacial type of the late Risian time. The collection of items from quartzite (447 items) is represented by a variety of cores: cuboid, orthogonal, sub-cone, and biplatformed. The tools were made both by bifacial processing and on flakes, less often on amorphous plate-like chips. Among them, there are “Acheulean” forms – choppers, peaks, simple scrapers, and “Upper Paleolithic” ones – scrapers, burins, punctures, carvers, and chisel tools. Such a combination of archaic types of tools and cores with “progressive” forms of tools and cores, characteristic of the Moustier and Upper Paleolithic gives grounds to attribute the complex to the end of the Acheulean era or to the beginning of the Moustier. A similar monument, combining the Acheulean types of tools and cores with the Mousterian and Upper Paleolithic ones, was discovered on Lake Turogoyak in the Chelyabinsk region – the site Naves (Island of Vera 6a) at the porphyrite exits. This allows the authors to attribute them to a single technological tradition, called the “Akbulatov type of industry”.

scholarly journals CATTLE BREEDING OF THE KATAI BASHKIRS IN THE INZER BASIN IN THE 14th - EARLY 21st CENTURIES

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-119
Author(s):  
S L Vorobyova ◽  
Z F Khasanova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Southern Urals ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
Sharp Change ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Forest Zone ◽  
Archaeological Data

Basing on ethnographic, archival and archaeological data, the authors of the article analyze the features of the development of cattle breeding among the Katai Bashkirs from ancient times up to our days. Due to traditions and geographical and climatic factors, cattle breeding has been the main occupation of the Katai Bashkirs until today. The Katai Bashkirs live in the mountain-forest zone of the Southern Urals in the territory of the Inzer basin in the Beloretsky District of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The peculiarities of the natural and geographical zone, primarily its inaccessibility and the lack of large open spaces, have created conditions for preservation of ethnic traditions, for separate development of material and spiritual culture of the ethnoterritorial group of the Bashkirs. The study of the Katai Bashkirs of the Inzer basin allows tracing changes in the way of life of the Bashkirs from semi-nomadic one to the formation of farms and the development of horse breeding. The origin of the Katai (kytai, ktai) tribal group is associated with the Mongolian tribes of the Kara-Khitais, or Khitans, that came to the territory in question at the end of the 14th century. In the 15th - 16th centuries the territory of the Inzer basin was part of the Historical Bashkortostan. The field materials of one of the authors of the article, as well as written and archaeological data, speak of the nomadic way of life of the Bashkirs during the Middle Ages. After resettlement to the territory of the Inzer basin, the Katai Bashkirs adapted to local natural conditions and began to lead a semi-nomadic way of life. In the 18th century there was a sharp change in economic activity. At the end of the 19th century, the cattle number reduced. This was due to the fact that Russians captured Bashkir lands and constructed mining plants in the territory of the Inzer basin, and it led to reduction of pasture and hayfields. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Katai Bashkirs were still engaged in semi-nomadic cattle breeding. Mass exodus ceased in 1921-1922. According to informants, the last nomadic migration was in 1932. At the end of the 20th century, farms for breeding horses appeared in this territory.

Cultivation of Rapeseed in the Southern Urals and Its Rational Use

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-86
Author(s):  
Nikolay S. Sergeev ◽  
Mikhail V. Zapevalov ◽  
Alexander V. Gritsenko
Keyword(s):  
Southern Urals ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
Rational Use ◽  
Chelyabinsk Region ◽  
Spring Rape

In the continental climate of the southern Urals, rapeseed compares favorably with many forage and traditional silage crops with a high protein content and adaptive properties. The cultivation of rapeseed guarantees the production of its own seeds, up to 40 percent of oil, 60 percent of cake and 98 percent of rapeseed flour. (The research purpose) The research purpose is in improving the efficiency of rapeseed cultivation and rational use of rapeseed seeds, rapeseed flour and oil in the agricultural production in the Chelyabinsk region. (Materials and methods) The influence of various forecrops on the productivity and quality of spring rape seeds in the links of grain-pair crop rotations in the Northern forest-steppe of the Chelyabinsk region were studied. Authors have analyzed the chemical composition of the soil and seeds of spring rape after various forecrops. (Results and discussion) The article proposes to reduce energy costs during pressing and reduce residual oil in the cake after pre-grinding of rapeseed by cutting method using a centrifugal-rotary shredder. The article shows that rapeseed flour has a good flowability and is easily mixed with other feeds. It was found that partial replacement of concentrates with rapeseed flour in the amount of 8-12 percent of the total weight in the diet of lactating cows contributes to an increase in milk productivity by 1.1-1.8 kilograms in terms of milk of 4 percent fat content. (Conclusions) It has been revealed that in order to increase the yield and quality of spring rape seeds, it is necessary to place them on the best forecrops. It was found that when 75 percent of rapeseed oil is mixed with 25 percent of diesel fuel, the obtained biodiesel is not inferior to diesel in terms of energy indicators. The article proves that when cultivating rapeseed for seeds on an area of 100 hectares, it is possible to produce 94.5 tons of biodiesel fuel, 106.0 tons of cake with an oil content of 5 percent and 8.4 tons of oil sludge, the estimated economic effect after sale is of 3,813,325 rubles.

scholarly journals The state of mountain forest ecosystems in the Bashkir Nature Reserve (Southern Urals)

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 00006
Author(s):  
Ainur Biembetov ◽  
Nur Yanybayev ◽  
Ilnar Valiev
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Environmental Monitoring ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Southern Urals ◽  
The State ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
Current State

Environmental monitoring of specially protected natural reservations in Russia makes it necessary to analyze periodically the parameters of natural reservations to identify the state of components of nature. The Bashkir Nature Reserve is located in the Southern Urals. The availability of materials on forest management in 1956, 1969, 1979, and 2016 is one of the special features of the scientific fund of the Bashkir Nature Reserve. The analysis of these materials showed stable positive dynamics of the development of coniferous and small-leaved deciduous forestry and its current state.

scholarly journals Стоянка среднего палеолита в пещере Иманай-1 на Южном Урале: предварительные итоги археологических исследований

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1271-1291
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav G. Kotov ◽  
◽  
Mikhail M. Rumyantsev ◽  
Dmitry O. Gimranov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Urals ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
Middle Paleolithic ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Ural Mountain ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
Cave Bear ◽  
The North ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Stone Industry

Introduction. Imanai-1 Cave is a new monument of the Middle Paleolithic in the Southern Urals. It was discovered by the authors in 2009 and is located in the west of the Ural mountain system, in the interfluve of the Belaya and Nugush Rivers, on the border of the mountain-forest and steppe zones. Goals. The paper aims to introduce preliminary results of archaeological investigations into scientific discourse. Results. The cave is of a tunnel type, its 70 m long passage ending with a far hall which contained bones of a small cave bear and a cave lion. The monument is multi-layered. The first cultural horizon contained 399 items of stone and bone. Tools make up to 60 % of all stone products, while cores and scales are absent, therefore, primary and secondary processing was carried out outside the far hall. The stone industry is characterized by the use of shards and amorphous flint chips. The working areas were made out with monofacial and bifacial retouching, incisal cleavage. The tools are of the following types: 3 Mousterian bifacial points, 4 convergent side-scrapers with bifacial processing, butt knives, some with bifacial processing ― 6 items, carvers on fragments and amorphous chips ― 229 items (59 %), points ― 19 items (5 %), tools with a thorn ― 13 items (3 %), incisors ― 21 items (5 %). At the base of the first cultural horizon, a skull of a small cave bear with an artificial hole made with a stone spearhead was found. The industry of the site has numerous analogies at the Ilskaya-1 site in the North Caucasus and in the materials of the upper layer of the Kiik-Koba grotto in the Crimea, as well as at other sites of the Middle Paleolithic of the Tayacian tradition. Three uncalibrated dates show the interval from 26 to 42 thousand years. This indicates the finale of the Mousterian era.

scholarly journals Environmental Identity: Information Strategies for Mobilizing ˋNegative Memory' of the Audience

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyudmila Zubanova ◽  
Sergei Sinetskii ◽  
Maria Shub
Keyword(s):  
Interactive Media ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Southern Urals ◽  
Media Content ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
Environmental Media ◽  
Information Strategies ◽  
Negative Memory ◽  
Chelyabinsk Region ◽  
Culture Development

The article analyzes the issues of interactive media culture development in modern society. The authors consider information and media strategies as tools for constructing the ecological identity of deprived territories residents (on the example of Chelyabinsk region). The article is based on research carried out between 2015 to 2019, monitoring the environmental situation in Chelyabinsk region. Mass representative surveys, held among the southern Urals citizens, expert interviews, content analysis of official information sources and informal channels of communication users (social networks), thematic debates with regional journalistic community served to ground the main ideas for this work. The resource mobilization idea of the ‘negative memory’ of the audience is the key conclusion, obtained during the analysis of sociological data. Negative memory is a stable negative perception of the territory ecological image under the influence of the broadcasted media content. The theoretical principles of memory studies are the base of this approach. The research has fixed the contradiction between the subjective readiness of the audience for constructive mobilization in the area of environmental initiatives and the ’negative ecological memory’ of the territory. To model the favorable environmental media content it is essential, firstly, to adjust it by: i) using the resource of opinion leaders and social advertising; ii) engaging the expert community in a broad public dialogue on environmental issues; iii) developing independent media projects aimed at radical transformation of the environmental agenda coverage in Chelyabinsk region. Keywords: information strategies, audience, ecology, identity, negative memory

scholarly journals Emperor Alexander II and the South Urals: A New Collection of Documents Published by Archivists of the Chelyabinsk Region

2020 ◽  
pp. 306-311
Author(s):  
Sergey V. Lyubichankovsky ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Archive ◽  
Southern Urals ◽  
The State ◽  
South Urals ◽  
State Archive ◽  
The South ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Chelyabinsk Region ◽  
The Impact

The article reviews the collection of documents “Emperor Alexander II and the Southern Urals,” published in 2019 and dedicated to the 200th anniversary of the Emperor. The book tells of the Tsarevich’s journey through the Southern Urals in 1837 and of manufacture of gifts to him by the Zlatoust craftsmen; a separate part consists of documents devoted to the reign of Alexander II and the impact of the Great Reforms on the development of the region. The collection ends with documents on the perpetuation of the Emperor’s memory. The review proves that this collection of documents closes the topic of relations between Alexander II and the Southern Urals, which has been little studied in the historiography. It concludes that the initiators of the publication – employees of the Joint State Archive of the Chelyabinsk Region – have included in the book legislative acts, recordkeeping materials, materials of the periodical press, sources of personal provenance, photographs, and visual materials. There is a list of archives and museums from which the sources originate: state archives of the Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Sverdlovsk regions, the National Archive of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Archive of the Zlatoust City District; the Verkhny Ufaley and Zlatoust local history museums; the Russian State Archive of Photo Documents, the State Russian Museum; the Department for Preservation of Historical Heritage of the South Ural Railway, the Russian State Historical Archive, and the State Archive of the Russian Federation. The review describes the structure of the collection and contends that it contributes to comprehensive coverage of the studied problems. It allows its readers to find the needed documents confidently and quickly, even with minimal research skills. Photo documents (little–known photographs and drawings) included in the collection complement the text quite successfully. The reviewers underscore that the publication contains three extensive introductory articles, the reading of which contributes to a deeper understanding of the sources. Thus, the review concludes that the collection has expanded the documentary base adequately in order to spur extensive research of the pre–revolutionary history of the Southern Urals.

Main directions of greening of agro-industrial complex

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-15
Author(s):  
E. A. Krasnoperova ◽  
Yu. A. Karmatskikh
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Southern Urals ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
Fallow Lands ◽  
Agroindustrial Complex ◽  
Chelyabinsk Region ◽  
Almost All

Agriculture and the agro-industrial complex as a whole are the most important components of the world economy. The volume of production and consumption of products, their quality and availability characterize the standard of living of the population. Of course, these indicators are not the only ones, but they are the leading elements of the country’s food security, health and well-being of its population. It is only in recent years that food quality has become a priority in developed countries. Agricultural production technologies have changed signifi cantly since the mid-twentieth century. The same applies to Russia. Plowing of virgin and fallow lands in Siberia, the Southern Urals and the Far East reduced the area of haymaking and pasture lands, more than 25 million hectares of fallow land were plowed. On the other hand, the increase in livestock numbers increased the burden on pasture lands, which did not always cope with the restoration of land fertility. As a result, many valuable forage grasses have disappeared and less productive and poisonous plants have spread. The purpose of the work was to consider the main directions of greening the agro-industrial complex in the Chelyabinsk region. The causes, consequences and features of greening the agro-industrial complex have been analyzed in the article. It was found as a result of the conducted observations that the problem of greening the agroindustrial complex has become more acute in the last 50–60 years and is a consequence of not always justifi ed decisions of economic activity. This aff ected the greening of agriculture: soil, water sources and air pools. The deterioration of the environmental situation in the Chelyabinsk region as a whole and also in agriculture, almost all industries and vehicles participated. The issues of the ecology in agriculture and the agro-industrial complex are directly related to the quality of food, the state of health and working capacity of citizens.

CONTENT OF HEAVY METALS IN FISH FROM MINERALIZED URAL WATER BODIES

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-467
Author(s):  
Yu.G. Gribovsky ◽  
◽  
D.Yu. Nohrin ◽  
N.A. Davydova ◽  
A.N. Torchitsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Spectrophotometric Method ◽  
Southern Urals ◽  
Normal Functioning ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
Fish Products ◽  
Iron And Zinc ◽  
Chelyabinsk Region

The article presents the results of comparative analysis of contamination with heavy metals of fish within the framework of comprehensive, expanded ecotoxicological monitoring of freshwater and mineralized lake farms of the Southern Urals with varying degrees of anthropogenic load. At this stage, 3 reservoirs with varying degrees of salinity were studied: Mayan, Kurakli-Mayan and Sugoyak. Atomic absorption spectrophotometric method determined the content of 8 heavy metals in the bone and muscle tissue of various fish species. It was found that in muscle tissue, maximum concentrations were noted for iron and zinc, which are necessary for normal functioning of fish. Manganese and cobalt were the most variable in the composition of muscle tissue. It is shown that detected concentrations of heavy metals are within the previously established values for the reservoirs of Chelyabinsk region. The number of studied normalized elements (Pb, Cd) did not exceed the established maximum values for fish and fish products. Increased water salinity in the studied lakes is not an obstacle to their use in fisheries purposes.

Influence of glauconite on potato productivity under conditions of insufficient moisturization of the Southern Urals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.V. Glaz ◽  
◽  
A.K. Gorbunov
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Southern Urals ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Seed Productivity ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Early Variety ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Chelyabinsk Region

Research 2019-2020 in the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of the Chelyabinsk region showed that the effect of glauconite on the yield and seed productivity of potatoes largely depends on the variety. The effect of glauconite (in doses from 10 to 40 t / ha) on the yield of tubers was proportional to the duration of the growing season of the varieties. The highest yield gains from glauconite were observed in the mid-ripening variety Tarasov – 4.05–4.62 t/ha, then in the medium-early variety Nevsky – 3.26–3.63 t/ha, and the smallest – were in the early variety Rosara – 1.95–2.26 t/ha. Whereas the effect of glauconite on the seed productivity of varieties had the opposite pattern: the greatest increase was observed in early-maturing varieties (Rozara – 1.30–1.56 times, Nevsky – 1.30–1.61 times), and the smallest – in the mid-season variety Tarasov (1.17–1.25 times).

scholarly journals Demographic Processes in the Southern Urals in 1920s-1930s

2019 ◽  
pp. 480-493
Author(s):  
Ravilya R. Khisamutdinova ◽  
◽  
Albina I. Azhigulova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Population ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Southern Urals ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
Natural Movement ◽  
Demographic Processes ◽  
Chelyabinsk Region ◽  
Historical Methods

In the study of demographic processes, regional approach is extremely important, as it allows to trace general patterns, as well as peculiarities in vital statistics. The article deals with vital statistics of the South Ural region in the period between official Soviet censuses of 1926 and of 1939; it studies both internal and external factors. General-logical methods of induction and deduction are used to consider vital statistics nationwide and in each subject of the Southern Urals as well. Historical methods (i.e., problem-chronological, historical-comparative) allow to conduct research in accordance with historical sequence and to identify main features of demographic processes in administrative divisions. General scientific and historical methods allow to study year-by-year vital statistics in the Orenburg and Chelyabinsk regions and the Bashkir Autonomous Republic. Inaccessibility of sources on the 20th century demography to most researchers has had its negative impact on the scientific view on Soviet vital statistics. The authors strive to identify features of vital statistics of the Southern Urals in 1920s-1930s. The case-study has proved that Soviet economic and political reforms of the period had a significant impact on the demographic balance in the Southern Urals. Year-by-year comparison of rural and urban population dynamics over 13 years between two censuses suggests compensatory natural movement of the population in the pre-war period. The authors conclude that intra-regional features can be associated with rapid development of industry in the Chelyabinsk region in the days of the pre-war five-year plans. It resulted in predominance of urban population over rural population in the Chelyabinsk region, in a radical departure from the tendency in agricultural areas of the Southern Urals (Bashkiria and the Orenburg region). The results of the study can be used in textbooks and monographs on demography, as well as in special courses on Russian demography or demography of the Southern Urals.

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