scholarly journals Agriculture of the Irkutsk Region: Hard Experience in the Industrial Region

Author(s):  
Grigorii Tsykunov

The article deals with historical and modern problems of agricultural development in the Irkutsk region in the context of industrial development of the region. Structural changes in the agricultural sector, the ratio of crop production and animal husbandry in the production of agricultural products are traced. The study found that within the framework of large-scale programs for the development of the productive forces of the Irkutsk region, the main attention was paid to industrial development, and agriculture was assigned the role of a secondary industry. This was manifested in the residual principle of financing the agricultural sector, its material base and the development of the social sphere in rural areas. Rural youth were involved in the construction and operation of production facilities, which led to a reduction of the population in the nearby villages and villages of the region. Special attention is paid to the problems of modern agriculture in the conditions of market transformations in the industry. On the basis of statistical material, the characteristics of the main categories of farms are given: agricultural organizations, farms and households. The analysis shows the leading role of private households in the total volume of agricultural production. At the same time, there is still an insignificant share of farms in the goods produced. The demographic consequences of the destruction of the state-farm-collective-farm system, manifested in a reduction in the number of villagers and a large shortage of agricultural workers, are particularly noted.

considerable advantages, too, for the spread of producer co-operatives. In addition, while bypassing the obstacle posed by economic fragmentation, such investments would nevertheless be attacking it, thus raising the degree of economic integration. No doubt, these investments would require industrial inputs at a higher level than before and the financing of this might imply that the planners have to give up some of the surplus extracted from the agricultural sector for use by it within its boundaries. In our opinion, this approach provides the basis for achieving high growth targets in the medium term without compromising on the distributional front at the class, sector, or regional levels. Two qualifications need to be registered. First, this does not imply that the DTYP target of y = 7.5 per cent per annum becomes feasible in this strategy. Even in Case A, the argument was only partly that it was probably not achievable; rather, that achieving it with n = 3.5 per cent would almost certainly lead to a vicious inflationary spiral, thereby worsening income distribution. In Case B, the burden of financing would be shared in an egalitarian manner through the rationing system but its average level would not be any different. What is being argued is that, first, for any given n, y* (C) > y* (A, B), and second, the rate of growth of n would be substantially greater over time in Case C than in Case A or B. Thus, Case C could be viewed as laying the basis for an eventual second phase of an industrialisation drive of the type now being proposed, in our view, prematurely. Second, it is probable that under Case C, rural foodgrain consumption would rise in the short run. In this strategy, too, state farms would play a crucial part in the transitional phase and beyond. It is necessary therefore to assist them in achieving efficiency quickly, and to overcome the problems of haphazard location and early growth. A period of consolidation might be necessary prior to any further expansion on any large scale. Finally, we need to turn our focus to the problems of urban poverty and unemployment which are not directly handled in any of the three cases. A separate policy component is therefore called for. A two-pronged approach is necessary. The first of these is to ensure that all low-income earners are covered by the urban rationing system. In the present context, this would require extending the coverage to the smaller urban centres and even in the larger ones to that lowest strata which might not be registered in any urban kebele. Thus, the AMC needs to grow greatly and quickly. It is in this context that the current and future role of the state farm sector has to be seen. Even within the framework of Case C, it will be some time before the area of stable grain yields is extended to a point where the urban populations are not held to ransom by the weather all too frequently; in the meantime, the state farms provide an insurance cover which is indispensible. (A corresponding function would be performed in the food-insecure rural areas by the grain banks suggested earlier.) Further, the kebele shops need to move more into the inferior cereals, in particular, sorghum, maize and black teff. Improving the storage facilities of the AMC and state farms could achieve the welcome result of lowering cost by anything up to 15-20 per cent on some crops. All such gains registered should reflect themselves in lower prices for the inferior, rather than for the superior, cereals as appears to have been the case in the recent past.


2020 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 13010
Author(s):  
Marina Kholodova ◽  
Mikhail Kabanenko ◽  
Lyudmila Dubrova ◽  
Lyudmila Orekhova ◽  
Safura Muradova

The article presents the role of small agribusiness in the development of the agricultural sector of the Russian economy in the post-pandemic reality, on the basis of forecast calculations and assessment of current trends in the development of the domestic agricultural sector, the effectiveness of which depends on ensuring sustainable rural development, preserving the historical appearance and territorial integrity of the country. The article examines the impact factors of Covid 19 that determine the development of Russian agriculture in the medium term and proves the need for the development of a large-scale agricultural sector of the economy. The calculation and analytical tools of the study are based on the methods of economic statistics, which allowed us to analyze the structural dynamics of the country's agricultural sector and determine the forecast parameters for the development of small agribusiness. The main forecast volumes of production by small agribusiness in rural areas of such types of food as grain, sunflower, meat and milk for the period up to 2025 are determined. Examples of adaptation of the agricultural sector to the conditions of post-pandemic reality abroad are given.


2020 ◽  
pp. 71-80
Author(s):  
Olesya Tomchuk

The article highlights the problems and prospects of human development, which is the basis for the long-term strategies of social and economic growth of different countries and regions at the present stage. Submitting strategies of this type provides an opportunity to focus on individual empowerment and to build a favorable environment for effective management decisions in the field of forming, maintaining, and restoring human potential. The analysis of the Vinnytsia region human potential dynamics in the regional system of social and economic development factors was carried out. Application of generalized assessment of the regional human development index components allowed the identification of the main trends that characterize the formation of human potential of the territory, including the reproduction of the population, social environment, comfort and quality of life, well-being, decent work, and education. The article emphasizes that despite some positive changes in the social and economic situation of the region and in assessing the parameters of its human development level relative to other regions of Ukraine, Vinnytsia region is now losing its human potential due to negative demographic situation and migration to other regions and countries. The main reason for such dynamics is proven to be related to the outdated structure of the region's economy, the predominance of the agricultural sector, the lack of progressive transformations in the development of high-tech fields of the economy. An important factor is the low level of urbanization of the region, which leads to the spread of less attractive working conditions and less comfortable living conditions. The key factors that cause the growth of urbanization in the region have been identified, including the significant positive impact of the transport and social infrastructure expansion, the lack of which in rural areas leads to a decrease in the level and comfort of life. Without progressive structural changes in the economy and the resettlement system, the loss of human potential will continue.


Ekonomika APK ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 317 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-111
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Shpykuliak ◽  
Mykola Ihnatenko ◽  
Andrii Shvets

The purpose of the article is to make conceptual assessments of the implementation of the principles of inclusive rural areas development with the participation of agroholding integrated formations. Research methods. In the course of the research a number of general scientific and special methods were used, in particular: system-structural analysis and synthesis as the main methodological tool (in the analysis of directions of social responsibility and inclusive development of agroholding integrated formations); monographic (in determining the essence and methodological assessment of the role of agroholding integrated formations as integrated structures in the inclusive development of Ukraine's economy); extrapolations (with substantiation of potential and possibilities of strengthening of inclusive orientation in development of agroholding integrated formations for the future). Research results. The methodological context of inclusiveness in the effects of management in the agricultural sector of the economy in the formation of the concept of sustainability is outlined. Institutional and organizational-economic characteristics are revealed and priority roles of agroholding integrated formations in realization of principles of inclusive development of rural territories are identified. The emphasis on the direction of development of agroholding integrated formations on realization of projects of socially responsible management which will consider features of development of rural territories is defined as effective and methodically expedient. Scientific novelty. The methodological context of inclusiveness in the effects of management in the agricultural sector of the economy in the formation of the concept of sustainability is outlined. Institutional and organizational-economic characteristics are revealed and priority roles of agroholding integrated formations in realization of principles of inclusive development of rural territories are identified. The emphasis on the direction of development of agroholding integrated formations on realization of projects of socially responsible management which will consider features of development of rural territories is defined as effective and methodically expedient. Practical significance. Methodological substantiation of organizational and economic characteristics and conceptualization of the role of agroholding integrated formations in the implementation of the principles of inclusive rural areas development with proof of the need for stimulating involvement of this type of structures in the implementation of socially responsible management with projection to achieve sustainability through inclusiveness. Tabl.: 2. Refs.: 50.


2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 91-96
Author(s):  
Judit Beke Lisányi

The economic and political transition brought many challenges for the Hungarian agricultural sector. The break-up of large agricultural holdings had serious negative impacts on food production and on the export of agricultural products. Capital intensive profit-seeking intermediaries dominate the trading of agricultural goods that has injurious effects in terms of downward pressure on production prices and an increase in consumer prices. Cooperatives have a key role in effectively tackling the common challenges that small-scale producers have to face. More vertical integration along the food chain could contribute to providing rural employment and to an increase in living standards in rural areas. This study reviews the development, the specific features and the driving forces of modern cooperatives in Central Europe in general, and in Hungary in particular. The focus is on the integrator role of cooperatives and their future role in our globalised world. JEL Classification: Q10, Q13


2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Hery Susilowati

<strong>English</strong><br />Qualified human resources with a good commitment to develop agricultural sector is one of the determining factors toward sustainable agricultural development. However, agricultural development deals with significant issue especially reduction in the number of young farmers. This paper aims to review structural changes from perspective of aging farmer and declined number of young farmers in Indonesia and other countries. Specifically, this paper identifies various factors causing the changes and describes the policies needed to support young workers to enter agricultural sector. The method used in this paper is both descriptive analysis and cross tabulation. The results show that aging farmers and young farmers decline in Indonesia keep increasing. The phenomena are also found in other countries in Asia, Europe, America and Australia. Various factors causing lack interest of young workers in agricultural sector, namely less prestigious, high risk, less assurance, unstable earning. Other factors are small size land holding, limited non-agricultural diversification and agricultural processing activities in rural areas, slow farm management succession, and lack of incentive for young farmers. To attract youth to enter agricultural sector, it is necessary to transform youth’s perception that agricultural sector currently is interesting and promising. The government needs to development agricultural industry in rural areas, introduces technology innovation, offers special incentives for young farmers, modernizes agriculture, and conducts training and empowerment of young farmers.<br /><br /><br /><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Sumber daya manusia yang berkualitas dan memiliki komitmen membangun sektor pertanian merupakan salah satu faktor keberhasilan pembangunan pertanian berkelanjutan. Namun, pembangunan pertanian menghadapi permasalahan cukup serius, yaitu jumlah petani muda terus mengalami penurunan, baik secara absolut maupun relatif, sementara petani usia tua semakin meningkat. Tujuan makalah ini adalah melakukan review tentang perubahan struktural tenaga kerja pertanian dilihat dari fenomena aging farmer dan menurunnya jumlah tenaga kerja usia muda sektor pertanian di Indonesia dan di berbagai negara lainnya, mengidentifikasi berbagai faktor penyebab perubahan tersebut, serta kebijakan yang diperlukan untuk mendukung tenaga kerja muda masuk ke  sektor pertanian. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif dan tabulasi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa secara umum fenomena penuaan petani dan berkurangnya petani muda di Indonesia semakin meningkat. Kondisi seperti ini bukan hanya terjadi di Indonesia, namun juga di negara-negara lain di Asia, Eropa, dan Amerika.  Berbagai faktor penyebab menurunnya minat tenaga kerja muda di sektor pertanian, di antaranya citra sektor pertanian yang kurang bergengsi, berisiko tinggi, kurang memberikan jaminan tingkat, stabilitas, dan kontinyuitas pendapatan; rata-rata penguasaan lahan sempit; diversifikasi usaha nonpertanian dan industri pertanian di desa kurang/tidak berkembang; suksesi pengelolaan usaha tani rendah; belum ada kebijakan insentif khusus untuk petani muda/pemula; dan berubahnya cara pandang pemuda di era postmodern seperti sekarang. Strategi yang perlu dilakukan untuk menarik minat pemuda bekerja di pertanian antara lain mengubah persepsi generasi muda bahwa sektor pertanian merupakan sektor yang menarik dan menjanjikan apabila dikelola dengan tekun dan sungguh-sungguh, pengembangan agroindustri, inovasi teknologi,  pemberian insentif khusus kepada petani muda, pengembangan pertanian modern, pelatihan dan pemberdayaan petani muda, serta memperkenalkan pertanian kepada generasi muda sejak dini.


2020 ◽  
Vol 176 ◽  
pp. 05008
Author(s):  
Alfiya Kuznetsova ◽  
Almir Askarov ◽  
Andrei Svetlakov

The article discusses the factors and problems that have a negative impact on the indicators of economic efficiency of the industry and, thus, hinder the sustainable development of rural areas, and also suggests a number of measures to overcome them. The methods of statistical data analysis and the method of aligning time series are used in the work. Large-scale production, on the one hand, entails an increase in labor productivity, and, on the other hand, generates rural unemployment. It was revealed that high-tech methods of agricultural production lead to an increase in the cost of manufactured products, both in a steady increase in prices for energy resources and concentrated feed, which increases the level of risks in the agricultural business. In addition, non-observance of the norms of crop rotation of sunflower crops on the same land plots entails damage to soil fertility. Such a strategic planning system is needed as part of the legal framework of public administration, which would create the conditions for the formation of healthy competition of manufactured products not only domestically, but also on the world market.


Author(s):  
І. А. Маркіна

Розроблено кластерну модель дуалістичного (традиційна та органічна продукція) розвитку землекористування в Україні. Принциповою відмінністю від існуючих моделей є наявність Національного науково-виробничого агроекологічного парку, регіональних наукових (економічних) центрів розвитку сільських територій та зміщення акценту ролі держави на реалізацію економічних функцій як агента земельних інтересів. Представлена  система інформаційного провайдингу в управлінні земельними ресурсами аграрного сектору економіки. Запропоновано концепцію розвитку державно-приватного партнерства в системі землекористування, що заснована на агрохімічному, меліоративному, логістичному та збутовому напрямах та має на меті забезпечення поєднання можливостей мікро-, мініагентів, спільних агентів та держави, в тому числі із залученням коштів регіональних і глобальних агентів, на компліментарній основі з приводу раціонального землекористування та підвищення прямих і непрямих доходів всіх представників груп земельних інтересів. A cluster model of dualistic (traditional and organic products) development of land use in Ukraine has been developed. A fundamental difference from existing models is the existence of the National Research and Production Agroecological Park, regional scientific (economic) centers for the development of rural areas and the shift in the emphasis of the role of the state on the realization of economic functions as an agent of land interests. The presented system of information providers in the management of land resources of the agricultural sector of the economy. The concept of development of public-private partnership in the land use system based on agrochemical, meliorative, logistic and marketing directions is offered and aims to ensure the combination of the capabilities of micro-, miniagents, general agents and the state, also with the involvement of regional and global agents, on a complimentary basis for rational land use and increasing the direct and indirect income of all representatives of land interest groups.


Author(s):  
Одон Борисович Дашинамжилов ◽  
Виктория Васильевна Лыгденова

В статье рассматриваются миграции бурятского народа в районах преимущественного расселения в 1959–1989 гг. Анализируются источники и методы исследования этнических миграций. Изучена территориальная специфика пространственных перемещений бурятского населения на фоне миграционных тенденций в России в целом и в восточных районах, в частности. Вычислен его механический прирост/убыль в Иркутской и Читинской областях, Бурятской АССР, определены исторические условия, факторы и географические направления миграций, роль сельско-городских перемещений. Выявлено, что буряты Иркутской области обладали самой высокой мобильностью, благодаря тесным контактам с русским населением, интенсивному аграрному и промышленному развитию региона, из-за чего механический отток из области достиг больших размеров. Если вначале была велика доля так называемых «внутренних миграций», в районах основного расселения, то постепенно роль экономических перемещений усилилась, а роль Бурятской АССР как центра притяжения ослабла. У бурят БАССР на протяжении всего рассматриваемого периода было положительное сальдо миграции за счет притока из Предбайкалья и Читинской области. Миграционная подвижность этноса здесь была значительно ниже, чем в Иркутской области, а масштабы сельско-городских миграций были невелики из-за сравнительно невысоких темпов экономического развития и менее тесных контактов с русским населением. Вместе с тем, приток бурятского населения в республику в изучаемый период последовательно снижался. В Читинской области демографический переход у бурятского населения шел медленнее, чем в других регионах преимущественного расселения. В этой связи миграционная мобильность этноса была очень низкой. Регион исторически отличался самыми невысокими темпами роста промышленного производства, меньшей была интенсивность аграрных переселений. В результате буряты области дольше сохраняли традиционные виды хозяйствования, доля городских жителей была небольшой, распространенность русского языка была невысокой. Мобильность бурят усилилась в 1970-е гг., в основном миграции были направлены в БАССР. Роль республики как региона вселения упала лишь в 1980-е гг. The paper studies migration patterns of the Buryat people in the areas with dense Buryat population in 1959–1989. The sources and methods of studying ethnic migrations are analyzed. The territorial specifics of movements of the Buryat population in the context of migration trends in Russia in general and in the Eastern regions in particular are examined. Net migration rate in the Irkutsk and Chita regions and the Buryat ASSR was calculated. Historical conditions, factors and geographical directions of migration, and the role of rural-urban movements were identified. It was revealed that the Buryats of the Irkutsk region had the highest mobility, due to close contacts with the Russian population, intensive agricultural and industrial development of the region, which is why the migration outflow from the region dramatically increased. At first, most migrations were within the studied areas, but then the role of economic movements gradually increased, and the role of the Buryat ASSR as a center of attraction weakened. During the entire period under review, the Buryats of the BASSR had a positive net migration rate due to inflows from the Baikal region and the Chita region. The migration mobility of this ethnic group was significantly lower than in the Irkutsk region, and the rural-urban migration rate was low due to relatively slow economic development and less contacts with the Russian population. At the same time, the influx of Buryat population to the Republic in the studied period consistently decreased. In the Chita region, the demographic transition of the Buryat population was slower than in other regions under consideration. The region has historically had the lowest industrial production growth rates, and the agricultural migrations were less intensive. As a result, the Buryats of the Chita region had long maintained traditional economies, the share of urban residents was low, and Russian language use was not widespread. The mobility of the Buryats increased in the 1970s, and migrations were mainly directed to the BASSR. The role of the Republic as a destination for migrant flows only declined in the 1980s.


Author(s):  
Jurgita ZALECKIENĖ

Due to historical circumstances, the development of Lithuanian commercial farmer’s farms is slow; however, farmer’s farms are very important to the vitality of rural areas while developing agricultural commodities and goods. The purpose of this article – to analyze the structural changes in farmer’s farms and present the directions of future development. Structural changes in Lithuanian farmer’s farms during the 2005 – 2015 timeframe were analyzed while looking at the diagnostic indicators, which are the following: the number of farmer’s farms, the structure of farmer’s farms according to their size, the activity units of farmer’s farms, age of farmers, farmer’s farms sources of income. In order to study the statistical data, methods of systemization, logical analysis and generalization were applied. The analysis of the statistical data suggests that the following structural changes are taking place in Lithuanian farmer’s farms: the number of registered farmer’s farms increases and the farmers’ are getting younger. One of the most significant factors causing the structural changes in holdings – the EU financial support for the agricultural development and the changing customer demands. More and more often rural areas perform residential function and new living areas are developed. There is a predominance of the small farms (up to 10 hectares). This is mainly a result of the reform in agricultural sector at the end of 20th century. Many small agricultural holdings were established due to this reform. However, significant changes occur while choosing and/or combining the activity units of the farm: the number of farms specializing in crops increases, the number of the holdings focusing on livestock and combined farming (crops and livestock) is declining; also, farmer’s farms with diversified income or the activity units grow in number. Limited opportunities to intensify agricultural production in small farmer’s farms caused the fact that activities or income were diversified. The model of family farm remains; however, the relation between activity and the usage of family’s labour in farm activity changes.


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