scholarly journals The Influence of Bilingualism on Personality: Psychological and Pedagogical Studies of Foreign Scientists

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravi Ranjan
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Personal Development ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Bilingual Advantage ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Since the first half of the 20th century, the question of whether bilingualism affects the individual has become a topic of major scientific research. The purpose of this article is to show the directions of research on this problem. In answering this question, the studies were divided into two main periods: positive and negative attitudes towards bilingualism. The authors conducted a meta-analysis of published studies on the impact of bilingualism on personal development: at the first stage of the analysis, they reviewed the abstracts of conferences on this topic for the period from the second half of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century, and at the second stage, they determined which of these studies were subsequently published. Preferably, studies with the results that fully support the theory of bilingual advantage were published. The practical significance of this work consists in the fact that it presents modern research by foreign scientists on bilingualism. The reasons for two contradictory views of researchers on the problem of bilingualism are analyzed. In the future, the article can help build modern ideas about bilingualism and bilingual personality.

The Determinants and Consequences of Accurate Beliefs About Childhood Vaccinations

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 628-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark R. Joslyn ◽  
Steven M. Sylvester
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Party Identification ◽  
Motivated Reasoning ◽  
Parental Choice ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
The Public ◽  
Policy Attitudes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

In this article, we examine the individual predictors that are responsible for accurate beliefs about the link between vaccinations and autism. We then show how these beliefs affect policy preferences about vaccines. We derive two hypotheses from motivated reasoning theory and test these on national survey data from Gallup and CBS News. Republicans were less likely to report accurate beliefs than Democrats. In addition, educational attainment modified the impact of party identification. The gap between Republicans and Democrats in likelihood of reporting accurate beliefs was largest among the most educated portion of the public. Finally, we show that accurate beliefs about vaccines, independent of statistical controls, are important predictors of policy attitudes about unvaccinated children attending public school and parental choice about the decision to vaccinate. We discuss the theoretical and practical significance of these findings.

Non-Consensual Image Sharing

2019 ◽  
pp. 121-134
Author(s):  
Jessica Klein ◽  
Kristen Zaleski
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Free Speech ◽  
Sexual Trauma ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Internet Privacy ◽  
Image Sharing ◽  
Sexually Explicit ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Non-consensual image sharing is a 21st-century concern at the intersection of some of the most difficult challenges of our time: sexual trauma, victims’ rights, internet privacy, and free speech. Also known as non-consensual pornography, technology-facilitated violence, and revenge pornography, the phenomenon occurs when sexually explicit, nude or semi-nude photos are distributed without the consent of the individual pictured. This chapter explores non-consensual image sharing research and discusses trends as well as future questions that have yet to be answered about the pervasiveness of this problem. It is asserted that research on the impact of cyber sexual exploitation on victims is needed, as are initiatives that integrate victim resources, tools for law enforcement, and technical resources to identify and remove content.

scholarly journals Effect of maternal birth positions on duration of second stage of labor: systematic review and meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Berta ◽  
Helena Lindgren ◽  
Kyllike Christensson ◽  
Sollomon Mekonnen ◽  
Mulat Adefris
Keyword(s):  
Weighted Mean Difference ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Second Stage Of Labor ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Birth Position ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background It is believed that giving birth in an upright position is beneficial for both mother and the infant for several physiologic reasons. An upright positioning helps the uterus to contract more strongly and efficiently, the baby gets in a better position and thus can pass through the pelvis faster. Upright and lateral positions enables flexibility in the pelvis and facilitates the extension of the outlet. Before implementing a change in birthing positions in our clinics we need to review evidences available and context valid related to duration of second stage of labor and birthing positions. Therefore this review aimed to examine the effect of maternal flexible sacrum birth position on duration of second stage of labor. Method The research searched articles using bibliographical Databases: Medline/PUBMED, SCOPUS, Google scholar and Google. All study designs were considered while investigating the impact of maternal flexible sacrum birthing positioning in relation duration of second stage of labor. Studies including laboring mothers with normal labor and delivery. A total of 1985 women were included in the reviewed studies. We included both qualitative and quantitative analysis. Results We identified 1680 potential citations, of which 8 articles assessed the effect of maternal upright birth positioning on the reduction during the duration of second stage of labor. Two studies were excluded because of incomplete reports for meta analysis. The result suggested a reduction in duration of second stage of labor among women in a flexible sacrum birthing position, with a mean duration from 3.2–34.8. The pooled weighted mean difference with random effect model was 21.118(CI: 11.839–30.396) minutes, with the same significant heterogeneity between the studies (I2 = 96.8%, p < 000). Conclusion The second stage duration was reduced in cases of a flexible sacrum birthing position. Even though the reduction in duration varies across studies with considerable heterogeneity, laboring women should be encouraged to choose her comfortable birth position. Researchers who aim to compare different birthing positions should consider study designs which enable women to choose birthing position. Prospero registration number [CRD42019120618]

scholarly journals The Effect of Bilingualism on Older Adults’ Inhibitory Control: A Meta-Analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonnie A Armstrong ◽  
Natalie Ein ◽  
Brenda I Wong ◽  
Sara N Gallant ◽  
Lingqian Li
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Bilingual Advantage ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Design And Methods

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe effect bilingualism has on older adults’ inhibitory control has been extensively investigated, yet there is continued controversy regarding whether older adult bilinguals show superior inhibitory control compared with monolinguals. The objective of the current meta-analysis was to examine the reliability and magnitude of the bilingualism effect on older adults’ inhibitory control as measured by the Simon and Stroop tasks. In addition, we examined whether individual characteristics moderate the bilingual advantage in inhibition, including age (young–old vs old–old), age of second language acquisition, immigrant status, language proficiency, and frequency of language use.Research Design and MethodsA total of 22 samples for the Simon task and 14 samples for the Stroop task were derived from 28 published and unpublished articles (32 independent samples, with 4 of these samples using more than 1 task) and were analyzed in 2 separate meta-analyses.ResultsAnalyses revealed a reliable effect of bilingualism on older adults’ performance on the Simon (g = 0.60) and Stroop (g = 0.27) tasks. Interestingly, individual characteristics did not moderate the association between bilingualism and older adults’ inhibitory control.Discussion and ImplicationsThe results suggest there is a bilingual advantage in inhibitory control for older bilinguals compared with older monolinguals, regardless of the individual characteristics previously thought to moderate this effect. Based on these findings, bilingualism may protect inhibitory control from normal cognitive decline with age.

The Metabolic SYNDROME and the RISK of Venous Thrombosis: RESULTS of AN Individual LEVEL Patient Meta-ANALYSIS

Blood ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 116 (21) ◽  
pp. 3177-3177
Author(s):  
Francesco Dentali ◽  
Cihan Ay ◽  
Moon Jang ◽  
Matteo di Minno ◽  
Ingrid Pabinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Visceral Obesity ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Individual Features ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Abstract 3177 Background: The metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of interrelated risk factors that identify patients at increased risk of cardiovascular events. Recent studies also suggested an association between MS and venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, the role of the individual features of MS and whether MS and its features are more important than obesity alone to predict VTE remain to be established. Methods: We performed an individual patient level meta-analysis of case-control studies comparing the prevalence of MS in patients with unprovoked VTE and in controls. MEDLINE, EMBASE databases, and abstract books were searched up to January 2010. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals of pooled results were calculated. The influence of individual variables (age, sex, BMI and MS) on the likelihood of VTE was compared using logistic regression analysis. Multivariate analysis was subsequently performed including the individual components of MS in the place of MS. The impact of increasing number of individual components of MS on the risk of VTE was investigated. Results: Four studies were identified and analyzed, for a total of 1332 patients (479 cases and 833 controls). Mean age was 53.3 and 52.7, respectively (p=n.s.), 49.5% cases and 42.4% controls were males (p=0.0003), 38.8% and 30.0% were obese (p=0.0001). MS was significantly associated with VTE (OR 1.97, 1.57–2.47), and the association linearly increased with the number of MS features (p for trend <0.001). At multivariate analysis, MS but not obesity remained associated with VTE (OR 1.92, 1.50–2.46 and 1.14, 0.88–1.47, respectively). All individual features of MS, but HDL cholesterol, were independently associated with VTE. Conclusions: The results of this meta-analysis confirm the association between MS and VTE and suggest that MS (and visceral obesity defined by increased waist circumference) could be a more important predictor of VTE than obesity defined by BMI. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Acute brain trauma

2016 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
GT Martin
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Brain Trauma ◽  
Computer Calculations ◽  
Skull Deformity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Primary Injury ◽  
The Brain

In the 20th century, the complications of head injuries were controlled but not eliminated. The wars of the 21st century turned attention to blast, the instant of impact and the primary injury of concussion. Computer calculations have established that in the first 5 milliseconds after the impact, four independent injuries on the brain are inflicted: 1) impact and its shockwave, 2) deceleration, 3) rotation and 4) skull deformity with vibration (or resonance). The recovery, pathology and symptoms after acute brain trauma have always been something of a puzzle. The variability of these four modes of injury, along with a variable reserve of neurones, explains some of this problem.

scholarly journals Effect of maternal birth positions on duration of second stage of labor: Systematic review and meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Berta Badi ◽  
Helena Lindgren ◽  
Kyllike Christensson ◽  
Sollomon Mekonnen ◽  
Mulat Adefris
Keyword(s):  
Weighted Mean Difference ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Second Stage Of Labor ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Birth Position ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: it is believed that giving birth in an upright position is beneficial for both mother and the infant for several physiologic reasons. An upright positioning helps the uterus to contract more strongly and efficiently, the baby gets in a better position and thus can pass through the pelvis faster. Upright and lateral positions enables flexibility in the pelvis and facilitates the extension of the outlet. Before implementing a change in birthing positions in our clinics we need to review evidences available and context valid related to duration of second stage of labor and birthing positions. Objective: The aim of this review was to examine the effect of maternal flexible sacrum birth position on duration of second stage of labor. Method: The research searched articles using bibliographical Databases: Medline/PUBMED, SCOPUS, Google scholar and Google. All study designs were considered while investigating the impact of maternal flexible sacrum birthing positioning in relation duration of second stage of labor. Studies including laboring mothers with normal labor and delivery. A total of 1,985 women were included in the reviewed studies. We included both qualitative and quantitative analysis. Results: We identified 1,680 potential citations, of which 8 articles assessed the effect of maternal upright birth positioning on the reduction during the duration of second stage of labor. Two studies were excluded because of incomplete reports for meta analysis. The result suggested a reduction in duration of second stage of labor among women in a flexible sacrum birthing position, with a mean duration from 3.2-34.8. The pooled weighted mean difference with random effect model was 21.118(CI: 11.839-30.396) minutes, with the same significant heterogeneity between the studies (I2=96.8%, p<000). Conclusion: The second stage duration was reduced in cases of a flexible sacrum birthing position. Even though the reduction in duration varies across studies with considerable heterogeneity, laboring women should be encouraged to choose her comfortable birth position. Researchers who aim to compare different birthing positions should consider study designs which enable women to choose birthing position. Prospero registration number [CRD42019120618]

8. Judaism today

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Solomon
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Religious Leadership ◽  
Jewish Thought ◽  
The Impact ◽  
State Of Israel ◽  
Second World

No religion has emerged unchanged into the 21st century. Increasing secularization of Western governments has undermined the power of religious leadership and people’s values have changed. Lots of people have abandoned organized religion. ‘Judaism today’ examines the impact of postmodernist thinking in recent times on Judaism. World Jewry has found itself at the centre of two 20th-century events that have affected it in unique ways: the trauma of the Shoah, or Holocaust, and the establishment of the State of Israel. Four areas in which Jewish thought has developed since the Second World War are considered: Zionism, Holocaust theology, God, and Feminism.

Collaborative Endeavours and Challenges of 21st-Century Skills in Tertiary Distance Education

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elize Terblanché
Keyword(s):  
Distance Education ◽  
21St Century ◽  
21St Century Skills ◽  
Personal Development ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Collaborative Knowledge

Anecdotal evidence indicates that the curricula of tertiary distance education institutions and the skills sets of faculty and students do not match those required in the digital age. Developments in the context of changing realities within which educators teach and students learn, pose a variety of challenges. The acquisition of meta-literacies and specific knowledge has unique implications and demands multi-tasking and multi-faceted skilling. This article presents a conceptual meta-analysis of discourses on required 21st-century skills and meta-literacies. The goal of this analysis is to do basic research to delineate a conceptual map of key trends to serve as a theoretical foundation for a follow-up case study to be conducted at a tertiary distance educational institution. The findings of the purposive literature survey are expected to lead to the identification of various required multi-literacies and the recognition of the context of changing realities within which educators teach and students learn. The implications of curriculum development, the necessity of applying appropriate teaching strategies, and the personal development and training of educators and students in transition of becoming collaborative knowledge creators are some of the future developments in educational practices of the digitalised environment that require greater awareness and further research.

DYSLEXIA IN PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zh.Zh. Nurseitova ◽  
◽  
G. A. Abayeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Personal Development ◽  
Speech Therapy ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Modern World ◽  
School Students ◽  
Read Word ◽  
The Impact

Dyslexia as a variant of language difficulties in teaching younger schoolchildren is traditionally one of the urgent problems of modern speech therapy, which has undoubted theoretical and practical significance. In the last 10-15 years, there has been an increase in scientific interest in the problem of dyslexia all over the world, which is associated not only with an increase in the prevalence of the disorder and the need to clarify its pathogenesis. Public awareness of the importance of learning in the modern world, the need to assess the impact of dyslexia on a person's personal development and to find ways to fully integrate children with dyslexia into the cultural and educational environment. A dyslexic child constantly faces difficulties when reading: one incorrectly read word in itself destroys the overall picture of what he has read, that is, the text remains completely incomprehensible to the child. The article provides an overview of the concept of dyslexia and provides information on the prevalence. The article considers reading disorders occurring in primary school students with the Kazakh language of instruction.

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