scholarly journals Acute brain trauma

2016 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
GT Martin
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Brain Trauma ◽  
Computer Calculations ◽  
Skull Deformity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Primary Injury ◽  
The Brain

In the 20th century, the complications of head injuries were controlled but not eliminated. The wars of the 21st century turned attention to blast, the instant of impact and the primary injury of concussion. Computer calculations have established that in the first 5 milliseconds after the impact, four independent injuries on the brain are inflicted: 1) impact and its shockwave, 2) deceleration, 3) rotation and 4) skull deformity with vibration (or resonance). The recovery, pathology and symptoms after acute brain trauma have always been something of a puzzle. The variability of these four modes of injury, along with a variable reserve of neurones, explains some of this problem.

An Analytical Viscoelastic Model of the Head in Blunt Impacts

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahab Baghaei ◽  
Ali Sadegh ◽  
Mohamad Rajaai
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Spherical Shell ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Head Impacts ◽  
Closed Head Injuries ◽  
Brain Motion ◽  
Closed Head ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

The relative motion between the brain and skull and an increase in contact and shear stresses in the meningeal region could cause traumatic closed head injuries due to vehicular collisions, sport accidents and falls. There are many finite element studies of the brain/head models, but limited analytical models. The goal of this paper is to mathematically model subarachnoid space and the meningeal layers and to investigate the motion of the brain relative to the skull during blunt head impacts. The model consists of an elastic spherical shell representing the skull containing a visco-elastic solid material as the brain and a visco-elastic interface, which models the meningeal layers between the brain and the skull. In this study, the shell (the head) is moved toward a barrier and comes in contact with the barrier. Consequently, the skull deforms elastically and the brain is excited to come in contact with the skull. The viscoelastic characteristics of the interface (consisting of springs and dampers) are determined using experimental results of Hardy et al. [5]. Hertzian contact theory and Newtonian method are employed to acquire time dependant equations for the problem. The governing nonlinear integro-differential equations are formed and are solved using 4th order Runge Kutta method and elastic deformation of spherical shell, brain motion during the impact, and contact conditions between the brain and the skull are evaluated. Furthermore, some important mechanical parameters such as acceleration, impact force, and the impact time duration are also specified. The results of the analytical method are validated by performing an explicit finite element analysis. Acceptable agreement between these two methods is observed. The results of the analytical investigation give the contact threshold of the skull/brain, and represent the relevant velocity of this event. Furthermore, the impact analysis in different velocities is performed in order to compare the transmitted forces and the impact durations in different cases. It is concluded that the proposed mathematical model can predict head impacts in accidents and is capable in determining the relative brain motion of the skull and the brain. The mathematical model could be employed by other investigators to parametrically study the traumatic closed head injuries and hence to propose new head injury criteria.

8. Judaism today

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Solomon
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Religious Leadership ◽  
Jewish Thought ◽  
The Impact ◽  
State Of Israel ◽  
Second World

No religion has emerged unchanged into the 21st century. Increasing secularization of Western governments has undermined the power of religious leadership and people’s values have changed. Lots of people have abandoned organized religion. ‘Judaism today’ examines the impact of postmodernist thinking in recent times on Judaism. World Jewry has found itself at the centre of two 20th-century events that have affected it in unique ways: the trauma of the Shoah, or Holocaust, and the establishment of the State of Israel. Four areas in which Jewish thought has developed since the Second World War are considered: Zionism, Holocaust theology, God, and Feminism.

The impact of theManual of Nearctic Dipteraon phylogenetic dipterology

2012 ◽  
Vol 144 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
David K. Yeates ◽  
Brian M. Wiegmann
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Molecular Systematics ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Insect Order ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Magnum Opus ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Consistent Approach

AbstractOur knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships of Diptera advanced through the 20th century at an unprecedented rate; the two crowning achievements of the century were Hennig's magnum opus – theHandbuch der Zoologietreatment of the order and Volume 3 of theManual of Nearctic Dipteraseries, edited by McAlpine and Wood. The Manual is outstanding because of its scope and rigorous, consistent approach, treating the relationships of the entire order at family level using Hennigian argumentation. Synapomorphic characters from all life stages were identified using outgroup comparison and monophyletic taxa were established using synapomorphies mapped onto nodes. The Manual chapters energized a generation of students to publish rigorous, quantitative cladistic phylogenetic treatments of many dipteran groups. The chapters also acted as an authoritative scaffold for the development of dipteran molecular systematics in the 1990s. No other megadiverse insect order has had such an influential phylogenetic springboard into the 21st century.

scholarly journals Calcified cephalohematoma as an unusual cause of EEG anomalies: case report

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Vigo ◽  
Domenica Immacolata Battaglia ◽  
Paolo Frassanito ◽  
Gianpiero Tamburrini ◽  
Massimo Caldarelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Head Injuries ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Indication For Surgery ◽  
Eeg Abnormalities ◽  
Skull Deformity ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Brain

Cephalohematoma, one of the most common neonatal head injuries, generally undergoes spontaneous resorption. When calcified, it may cause cranial vault distortion and depression of the inner skull layer, although it remains asymptomatic. Surgery, indeed, is usually performed for cosmetic purposes. For these reasons, the long-term effects of calcified cephalohematoma (CC) are widely unknown. The authors report the case of an 11-year-old girl with a persistent calcified CC causing skull deformity and delayed electroencephalography (EEG) anomalies. These anomalies were detected during routine control EEG and were not clinically evident. The young girl underwent surgical removal of the CC for cosmetic purpose. The EEG abnormalities disappeared after surgery, thus reinforcing the hypothesis of a correlation with the brain “compression” resulting from the CC. To the best of the authors' knowledge this is the first time that CC-associated EEG anomalies have been described: even though these anomalies cannot be considered an indication for surgery, they merit late follow-up in case of skull deformity.

scholarly journals The Influence of Bilingualism on Personality: Psychological and Pedagogical Studies of Foreign Scientists

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravi Ranjan
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Personal Development ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Bilingual Advantage ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Since the first half of the 20th century, the question of whether bilingualism affects the individual has become a topic of major scientific research. The purpose of this article is to show the directions of research on this problem. In answering this question, the studies were divided into two main periods: positive and negative attitudes towards bilingualism. The authors conducted a meta-analysis of published studies on the impact of bilingualism on personal development: at the first stage of the analysis, they reviewed the abstracts of conferences on this topic for the period from the second half of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century, and at the second stage, they determined which of these studies were subsequently published. Preferably, studies with the results that fully support the theory of bilingual advantage were published. The practical significance of this work consists in the fact that it presents modern research by foreign scientists on bilingualism. The reasons for two contradictory views of researchers on the problem of bilingualism are analyzed. In the future, the article can help build modern ideas about bilingualism and bilingual personality.

On Identifying Head Injury Family Types

1995 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 13-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Kosciulek
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Primary Caregivers ◽  
Brain Trauma ◽  
Family Assessment ◽  
Family Assessment Device ◽  
Family Types ◽  
The Impact

Results of an investigation designed to identify family types among a sample of families who have a member with a head injury are presented. Participants were 150 primary caregivers of persons with head injuries recruited through the Wisconsin Brain Trauma Association. Cluster analysis of Family Assessment Device (FAD) data revealed the following family types: (a) un patterned, (b) fragile, (c) pliant, (d) regenerative, and (e) vulnerable. These head injury family types add to our understanding of the impact of head injury on families and provide the basis for examining why some families are better able to manage ihe demands of head injury than others.

scholarly journals The Impact of Head Trauma on Society

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie P. Ivan
Keyword(s):  
Head Trauma ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
The Road ◽  
Management Problems ◽  
Trauma Victims ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Football Field ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain ◽  
At Home

In this address I shall discuss head trauma from an angle which may be unusual for neuroscientists. Our preoccupations are diagnostic challenges and management problems, but that which we experience at the bedside is only a narrow segment of a continuum which started with trauma somewhere in a war, on the road, at home, on the football field, in the boxing ring, and in many other distinct locations. When our role is over, there are only three places where head trauma victims can be found; in cemeteries, where every year, 5,000 new graves are made to accommodate fatal head injuries in Canada; in chronic hospitals, which are already overloaded with victims of various insults to the brain, and, of course, within society, which accepts the fully recovered or tolerates the subtle and not so subtle consequences of so-called ‘minor’ head injuries.

Immunization from the Perspective of a Millennium

2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 619-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Grabenstein
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Continuing Education ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Human Lifespan ◽  
Good For ◽  
New Applications ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Passing Grade

Credit This lesson is good for 0.2 CE units, with a passing grade of 70%. Objectives After completing this continuing education article, the pharmacist will be able to: 1. Describe the evolution of immunization over the past thousand years. 2. Discuss the impact of specific infectious diseases on world populations before the development of immunizations against them. 3. Understand the significance of immunization in increasing human lifespan. 3. Compare immunization policies of different eras in the 20th century. 4. Identify some potential new applications of immunological drugs in the 21st century.

scholarly journals Measured Impact

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (01) ◽  
pp. 42-45
Author(s):  
James G. Skakoon
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Falx Cerebri ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

This article focuses on an innovative methodology developed by researchers at Stanford University. The new way of measuring the forces that cause head injuries aim to change how engineers protect professional and weekend athletes. By embedding both accelerometers and gyroscopes within the mouth guards, the laboratory tracked all six degrees of freedom and slashed data errors to 10 percent or less. According to one of the developer, since the upper teeth are firmly coupled to the bones of the cranium, the mouthguards can provide data accurate enough for the lab to use in finite element models to describe what is happening inside the brain. The team input the incident’s kinematics data into a finite element analysis model of the brain developed by the KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Sweden. This enabled them to simulate how different structures within the brain responded to the impact. The computer simulation showed that the falx cerebri appears to be the culprit. It is a rigid vertical sheet that separates the brain’s two lobes. It lies right above the corpus callosum and extends upward, attaching to the skull at the very top. It conducts impact energy from the skull deep into the brain, where it oscillates and induces strain in the corpus callosum.

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