scholarly journals A historical assessment of sources and uses of wheat varietal innovations in South Africa

2017 ◽  
Vol Volume 113 (Number 3/4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charity R. Nhemachena ◽  
Johann Kirsten ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Aluminium Toxicity ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Pedigree Information ◽  
Wheat Varieties

Abstract We undertook a historical review of wheat varietal improvements in South Africa from 1891 to 2013, thus extending the period of previous analyses. We identified popular wheat varieties, particularly those that form the basis for varietal improvements, and attempted to understand how policy changes in the wheat sector have affected wheat varietal improvements in the country over time. The empirical analysis is based on the critical review of information from policies, the varieties bred and their breeders, the years in which those varieties were bred, and pedigree information gathered from the journal Farming in South Africa, sourced mainly from the National Library of South Africa and the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) database. A database of the sources and uses of wheat varietal innovations in South Africa was developed using information from the above sources. The data, analysed using trend and graphical analysis, indicate that, from the 1800s, wheat varietal improvements in the country focused on adaptability to the production area, yield potential and stability and agronomic characteristics (e.g. tolerance to diseases, pests and aluminium toxicity). An analysis of the sources of wheat varietal improvements during the different periods indicates that wheat breeding was driven initially by individual breeders and agricultural colleges. The current main sources of wheat varietal improvements in South Africa are Sensako, the Agricultural Research Council’s Small Grain Institute (ARC–SGI) and Pannar. The structural changes in the agricultural sector, particularly the establishment of the ARC–SGI and the deregulation of the wheat sector, have helped to harness the previously fragmented efforts in terms of wheat breeding. The most popular varieties identified for further analysis of cost attribution and the benefits of wheat varietal improvements were Gariep, Elands and Duzi.

scholarly journals Estimation of grain productivity and biochemical indicators of the winter bread wheat varieties depending on the forecrop

2021 ◽  
Vol 273 ◽  
pp. 01027
Author(s):  
Оlesya Nekrasova ◽  
Nina Kravchenko ◽  
Dmitry Marchenko ◽  
Evgeny Nekrasov
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Biochemical Indicators ◽  
Winter Bread Wheat ◽  
Grain Productivity ◽  
Study Results

The purpose of the study was to estimate the effect of sunflower and pea on the amount of productivity, protein and gluten percentage in grain. The objects of the study were 13 winter bread wheat varieties (Triticum aestivum L.) developed by the Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”. The study was carried out in 2018-2020 on the fields of the department of winter wheat breeding and seed production. The forecrops were peas and sunflower. The study results showed that the varieties ‘Volny Don’ (6.1 t / ha), ‘Krasa Dona’ (6.1 t / ha) and ‘Lidiya’ (6.0 t / ha), when sown after peas, gave the largest yields. The varieties ‘Volny Don’ (4.9 t / ha) and ‘Polina’ (4.8 t / ha) which were sown after sunflower, showed the best productivity. The analysis of qualitative indicators established that the maximum percentage of protein and gluten in grain was identified in the varieties ‘Podarok Krymu’ (16.3%; 28.3%) and ‘Volnitsa’ (16.1%; 28.5%), which were sown after peas; and the same varieties showed good results (‘Podarok Krymu’ (16.2%; 27.4%) and ‘Volnitsa’ (15.7%; 27.8%)), when sown after sunflower.

NEW VARIETIES OF WINTER SOFT WHEAT IT IS A RESULTS FROM SELECTION IN ADAPTABILITY AND PRODUCTIVITY

1970 ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
А. I. Grabovets ◽  
М. А. Fomenko ◽  
T. А. Oleynikova ◽  
Е. А. Zheleznyak
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Initial Forms ◽  
Variety Testing

Research on winter wheat breeding was carried out in 2010-2020 at the Federal Rostov agricultural research center in the steppe zone with insufficient moisture. Soils of the southern carbonate Chernozem. The article describes the stages of coadaptation and creation of initial forms that served as the parents of new wheat varieties, which are being prepared for transfer to the State variety testing in 2021. The varieties are the result of the implementation of wheat breeding projects aimed at curbing climate volatility in recent years. The essence of the complex of resistance to stressors lies in the guaranteed resistance of the created genotypes to morozam (they must withstand at the depth of the tillering node –18⁰C), with a duration of springization of more than 60 days, during thaws they did not grow, they could withstand up to two months of lapped ice crust. The created forms should not be damaged during frosts in April and may, and should be characterized by high heat and drought resistance. To solve these problems, a special methodology was developed for creating genetic variability of breeding source material that is adequate to the changing climate. In the Volnaya zarya variety transferred to the GSI, the yield was 6.7 t / ha (maximum –8.32 t/ha), in the Donskaya T 20 variety – 7.0 t/ha (8.0 t/ha), the protein content in the grain was 14.1 and 14.0%, respectively. The article presents immunological characteristics of varieties, evaluation of their stability to abiotic factors (wintering frost, heat drought), response of varieties to sowing date and soil fertility.

Impacts of breeding on international collaborative wheat improvement

2006 ◽  
Vol 144 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. REYNOLDS ◽  
N. E. BORLAUG
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
International Agricultural Research ◽  
Wheat Improvement ◽  
Modern Varieties

For over 40 years a collaborative network of publicly funded international wheat scientists has made a significant contribution to food security in the developing world. Thousands of modern wheat varieties (MVs) have been released for use in both favourable and marginal environments on well over 50 million hectares. The yield increases associated with genetic improvement in yield potential and adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses are well documented. Millions of small-scale farmers in the developing world have benefited. While this so-called ‘Green Revolution’ displaced landraces in favour of more productive MVs, these and other genetic resources, held in trust by international organizations, have been utilized to improve the inherent genetic diversity of modern varieties. Furthermore, the result of increased yields reduced the need to bring natural ecosystems under cultivation, by as much as a billion hectares.Although international wheat breeding has its origins in the 1940s, recognition of a common scientific basis of agricultural problems worldwide was highlighted by the creation of International Agricultural Research Centres (IARCs) which included the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT) established in 1965. This grew into a larger network called the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) now comprising 15 IARCs, including the International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) established in Syria in 1977, another key player in the international wheat and barley breeding network. Two of the major coordination responsibilities of CIMMYT are maintaining the world collection of wheat genetic resources – a public good protected by international treaty – and the facilitation of the International Wheat Nurseries.After the initial impact of the Green Revolution in high production zones through exploitation of Rht-B1 and Rht-D1 dwarfing genes in conjunction with disease resistance, international breeding encompassed more challenging environments through, for example, international shuttle breeding between Brazil and Mexico to overcome problems associated with acid soils that restricted adoption of MVs. Another example is drought, which affects at least 30 million ha of wheat in the developing world. The approach focused initially on exploiting the inherent yield potential and disease resistance of MVs and later combined this with new stress-adaptive traits from wild wheat ancestors through wide crossing techniques. Adoption of modern varieties has increased substantially in drier areas between 1990 and 1997. In all environments, possibly the greatest threat to productivity is disease, especially those caused by fungal pathogens. International wheat breeding has placed great emphasis on genetic control of disease since resource-poor farmers generally lack the means to control diseases chemically.

scholarly journals The evolving landscape of plant breeders’ rights regarding wheat varieties in South Africa

2016 ◽  
Vol Volume 112 (Number 3/4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charity R. Nhemachena ◽  
Frikkie G. Liebenberg ◽  
Johann Kirsten ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Plant Variety Protection ◽  
Plant Variety ◽  
Variety Protection ◽  
Plant Breeders Rights

Abstract Addressing the multiple challenges facing global agriculture requires integrated innovation in areas such as seeds, biotechnology, crop protection, grain storage and transport. Innovations related to plant improvement and the development of new or improved plant varieties will only happen at an optimal level if plant breeders’ rights (PBR) are properly protected. The objective was to analyse the evolving landscape of wheat plant breeders’ rights to address the dearth of empirical evidence of the patterns and trends of wheat varietal improvements in South Africa. We compiled a detailed and novel count and attribute database of wheat varietal innovations in South Africa from 1979 to 2013 using various sources. This data set was then analysed to ascertain the main trends in, and ownership of PBRs for wheat varietal improvements in South Africa over this period. A total of 134 PBR wheat varietal innovations were lodged from 1979 to 2013, an average of 6 applications per year. The administrative delays in granting PBR applications were substantially reduced by 77 days during the post-deregulation period (after 1996), indicating increased efficiency. The main PBR applicants were Sensako (39%), the Agricultural Research Council Small Grains Institute (ARC-SGI) (25%) and Pannar (15%). The ARC-SGI contributed to some of the PBRs owned by private companies through shared genetic resources before Plant Variety Protection (PVP) was implemented. Future innovations and dissemination of wheat innovations can be stimulated by plant variety protection, together with broader variety sector legislation that encourages both public and private sector investment.

OCCURRENCE OF THE 1RS/1BL WHEAT–RYE TRANSLOCATION IN HUNGARIAN WHEAT VARIETIES

2000 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Kőszegi ◽  
G. Linc ◽  
Lajos Juhász ◽  
L. Láng ◽  
M. Molnár-Láng
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Yellow Rust ◽  
Centric Fusion ◽  
Wheat Chromosome ◽  
Hungarian Academy ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Agricultural Research Institute ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

Acta Agronomica Hungarica, 48(3), pp. 227–236 (2000) OCCURRENCE OF THE 1RS/1BL WHEAT–RYE TRANSLOCATION IN HUNGARIAN WHEAT VARIETIES B. K Ő SZEGI, G. LINC, A. JUHÁSZ, L. LÁNG and M. MOLNÁR-LÁNG AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, MARTONVÁSÁR, HUNGARY Received: August 15, 2000; accepted: October 15, 2000 The translocation which involves the substitution of the short arm of the 1R rye chromosome for the short arm of the 1B wheat chromosome by means of centric fusion has exercised an enormous influence on the world’s wheat breeding. Since the first mention of this translocation in 1937 the incidence of the 1RS/1BL translocation has been reported in connection with several hundred wheat varieties. Varieties carrying the translocation possess a chromosome segment which includes the resistance genes Sr31 (stem rust, Puccinia graminis), Lr26 (leaf rust, P. recondita), Yr9 (yellow rust, P. striiformis), Pm8 (powdery mildew, Erysiphe graminis) and Gb (aphid, Schizaphis graminum). The present paper investigates the occurrence of the 1RS/1BL translocation in wheat varieties bred in Hungary in recent years. It was found that 35 (53%) of the 66 Hungarian-bred wheat varieties registered in Hungary between 1978 and 1999 carried the 1RS/1BL translocation.

scholarly journals CONSERVATION SOIL FERTILITY SOUND USE SYSTEM OF FERTILIZATION AND SEEDING RATE WINTER WHEAT

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
Viktor Mazur ◽  
Hanna Pantsyreva ◽  
Yurii Kopytchuk
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Wheat Varieties

The biological yield potential of modern winter wheat varieties has been established. The market, changes of organizational and ownership structures in the agricultural sector are studied. The problem of stable and reliable production of winter wheat grain and improvement of its quality has been disclosed. The works of domestic and foreign scientists have been analyzed and their significant contribution to the creation of modern cultivation technology ensuring high profitability of winter wheat has been determined. Grain yields for competitive production are proved. The article is based on the importance in the technological regulation of cultivation of such components as rational fertilization, reasonable sowing norms, which allow to manage the production process of winter wheat crops and to receive high yields, to increase the economic efficiency of cultivation of crops. The efficiency of application of the increased background of fertilizer at the seeding rate of 3.0 million pieces is theoretically substantiated and experimentally proved. us. / ha to realize the genetic potential of winter wheat under the conditions of PE "Zetto", which is located in the village. Klekotina of Shargorod district, Vinnytsia region in the zone of Right-bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. The system of agrotechnical measures and their combination in the technology of cultivation is optimized and economically justified, which ensures stable high yield and good quality of winter wheat grain. It is established that for optimization of production processes of plants and rational use of natural and climatic potential of the region and material and technical resources for the purpose of stable grain production. Taking into account the complex of unsolved problems concerning the optimal rate of sowing of winter wheat seeds on the increased backgrounds of fertilizers in relation to the specific soil and climatic conditions of cultivation and biological features of modern varieties and hybrids, technological aspects of cultivation are proposed, which preserve fertility. Key words: winter wheat, soil fertility, land use, variety, seeding rate, fertilizer system.

Assessing farmer interest in participatory plant breeding: Who wants to work with scientists?

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (03) ◽  
pp. 177-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie C. Dawson ◽  
Jessica R. Goldberger
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Rural Sociology ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Participatory Plant Breeding ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Breeding Programs

AbstractParticipatory research, particularly participatory plant breeding (PPB), can increase the relevance of public-sector research to the agricultural community. PPB has mostly been used in developing countries with resource-poor farmers, but there is increasing interest among farmers in developed countries who are dissatisfied with the performance of available varieties. In 2006, scientists associated with the winter and spring wheat breeding programs in the Department of Crop and Soil Sciences and the Department of Community and Rural Sociology at Washington State University (WSU) conducted a survey of members of the Washington Association of Wheat Growers. Through analysis of the survey results, we sought to understand (1) whether or not farmers want to work with scientists in PPB programs and (2) the determinants of PPB interest. Results indicated that 52% of Washington wheat growers were interested in working with WSU scientists in a participatory breeding program. Interested farmers tended to be younger and college educated with fewer years of farming experience. Moreover, PPB interest appeared to be related positively to farm size, the number of wheat varieties planted, use of and interest in alternative production and marketing practices (e.g., seed saving, organic agriculture), and prior experience with WSU. Based on this analysis and ongoing discussions with farmers, we hope to develop a participatory wheat breeding program where farmers are able to choose their level of involvement with the breeding process based on their interest and needs. This new program will increase the relevance of WSU's wheat breeding programs to farmers in the state and could serve as a model for other public agricultural research programs seeking to increase farmer involvement and, thereby, democratize agricultural research.

scholarly journals Main directions and issues of durum winter wheat breeding under climate changing

2021 ◽  
pp. 53-61
Author(s):  
N. E. Samofalova ◽  
N. P. Ilichkina ◽  
Т. S. Bezuglaya
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Main Stress ◽  
Study Results

The current paper has presented the study results (2015–2020) of the influence of changing weather conditions on durum winter wheat productivity and grain quality. The purpose of the study was to identify the main stress factors limiting durum winter wheat productivity under changing climate conditions and to determine the direction and issues for further breeding. The objects of the study were the varieties ‘Amazonka’, ‘Agat Donskoy’, ‘Kristella’, ‘Lazurit’, ‘Oniks’, ‘Diona’, ‘Eyrena’, ‘Yakhont’, ‘Kiprida’, ‘Yubilyarka’, ‘Yantarina’, ‘Uslada’, ‘Donchanka’ (a standard variety) developed by the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”. There have been studied the meteorological data (average daily temperatures and precipitation) through the years of study as well. On the basis of the analysis, there have been established main stress factors of these years that affected productivity, namely drought in different vegetation periods with the pre-sowing and sowing periods in August and September of 2019; the periods ‘sprouts-tillering’ in October, December and the periods ‘tillering-stem extension’ in March, April; grain filling period in 2020; atmospheric drought during the period of active vegetation in April, June of 2018; excessive moisture with rainfalls and squally winds that caused lodging, diseases, grain flowing off and discoloration in 2014–2015, 2015–2016. The agricultural year 2016–2017 was the most favorable in terms of temperature regime, precipitation and their distribution (at the level of the long-term average), with an average varietal productivity of 9.49 t/ha. Yield decrease depending on this or that stress factor (in comparison with the favorable year of 2017) was on 54.5% in 2019, 32.5% in 2020 and on 21.4 in 2015 and 27.2% in 2016. The exception was the year of 2018, when with sufficient soil moisture, productivity was on 26.3% more than in 2017. Due to the study results of winter durum wheat varieties according to their traits and properties to the indicated stress factors in 2015–2020, there have been identified the issues for each direction, the solution of which will be aimed at developing stress-resistant, resistant to lodging and diseases varieties with large stable yields and high grain quality.

scholarly journals THE METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS’ PART IN WINTER DURUM WHEAT PRODUCTIVITY FORMATION

2019 ◽  
pp. 18-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. E. Samofalova ◽  
O. A. Dubinina ◽  
A. P. Samofalov ◽  
N. P. Ilichkina
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Meteorological Factors ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Hydrothermal Conditions ◽  
Wheat Varieties

In the regions of insufficient and unstable moisture, hydrothermal conditions are the main natural factors that determine the level of crop productivity. The purpose of our study was to identify the role of the main meteorological factors in the formation of winter durum wheat productivity at different periods of its growth and development. The study was carried out in the southern part of the Rostov region in the FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” in 2003–2014. The objects of the study were winter durum wheat varieties and breeding lines of competitive variety testing, sown in black fallow, in four replications, with a plot area of 25 m². The current paper presents the analysis results of the average daily temperature, precipitation, hydrothermal index (HTI) by the periods of winter durum wheat growth and development through the years of study, average varietal productivity for each year. It has been established that the characteristic features of the studied years are a temperature rise, especially in the pre-sowing and sowing periods, during the wintering period and the resumption of spring vegetation, and irregular precipitation, their shift in the fall from November to October, in the winter from February to January, in the spring from April to March, and its decrease or absence during the active growing season. The conducted correlation analysis between main meteorological factors and productivity showed a decisive role of the temperature regime in winter durum wheat productivity formation. It turned out to be less significant in relation to precipitation. This indicates that winter durum wheat productivity does not depend on the total amount of precipitation, but on its distribution, moisture presence in soil, and temperature. According to the analysis of the main meteorological factors, their connection with productivity, there have been identified positive and negative points in the ontogenesis of winter durum wheat associated with climate change, which must be taken into account in breeding and growing technology. There have been determined the main objectives for winter durum wheat breeding, aimed at improving such adaptive properties as drought resistance, heat resistance, especially at the initial stages of growth and development, winter tolerance, disease and pest resistance occurred due to climate change (septorisis, pyrenophorosis, bacteriosis and fusarium of heads and kernels).

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