scholarly journals Transgenic Bt cotton tissues have no apparent impact on soil microorganisms  

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 366-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hu ◽  
M. Xie ◽  
Y. Yu ◽  
Q. Zhang

The impact of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton residues on soil microorganism communities was investigated. Leaves of three different varieties of transgenic Bt cotton and their near-isogenic lines were placed in soil and the numbers of indigenous soil microorganisms were measured with cultivation-dependent approaches under laboratory conditions. The soil samples were collected after 7, 14, 21, 28, 56 and 84 days of incubation. Numbers of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi in the soil were measured by counting colony forming units after incubation on appropriate medium. Overall, although there were differences in bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi population between soil amended with Bt and non-Bt cotton throughout the whole incubation in three experiments, these differences were transient and not persistent from one sampling stage to the next. These results suggest that Bt-transgenic cotton tissues have no apparent impact on soil microorganism population.

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
MESAK TOMBE ◽  
DARMAWAN PANGERAN ◽  
TRI SAPTARI HARYANI

<p>ABSTRAK<br />Busuk batang vanili (BBV) yang disebabkan oleh Fusarium<br />oxysporum f.sp. vanillae (Fov) merupakan patogen penting pada vanili dan<br />menyebabkan kerugian besar setiap tahunnya di Indonesia. Jumlah<br />kerugian diperkirakan sebesar 3.000 ton atau sekitar US$ 16 juta.<br />Penelitian dilaksanakan di laboratorium dan rumah kaca Kelti Hama dan<br />Penyakit, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat, Bogor pada bulan<br />Februari 2010 sampai Agustus 2010. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk<br />mengetahui pengaruh formula dengan bahan aktif minyak cengkeh dan<br />serai wangi terhadap penyakit BBV dan dampaknya terhadap kehidupan<br />mikroorganisme tanah. Dalam pelaksanaannya, kegiatan penelitian dilaku-<br />kan dalam 3 tahap yaitu : (1) uji formula in vitro, (2) uji formula in vivo,<br />dan (3) uji dampak formula terhadap mikroorganisme tanah. Percobaan<br />tahap 1, 2, dan 3 masing-masing terdiri atas 10, 6, dan 6 perlakuan,<br />dan.masing-masing disusun menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan<br />3 ulangan. Materi yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini adalah (1) formula<br />dengan bahan aktif minyak cengkeh (formula standar), (2) formula dengan<br />bahan aktif minyak cengkeh dan serai wangi (formula baru), dan (3)<br />fungisida sintetis berbahan aktif mankozeb sebagai pembanding. Hasil uji<br />in vitro menunjukkan bahwa fungisida nabati CS (minyak cengkeh + serai<br />wangi) pada ke 3 tingkatan konsentrasi (terutama konsentrasi 400 ppm)<br />memperlihatkan efektivitas yang tinggi dalam menghambat pertumbuhan<br />miselium dan produksi spora patogen Fov.F117 dibandingkan perlakuan<br />lain dan kontrol. Hasil uji in vivo menunjukkan hal yang sama bahwa<br />fungisida nabati CS memperlihatkan efektivitas yang tinggi dalam<br />menekan intensitas serangan patogen BBV, terutama pada dosis aplikasi 5<br />ml/l. Dampak perlakuan terhadap kehidupan mikroorganisme tanah (fungi<br />dan bakteri) memperlihatkan bahwa penggunaan fungisida sintetis<br />mankozeb menghambat kehidupan mikroorganisme tanah 90-100% jika<br />dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Populasi mikroorganisme tanah pada semua<br />perlakuan fungisida nabati lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan fungisida<br />mankozeb. Populasi mikroorganisme pada aplikasi fungisida nabati pada<br />dosis 5 ml/l tidak berbeda nyata dengan kontrol. Penelitian ini<br />menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan fungisida nabati minyak cengkeh<br />terutama jika dikombinasikan dengan minyak serai wangi mempunyai<br />prospek untuk digunakan dalam pengendalian penyakit BBV dengan<br />interval aplikasi 3-4 minggu sekali.<br />Kata kunci : Vanilla planifolia, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp, vanillae, busuk<br />batang vanili, minyak cengkeh, minyak serai wangi</p><p>ABSTRACT<br />Vanilla stem rot (VSR) disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.<br />vanillae (Fov) is an important disease on vanilla and causes severe loss<br />annually in Indonesia. The total annual loss in production due to the VSR<br />was estimated to be 3,000 ton or about US$ 16 million. This research was<br />carried out in the laboratory and green house of Pest and Disease of<br />Research Institute for Spices and Medicinal Crops, Bogor from February<br />2010 until August 2010. The objective of this research was to study the<br />effect of formula using active compounds of clove and citronella oils on<br />the VSR disease and its impact on the survival of soil microorganisms.<br />The research activities were conducted in three stages, namely (1) in vitro<br />formula test; (2) in vivo formula test, and (3) impact test of formula on the<br />soil microorganisms. Materials studied in this research were (1) formula<br />with active compound of clove oil (standard), (2) formula with active<br />compound of clove and citronella oils (new formula), and (3) synthetic<br />fungicide with mancozeb active ingredient as comparison. Every phase of<br />this 3 stage experiment was arranged using completely randomized design<br />with three replicates. First, second, and third phases of the experiment<br />consisted of 10, 6, and 6 treatments, respectively. In vitro test results<br />carried out in the laboratory indicated that botanical formula CS (clove and<br />citronella oils of the three concentration levels, especially on the 400 ppm)<br />showed high effectiveness on inhibiting mycelium growth and spore<br />production of Fov.F117 pathogen compared to other treatments and<br />control. In vivo test in the green house indicated the same result that<br />botanical fungicide CS (clove dan citronella oils) showed high<br />effectiveness in suppressing VSR disease infection intensity, especially on<br />5 ml/l dosage. Application of mancozeb synthetic fungicide inhibited 90 –<br />100% soil microorganism livelihood compared to control. However, the<br />soil microorganism population on all botanical fungicides was higher than<br />on mancozeb fungicide. The microorganism population on the botanical<br />fungicide of 5 ml/l dosage was not significantly different from the control<br />(natural soil with no treatment). This research indicates that aplication of<br />botanical fungicide (combination between clove and citronella oils) with<br />3 - 4 weeks interval is prospectous to control VSR disease.<br />Key words : Vanilla planifolia, Fusarium oxysporum, f.sp. vanillae,<br />vanilla stem rot, clove oil, citronella oil</p>


2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 285-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang YJ ◽  
M. Xie ◽  
Peng DL

Transgenic CrylAc and CpTI insect-resistant cotton SGK321 has been widely adopted for many years in several regions of China, however the understanding of its potential effects on soil microorganisms is limited. The impact of transgenic cotton SGK321 on microorganism populations in rhizosphere soil was investigated. The numbers of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes were measured by counting colony-forming units after incubation on appropriate medium in a two-year field study in the northern China. Rhizosphere soil microorganism populations between transgenic cotton SGK321 and its non-transgenic parental cotton or conventional cotton were different at some plant growth stages and/or in some years. However compared to the plant growth stage and cotton cultivar, the impacts of the transgenic trait were slight or transient. The principal component analysis also showed no significant or minor difference in the numbers of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes in rhizosphere soil between transgenic cotton SGK321 and its non-transgenic parental cotton. These results suggest that the transgenic cotton SGK321 has no apparent impact on microorganism populations in rhizosphere soil.


2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Jezierska-Tys ◽  
A. Rutkowska

Abstract The effect of chemicals (Reglone 200 SL and Elastiq 550 EC) on soil microorganisms and their enzymatic activity was estimated. The study was conducted in a field experiment which was set up in the split-block design and comprised three treatments. Soil samples were taken six times, twice in each year of study. The results showed that the application of chemicals generally had no negative effect on the number of soil microorganisms. The application of Reglone 200 SL caused an increase of proteolytic and ureolytic activity and affected the activity of dehydrogenases, acid and alkaline phosphatases in the soil. The soil subjected of Elastiq 550 EC was characterized by lower activity of dehydrogenases, protease, urease and alkaline phosphatase.


2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-84
Author(s):  
Vaishali V. Shahare ◽  
Rajni Grover ◽  
Suman Meena

Background: The persistent dioxins/furans has caused a worldwide concern as they influence the human health. Recent research indicates that nonmaterial may prove effective in the degradation of Dioxins/furans. The nanomaterials are very reactive owing to their large surface area to volume ratio and large number of reactive sites. However, nanotechnology applications face both the challenges and the opportunities to influence the area of environmental protection. Objective: i) To study the impact of oil mediated UV-irradiations on the removal of 2,3,7,8-TCDD, 2,3,7,8-TCDF, OCDD and OCDF in simulated soil samples. ii) To compare the conventional treatment methods with the modern available nanotechniques for the removal of selected Dioxins/furans from soil samples. Methods: The present work has investigated an opportunity of the degradation of tetra and octachlorinated dioxins and furans by using oil mediated UV radiations with subsequent extraction of respective dioxins/furans from soils. The results have been compared with the available nanotechniques. Results: The dioxin congeners in the simulated soil sample showed decrease in concentration with the increase in the exposure time and intensity of UV radiations. The dechlorination of PCDD/Fs using palladized iron has been found to be effective. Conclusion: Both the conventional methods and nanotechnology have a dramatic impact on the removal of Dioxins/furans in contaminated soil. However, the nanotechniques are comparatively costlier and despite the relatively high rates of PCDDs dechlorination by Pd/nFe, small fraction of the dioxins are recalcitrant to degradation over considerable exposure times.


Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Laura Rieusset ◽  
Marjolaine Rey ◽  
Florence Gerin ◽  
Florence Wisniewski-Dyé ◽  
Claire Prigent-Combaret ◽  
...  

Roots contain a wide variety of secondary metabolites. Some of them are exudated in the rhizosphere, where they are able to attract and/or control a large diversity of microbial species. In return, the rhizomicrobiota can promote plant health and development. Some rhizobacteria belonging to the Pseudomonas genus are known to produce a wide diversity of secondary metabolites that can exert a biological activity on the host plant and on other soil microorganisms. Nevertheless, the impact of the host plant on the production of bioactive metabolites by Pseudomonas is still poorly understood. To characterize the impact of plants on the secondary metabolism of Pseudomonas, a cross-metabolomic approach has been developed. Five different fluorescent Pseudomonas strains were thus cultivated in the presence of a low concentration of wheat root extracts recovered from three wheat genotypes. Analysis of our metabolomic workflow revealed that the production of several Pseudomonas secondary metabolites was significantly modulated when bacteria were cultivated with root extracts, including metabolites involved in plant-beneficial properties.


Rice ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun-Hung Kuang ◽  
Yu-Fu Fang ◽  
Shau-Ching Lin ◽  
Shin-Fu Tsai ◽  
Zhi-Wei Yang ◽  
...  

Abstract Background The impact of climate change on insect resistance genes is elusive. Hence, we investigated the responses of rice near-isogenic lines (NILs) that carry resistance genes against brown planthopper (BPH) under different environmental conditions. Results We tested these NILs under three environmental settings (the atmospheric temperature with corresponding carbon dioxide at the ambient, year 2050 and year 2100) based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change prediction. Comparing between different environments, two of nine NILs that carried a single BPH-resistant gene maintained their resistance under the environmental changes, whereas two of three NILs showed gene pyramiding with two maintained BPH resistance genes despite the environmental changes. In addition, two NILs (NIL-BPH17 and NIL-BPH20) were examined in their antibiosis and antixenosis effects under these environmental changes. BPH showed different responses to these two NILs, where the inhibitory effect of NIL-BPH17 on the BPH growth and development was unaffected, while NIL-BPH20 may have lost its resistance during the environmental changes. Conclusion Our results indicate that BPH resistance genes could be affected by climate change. NIL-BPH17 has a strong inhibitory effect on BPH feeding on phloem and would be unaffected by environmental changes, while NIL-BPH20 would lose its ability during the environmental changes.


Author(s):  
Surinder Kaur M. S. Pada ◽  
Poh Lishi ◽  
Kim Sim Ng ◽  
Sarathamani Rethenam ◽  
Lilibeth Silagan Alenton ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Computerisation of various processes in hospitals and reliance on electronic devices raises the concern of contamination of these devices from the patient environment. We undertook this study to determine if an attached hand hygiene device that unlocks the screen of a computer on wheels (COW) on usage can be effective in decreasing the microbiological burden on computer keyboards. Methods An electronic hand sanitizer was integrated onto the COW. A prospective cohort study with a crossover design involving 2 control and 2 intervention wards was used. The study end point was the number of colony forming units found on the keyboards. Bacteria were classified into 4 main groups; pathogenic, skin flora, from the environment or those thought to be commensals in healthy individuals. We then used a mixed effects model for the statistical analysis to determine if there were any differences before and after the intervention. Results Thirty-nine keyboards were swabbed at baseline, day 7 and 14, with 234 keyboards cultured, colony forming units (CFUs) counted and organisms isolated. By mixed model analysis, the difference of mean bacteria count between intervention and control for week 1 was 32.74 (− 32.74, CI − 94.29 to 28.75, p = 0.29), for week 2 by 155.86 (− 155.86, CI − 227.45 to − 83.53, p < 0.0001), and after the 2-week period by 157.04 (− 157.04, CI − 231.53 to − 82.67, p < 0.0001). In the sub-analysis, there were significant differences of pathogenic bacteria counts for the Intervention as compared to the Control in contrast with commensal counts. Conclusion A hand hygiene device attached to a COW may be effective in decreasing the microbiological burden on computer keyboards.


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