scholarly journals Praseodymium enhanced the tolerance of maize seedlings subjected to cadmium stress by up-regulating the enzymes in the regeneration and biosynthetic pathways of ascorbate and glutathione

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qidi Zhu ◽  
Yanyan Li ◽  
Shang Gao ◽  
Changjuan Shan
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Enzymatic Activities ◽  
Monodehydroascorbate Reductase ◽  
Photochemical Quenching ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Cd Stress ◽  
Maize Seedlings ◽  
Cd Tolerance ◽  
Psii Photochemistry

To test whether praseodymium (Pr) regulates cadmium (Cd) tolerance, we explored the effects of Pr on enzymatic activities in the regeneration and biosynthetic pathways of ascorbate and glutathione in maize seedlings under Cd stress. The findings demonstrated that Cd stress increased enzymatic activities in the regeneration pathway (ascorbate peroxidase (APX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), glutathione reductase (GR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR)) and in the biosynthetic pathway of ascorbate and glutathione (γ-ECS and GalLDH), as well as ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) contents. However, Cd stress significantly decreased AsA/dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) ratio and GSH/oxidised glutathione (GSSG) ratio, net photosynthetic rate (P<sub>n</sub>), chlorophylls (Chl) and carotenoids (Car) contents, maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (F<sub>v</sub>/F<sub>m</sub>), photochemical quenching (qP) and quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Φ<sub>PSII</sub>), as well as plant height and biomass. Application of Pr to Cd-stressed seedlings enhanced above enzymatic activities, AsA and GSH contents, AsA/DHA and GSH/GSSG ratios, P<sub>n</sub>, Chl and Car contents, F<sub>v</sub>/F<sub>m</sub>, qP and Φ<sub>PSII</sub>, as well as plant height and biomass. Meanwhile, the application of Pr to Cd-stressed seedlings reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content and electrolyte leakage. The above results indicated that Pr enhanced Cd tolerance of maize by up-regulating enzymatic activities in regeneration and biosynthetic pathways of ascorbate and glutathione.  

scholarly journals Size-dependent susceptibility of lake phytoplankton to light stress: An implication for succession of large green algae in a deep oligotrophic lake

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takehiro Kazama ◽  
Kazuhide Hayakawa ◽  
Takamaru Nagata ◽  
Koichi Shimotori ◽  
Akio Imai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Light Stress ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Photochemical Quenching ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Chl A ◽  
Psii Photochemistry ◽  
Small Phytoplankton ◽  
Nutrient Bioassay

Field observations of the population dynamics and measurements of photophysiology in Lake Biwa were conducted by size class (< vs. > 30 μm) from early summer to autumn to investigate the relationships between susceptibility to light stress and cell size. Also, a nutrient bioassay was conducted to clarify whether the growth rate and photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry of small and large phytoplankton are limited by nutrient availability. Large phytoplankton, which have lower intracellular Chl-a concentrations, had higher maximum PSII photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) but lower non-photochemical quenching (NPQNSV) than small phytoplankton under both dark and increased light conditions. The nutrient bioassay revealed that the PSII photochemistry of small phytoplankton was restricted by N and P deficiency at the pelagic site even at the end of the stratification period, while that of large phytoplankton was not. These results suggest that large phytoplankton have lower susceptibility to PSII photodamage than small phytoplankton due to lower intracellular Chl-a concentrations. The size dependency of susceptibility to PSII photoinactivation may play a key role in large algal blooms in oligotrophic water.

scholarly journals Boosting photosynthetic machinery and defense priming with chitosan application on tomato plants infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra L. Carmona ◽  
Andrea del Pilar Villarreal-Navarrete ◽  
Diana Burbano-David ◽  
Magda Gómez-Marroquín ◽  
Esperanza Torres-Rojas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Photochemical Quenching ◽  
Molecular Responses ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Psii Photochemistry

AbstractPhysiological processes of plants infected by vascular pathogens are mainly affected by vascular bundle obstruction, decreasing the absorption of water and nutrients and gas exchange by stomatal closure, and inducing oxidative cascades and PSII alterations. Chitosan, a derivative of chitin present in the cell wall of some organisms including fungi, induces plant defense responses, activating systemic resistance. In this study, the effect of chitosan on the physiological and molecular responses of tomato plants infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) was studied, evaluating the maximum potential quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm), photochemical efficiency of PSII (Y(II)), photochemical quenching (qP), stomatal conductance (gs), relative water content (RWC), proline content, photosynthetic pigments, dry mass, and differential gene expression (PAL, LOXA, ERF1, and PR1) of defense markers. A reduction of 70% in the incidence and 91% in the severity of the disease was achieved in plants treated with chitosan, mitigating the damage caused by Fol on Fv/Fm, Y(II), and chlorophyll contents by 23%, 36%, and 47%, respectively. Less impact was observed on qP, gs, RWC, and dry mass (16%, 11%, and 26%, respectively). Chitosan-treated and Fol-infected plants over-expressed PR1a gene suggesting a priming-associated response. These results demonstrate the high potential of chitosan to protect tomato plants against Fol by regulating physiological and molecular responses in tomato plants.

Generation and scavenging of reactive oxygen species in wheat flag leaves under combined shading and waterlogging stress

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huawei Li ◽  
Jian Cai ◽  
Fulai Liu ◽  
Dong Jiang ◽  
Tingbo Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Antioxidative Enzymes ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Monodehydroascorbate Reductase ◽  
Photochemical Quenching ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Psii Photochemistry

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants were subjected to combined waterlogging and shading (WS) at 0–7, 8–15, 16–23 and 24–31 days after anthesis (DAA). WS at 0–7, 8–15, 16–23 and 24–31 DAA caused a yield loss of 17.18%, 14.98%, 7.93% and 7.05%, respectively. These losses were related to reductions in post-anthesis photoassimilate accumulation and 1000-kernel weight. WS reduced net photosynthetic rate (Pn), the maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry under dark adaptation, actual photosynthetic efficiency and the photochemical quenching coefficient, but increased the quantum yield of quenching. WS caused enhanced concentrations of malondialdehyde and H2O2, and an increased superoxide anion release. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activity were stimulated at 4 days after the onset of WS at 0–7 and 8–15 DAA, but decreased at 8 days after the onset of WS at 0–7, 8–15 and 16–23 DAA. Ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase and monodehydroascorbate reductase activity increased during 0–8 days after the onset of WS at 0–7, 8–15 and 16–23 DAA. At 16–24 DAA, Pn, the level of reactive oxygen species and activity of the antioxidative enzymes fully recovered in plants subjected to WS at 0–7 DAA, but only partially recovered under WS at 8–15 DAA. Expression of the photosythesis-responsive genes RcaB and Cab, and the antioxidative enzyme-related genes Mn-SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD, CAT and GR were consistent with the performance of Pn and the activity of the antioxidative enzymes.

Change of Photosynthetic Gas Exchange and Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Cd-Sensitive Mutant Rice in Response to Cd Stress

2013 ◽  
Vol 807-809 ◽  
pp. 336-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Yu He ◽  
Yan Fang Ren ◽  
Cheng Zhu ◽  
Dean Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Photochemical Quenching ◽  
Reaction Centre ◽  
Cd Stress ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Photosynthetic Gas Exchange ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency Of Psii

The growth, photosynthetic gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence were investigated in wild type and mutant rice plants treated with 50 μmol L-1 Cd. The results showed that plant height, dry mass, and chlorophyll content decreased by Cd treatment, and the mutant showed more severe reduction than wild type rice. Net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (Gs), maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), effective PSII quantum yield (ΦPS2), and photochemical quenching (qP) were decreased and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and and non-photochemical quenching (qN) were enhanced in Cd-treated plants with the increasing of Cd exposure time, with changes in the mutant being more evident. The results suggest that Cd inhibits photosynthesis due to non-stomatal limitations and the response of PSII reaction centre and the mutant has less capacity of acclimation to Cd stress.

scholarly journals Growth and Antioxidant Responses in Iron-Biofortified Lentil under Cadmium Stress

Toxics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 182
Author(s):  
Ruchi Bansal ◽  
Swati Priya ◽  
Harsh Kumar Dikshit ◽  
Sherry Rachel Jacob ◽  
Mahesh Rao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cadmium Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Cd Stress ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Cd Uptake ◽  
Cd Tolerance ◽  
Controlled Conditions

Cadmium (Cd) is a hazardous heavy metal, toxic to our ecosystem even at low concentrations. Cd stress negatively affects plant growth and development by triggering oxidative stress. Limited information is available on the role of iron (Fe) in ameliorating Cd stress tolerance in legumes. This study assessed the effect of Cd stress in two lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) varieties differing in seed Fe concentration (L4717 (Fe-biofortified) and JL3) under controlled conditions. Six biochemical traits, five growth parameters, and Cd uptake were recorded at the seedling stage (21 days after sowing) in the studied genotypes grown under controlled conditions at two levels (100 μM and 200 μM) of cadmium chloride (CdCl2). The studied traits revealed significant genotype, treatment, and genotype × treatment interactions. Cd-induced oxidative damage led to the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde in both genotypes. JL3 accumulated 77.1% more H2O2 and 75% more lipid peroxidation products than L4717 at the high Cd level. Antioxidant enzyme activities increased in response to Cd stress, with significant genotype, treatment, and genotype × treatment interactions (p < 0.01). L4717 had remarkably higher catalase (40.5%), peroxidase (43.9%), superoxide dismutase (31.7%), and glutathione reductase (47.3%) activities than JL3 under high Cd conditions. In addition, L4717 sustained better growth in terms of fresh weight and dry weight than JL3 under stress. JL3 exhibited high Cd uptake (14.87 mg g−1 fresh weight) compared to L4717 (7.32 mg g−1 fresh weight). The study concluded that the Fe-biofortified lentil genotype L4717 exhibited Cd tolerance by inciting an efficient antioxidative response to Cd toxicity. Further studies are required to elucidate the possibility of seed Fe content as a surrogacy trait for Cd tolerance.

scholarly journals Exogenous melatonin improves the salt tolerance of cotton by removing active oxygen and protecting photosynthetic organs

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Jiang ◽  
Bin Lu ◽  
Liantao Liu ◽  
Wenjing Duan ◽  
Yanjun Meng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Photochemical Quenching ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Signal Molecule ◽  
Ion Balance ◽  
Photosynthetic System

Abstract Background As damage to the ecological environment continues to increase amid unreasonable amounts of irrigation, soil salinization has become a major challenge to agricultural development. Melatonin (MT) is a pleiotropic signal molecule and indole hormone, which alleviates the damage of abiotic stress to plants. MT has been confirmed to eliminate reactive oxygen species (ROS) by improving the antioxidant system and reducing oxidative damage under adversity. However, the mechanism by which exogenous MT mediates salt tolerance by regulating the photosynthetic capacity and ion balance of cotton seedlings still remains unknown. In this study, the regulatory effects of MT on the photosynthetic system, osmotic modulators, chloroplast, and anatomical structure of cotton seedlings were determined under 0–500 μM MT treatments with salt stress induced by treatment with 150 mM NaCl. Results Salt stress reduces the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, transpiration rate, PSII photochemical efficiency, PSII actual photochemical quantum yield, the apparent electron transfer efficiency, stomata opening, and biomass. In addition, it increases non-photochemical quenching. All of these responses were effectively alleviated by exogenous treatment with MT. Exogenous MT reduces oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation by reducing salt-induced ROS and protects the plasma membrane from oxidative toxicity. MT also reduces the osmotic pressure by reducing the salt-induced accumulation of Na+ and increasing the contents of K+ and proline. Exogenous MT can facilitate stomatal opening and protect the integrity of cotton chloroplast grana lamella structure and mitochondria under salt stress, protect the photosynthetic system of plants, and improve their biomass. An anatomical analysis of leaves and stems showed that MT can improve xylem and phloem and other properties and aides in the transportation of water, inorganic salts, and organic substances. Therefore, the application of MT attenuates salt-induced stress damage to plants. Treatment with exogenous MT positively increased the salt tolerance of cotton seedlings by improving their photosynthetic capacity, stomatal characteristics, ion balance, osmotic substance biosynthetic pathways, and chloroplast and anatomical structures (xylem vessels and phloem vessels). Conclusions Our study attributes help to protect the structural stability of photosynthetic organs and increase the amount of material accumulation, thereby reducing salt-induced secondary stress. The mechanisms of MT-induced plant tolerance to salt stress provide a theoretical basis for the use of MT to alleviate salt stress caused by unreasonable irrigation, fertilization, and climate change.

scholarly journals Trehalose Protects Maize Plants from Salt Stress and Phosphorus Deficiency

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 568
Author(s):  
Md. Motiar Rohman ◽  
Md. Robyul Islam ◽  
Mahmuda Binte Monsur ◽  
Mohammad Amiruzzaman ◽  
Masayuki Fujita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Monodehydroascorbate Reductase ◽  
Maize Seedlings ◽  
Combined Stress ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Hybrid Maize

This study is undertaken to elucidate the role of trehalose (Tre) in mitigating oxidative stress under salinity and low P in maize. Eight-day-old maize seedlings of two maize varieties, BARI Hybrid Maize-7 and BARI Hybrid Maize-9, were subjected to salinity (150 mM NaCl), low P (5 µM KH2PO4) and their combined stress with or without 10 mM Tre for 15 d. Salinity and combined stress significantly inhibited the shoot length, root length, and root volume, whereas low P increased the root length and volume in both genotypes. Exogenous Tre in the stress treatments increased all of the growth parameters as well as decreased the salinity, low P, and combined stress-mediated Na+/K+, reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, and methylglyoxal (MG) in both genotypes. Individually, salinity and low P increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in both genotypes, but combined stress decreased the activity. Peroxidase (POD) activity increased in all stress treatments. Interestingly, Tre application enhanced the SOD activity in all the stress treatments but inhibited the POD activity. Both catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity were increased by saline and low P stress while the activities inhibited in combined stress. Similar results were found for ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione peroxidase (GR), and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) activities in both genotypes. However, monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) activity was inhibited in all the stresses. Interestingly, Tre enhanced CAT, APX, GPX, GR, MDHAR, and DHAR activities suggesting the amelioration of ROS scavenging in maize under all the stresses. Conversely, increased glyoxalase activities in saline and low P stress in BHM-9 suggested better MG detoxification system because of the down-regulation of glyoxalase-I (Gly-I) activity in BHM-7 in those stresses. Tre also increased the glyoxalase activities in both genotypes under all the stresses. Tre improved the growth in maize seedlings by decreasing Na+/K+, ROS, MDA, and MG through regulating antioxidant and glyoxalase systems.

scholarly journals Nano Zinc-Oxide Enhanced Photosynthetic Apparatus and Photosystem Efficiency of Maize (Zea Mays L.) in Sandy-Acidic Soils

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiqar Ahmad ◽  
Jaya Nepal ◽  
Xiaoping Xin ◽  
Zhenli He
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Photochemical Quenching ◽  
Nano Zno ◽  
Chlorophyll Pigments ◽  
Spad Value ◽  
Application Methods

Abstract Conventional Zinc (Zn) fertilization (e.g., zinc sulfate) often leads to poor availability in soils. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (nano ZnO) can be a potential solution, but their effect on crop photosynthetic activity isn’t well documented. The effects of nano ZnO (50, 100, 150, 200 mg L-1) and application methods (seed-coating, soil-drench, and foliar-spray) in comparison with ZnSO4 recommended dose were evaluated for plant height, biomass, chlorophyll pigments and photosystem efficiency in a greenhouse pot experiment. 100 mg L-1 of nano ZnO significantly increased the chlorophyll (Chl.) a, b, a+b, carotenoids (x+c), a+b/x+c, SPAD, leaf Chl., total chlorophyll content plant-1, plant height and total biological yield (by 18-30%, 33-67%, 22-38%, 14-21%, 14-27%, 12-19%, 12-23% 58-99%, 6-11% and 16-20%, respectively) and reduced Chl. a/b (by 6-22%) over the other treatments (p<0.01) irrespective of application methods. Nano ZnO applied at 100 mg L-1 significantly increased photochemical quenching (qP) and efficiency of photosystem II (EPSII) compared to 150 and 200 mg L-1 regardless of application methods. The positive correlations between Chl. a and Chl. b (r2 0.90), Chl. a+b and x+c (r2=0.71), SPAD and Chl. a (r2=0.90), SPAD and Chl. b (r2=0.94) and SPAD and Chl. a+b (r2=0.93) indicates a uniform enhancement in chlorophyll pigments; SPAD value, qP, EPSII, and growth and yield parameters. This elucidates that the application of nano ZnO at 100 mg L-1 promotes corn biochemical health and photosynthesis, irrespective of the application method. These findings have a great propounding for improving plant growth through nano ZnO bio-fortification in acidic Spodosols.

scholarly journals Assessment of Heat-tolerance Potential in QTL Introgressed Lines of Hybrid Rice Restorer, KMR-3R through PS-II Efficiency

2021 ◽  
pp. 258-266
Author(s):  
V. Jaldhani ◽  
D. Sanjeeva Rao ◽  
P. Beulah ◽  
B. Srikanth ◽  
P. R. Rao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Quantum Yield ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Photochemical Quenching ◽  
Psii Photochemistry ◽  
Heat Tolerant

Aims: To assess heat-induced PSII damage and efficiency in eight promising backcross introgression lines (BC2F6) of KMR-3R/N22 possessing qHTSF1.1 and qHTSF4.1. Study Design:  Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Place and Duration of Study: ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad India during wet/rainy (Kharif) season 2018. Methodology: Eight ILs (BC2F6) and parents were evaluated for heat tolerance. The high- temperature stress was imposed by enclosing the crop with a poly cover tent (Polyhouse) just before the anthesis stage. The fluorescence parameters viz., maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm), Electron transport rate (ETR), effective PSII quantum yield (ΦPSII), coefficient of photochemical quenching (qP) and coefficient of non-photochemical quenching (qN) were measured under ambient and high-temperature stress. Results: The heat-tolerance potential of ILs was assessed in terms of PSII activity. The results indicated that significant differences were observed between treatments (T), genotypes (G) and the interaction between T × G.  The physiological basis of introgressed QTLs controls the spikelet fertility by maintaining the productive and adaptive strategies in heat-tolerant QTL introgressed lines with stable photosynthetic apparatus (PSII) under high-temperature stress. Conclusion: The Fv/Fm ratio denotes the maximum quantum yield of PSII. The heat-tolerant QTL introgressed lines exhibited stable photosynthetic apparatus (PSII) and noted better performance under high-temperature stress. They may be used as donors for fluorescence traits in breeding rice for high-temperature tolerance.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic analysis of Verbena bonariensis roots in response to cadmium stress

BMC Genomics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng-qi Wang ◽  
Zhen-yu Bai ◽  
Ya-fang Xiao ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Qing-lin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Structure ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Cadmium Stress ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Cd Stress ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
Molecular Alterations ◽  
Cd Tolerance

Abstract Background Cadmium (Cd) is a serious heavy metal (HM) soil pollutant. To alleviate or even eliminate HM pollution in soil, environmental-friendly methods are applied. One is that special plants are cultivated to absorb the HM in the contaminated soil. As an excellent economical plant with ornamental value and sound adaptability, V. bonariensis could be adapted to this very situation. In our study, the Cd tolerance in V. bonariensis was analyzed as well as an overall analysis of transcriptome. Results In this study, the tolerance of V. bonariensis to Cd stress was investigated in four aspects: germination, development, physiological changes, and molecular alterations. The results showed that as a non-hyperaccumulator, V. bonariensis did possess the Cd tolerance and the capability to concentration Cd. Under Cd stress, all 237, 866 transcripts and 191, 370 unigenes were constructed in the transcriptome data of V. bonariensis roots. The enrichment analysis of gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under Cd stress were predominately related to cell structure, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging system, chelating reaction and secondary metabolites, transpiration and photosynthesis. DEGs encoding lignin synthesis, chalcone synthase (CHS) and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) were prominent in V. bonariensis under Cd stress. The expression patterns of 10 DEGs, validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), were in highly accordance with the RNA-Sequence (RNA-Seq) results. The novel strategies brought by our study was not only benefit for further studies on the tolerance of Cd and functional genomics in V. bonariensis, but also for the improvement molecular breeding and phytoremediation.

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