scholarly journals Mycotoxins in apples coming from organic production and integrated pest management

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavla Sehonova ◽  
Michaela Nemeckova ◽  
Lucie Plhalova ◽  
Petr Marsalek ◽  
Veronika Doubkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Production Management ◽  
Kojic Acid ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Significant Difference

The aim of this study was to compare the occurrence of important mycotoxins often contaminating fruits, in particular aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, patulin, and an indicator of fungal metabolism – kojic acid, in dried apples from organic production and integrated pest management with origin in the Czech Republic. Regardless of the production management, both aflatoxin B1 and patulin concentrations were below the limit of quantification. Ochratoxin A was present in all samples examined in our study with concentrations ranging from 4.22 to 15.99 µg kg–1. Kojic acid concentrations ranged from 3.57 to 9.44 mg kg–1. However, no significant difference in ochratoxin A and kojic acid concentrations was found between samples coming from integrated pest management and samples coming from organic agriculture. The results of this study show that apples originating in organic production or integrated pest management have, under the same independent conditions, an equal probability of containing (or omitting) similar levels of the investigated mycotoxins. Moreover, these results, while demonstrating safe levels of some mycotoxins in different agricultural practices also highlight gaps in knowledge and legislation that may have direct and crucial effects on human health.

Development of REDCAHOR—a Vegetable Research and Development Network in Central America

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 531b-531
Author(s):  
J. Nienhuis
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Central America ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Short Course ◽  
Development Network ◽  
Breeding And Genetics ◽  
The Impact

REDCAHOR is the Spanish acronym for “Central American Vegetable Network.” Vegetables have traditionally been an important source of nutrients and vitamins in the diet in Central America. Vegetable production in this region is now changing as local consumers are demanding increased diversity and quality and international markets are expanding with “non-traditional” vegetable exports. The present restraints to expanded research and production of vegetables in the region include i) need for cultivars with increased insect and disease resistance, ii) poor and excessive use of pesticides, and iii) inadequate postharvest technology. In addition, there are few vegetable researchers in the region and response to their activities have not been coordinated. The goal of REDCAHOR is to develop a regional network of national institutions that can prioritize agendas and cooperate to maximize the impact of available resources. Establishment of a system of regional trials and cooperative regional programs in integrated pest management and plant breeding are currently under development. A series of regional workshops are planned, including integrated pest management, maintenance and use of genetic resources, organic production, and greenhouse production. In addition, REDCAHOR, in collaboration with the Escuela Agricola Panamerica in Honduras, will offer regional short-course training in vegetable breeding and genetics as well as vegetable production and management, including integrated pest management.

scholarly journals Occurrence of aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A and zearalenone in maize silage in the region of Vojvodina, Serbia

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragan Glamočić ◽  
Miroslava Polovinski Horvatović ◽  
Igor Jajić ◽  
Saša Krstović ◽  
Darko Guljaš
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Two Samples

Abstract Silage made from the whole-plant maize is one of the most popular forages in Serbia. Consumption of maize silage by cows can be up to 30-35 kg/day. In Serbia in the few last years in the focus of the public and agriculture community were two mycotoxins, aflatoxin B1 and its metabolite aflatoxin M1 due to the outbreak of contaminated maize which affected the Balkans in 2012. Maize is regularly checked on the occurrence of aflatoxin B1, however forages are often neglected as a potential source of mycotoxins in the nutrition of dairy cattle. In this work, 48 samples of maize silage were analyzed for the occurrence of aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A and zearalenone. Samples were collected from three regions (Bačka, Banat and Srem) in Vojvodina. In all samples, at least one mycotoxin above the limit of quantification was measured. Aflatoxin B1 was detected in 36 (75%) samples. In two samples from Banat, the concentration of aflatoxin B1 exceeded the maximum level (ML) set by Serbian regulation (30 µg/kg at moisture content of 12%). In seven samples, the concentration of aflatoxin B1 was above 20 µg/kg which is the EU regulated ML. Average concentration of ochratoxin A was 10.4 µg/kg, while the maximum measured value was 34.3 µg/kg. Maximum zearalenone content in all samples was 538 µg/kg while the average zearalenone concentration was 138 µg/kg. The results from this research point out that mycotoxin contaminated silage in the region of Vojvodina, Serbia can significantly contribute to daily intake of aflatoxin B1 in dairy cattle.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Double Nickel LC (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens D747 Strain) for Management of White Mold in Snap and Dry Bean

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
Sarah J. Pethybridge ◽  
Beth K. Gugino ◽  
Julie R. Kikkert
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens ◽  
Production Management ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Kidney Bean ◽  
White Mold ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Red Kidney Bean

White mold caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a serious disease affecting snap and dry bean production. Management is reliant upon fungicides to protect flowers from infection by ascospores. The inability to use conventional fungicides in organic production represents a substantial hurdle, although products approved by the National Organic Program (NOP) offer a substitute for disease management. In many cases, copper-based products are central to disease management programs in organic production, but the potential for crop loss from premature flower abscission in snap and dry bean owing to phytotoxicity when applied at high temperatures and for other undesirable environmental outcomes has driven interest in biopesticides registered by the NOP as alternatives. Five small-plot, replicated field trials (three in snap bean and two in light red kidney bean) were conducted across three years (2016 to 2018) to evaluate the efficacy of the biopesticide Double Nickel LC (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens D747 strain) for the management of white mold. Trials were inoculated with S. sclerotiorum ascospores to ensure uniform disease potential. The incidence of white mold in plots receiving two applications of Double Nickel LC (2.34 liters/ha) was not significantly different from the conventional fungicide standards. No significant difference in white mold incidence was found between 2.34 and 4.68 liters/ha of Double Nickel LC in either crop. Responses in pod yield components from improved white mold management in either crop were variable. The potential of Double Nickel LC for use in organic production of snap and light red kidney bean for management of white mold is discussed.

scholarly journals Analisis Berkelanjutan Usahatani Tanaman Sayuran Berbasis Pengendalian Hama Terpadu di Kabupaten Tanggamus Provinsi Lampung

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 297 ◽  
Author(s):  
NFN Sudiono ◽  
Surjono Hadi Sutjahyo ◽  
Nurheni Wijayanto ◽  
Purnama Hidayat ◽  
Rachman Kurniawan
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Monte Carlo Analysis ◽  
Sustainability Index ◽  
Dimensional Scaling ◽  
Rapid Appraisal ◽  
Vegetable Farm ◽  
Multi Dimensional Scaling

<p>Produktivitas usahatani sayuran menghadapi kendala produksi akibat gangguan organisme pengganggu tanaman, hal tersebut dapat diselesaikan melalui praktek pertanian yang baik dan pengendalian hama terpadu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan indikator pengelolaan usahatani tanaman sayuran berkelanjutan dan menganalisis nilai indeks keberlanjutan pengelolaan usahatani berbasis pengendalian hama terpadu. Penelitian dilaksanakan dari bulan Maret sampai Oktober 2015 di Kabupaten Tanggamus, Provinsi Lampung. Metode penelitian menggunakan analisis multi dimensional scaling (MDS), leverage analysis, analisis Monte Carlo dengan teknik rapid appraisal for integrated pest management (Rap IPM) yang hasilnya dinyatakan dalam bentuk nilai indeks dan status keberlanjutan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 60 atribut yang di antaranya terdapat 20 faktor pengungkit atau atribut yang sensitif terhadap nilai indeks dan status keberlanjutan. Indeks keberlanjutan usahatani tanaman sayuran berbasis PHT di Kabupaten Tanggamus termasuk kriteria kurang berkelanjutan, dengan indeks gabungan sebesar 48,13. Indeks keberlanjutan yang paling tinggi adalah dimensi sosial dan ekonomi masing-masing sebesar 60,90 dan 51,39 termasuk kriteria cukup berkelanjutan, sedangkan dimensi ekologi, teknologi, dan kelembagaan masing-masing sebesar 48,54; 38,36; dan 40,61 termasuk kriteria kurang berkelanjutan.</p><p>The yield of vegetable is at risk due to the incidence of pests and pathogens. It was related to good agricultural practices and integrated pest management. The purposes of this research were to identify indicators of sustainable vegetables farm and to analyze index sustainability of vegetable farm based on integrated pest management. The research was conducted from March to October 2015 in Tanggamus District, Lampung Province. This research applied multi dimensional scaling (MDS), leverage analysis, and Monte Carlo analysis by rapid appraisal for integrated pest management (Rap IPM). Research showed that among 60 indicators analyzed there were 20 sensitive indicators that affected sustainability index and status. Sustainability index in Tanggamus District were dimension of social and economy obtained value 60.90 and 51.39, it was categorized as sufficiently sustainable, while sustainability index of ecology, technology, and institution dimensions were 48.54, 38.36, and 40.61 respectively, which were considered as less sustainable.</p>

scholarly journals Developing an Integrated Pest Management for the Control of Groundnut Aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) [Homoptera: Aphididae] in Ganye Area Adamawa State-Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 85-88
Author(s):  
Oaya C. S.
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Cultural Control ◽  
Aphis Craccivora ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Physical Control ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Aphis Craccivora Koch ◽  
Number Of Branches

Field experiment was carried out under rain-fed conditions during the 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Agricultural Technology, Adamawa State College of Agriculture, Ganye, solely to develop an integrated pest management for the control of groundnut Aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) [Homoptera: Aphididae]. The experimental Design used was the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Parameters measured were, average number of leaves per plot at 6 weeks after sowing, number of branches at 3 weeks after sowing, number of branches at 6 weeks after sowing, number of pods per plot, weight of harvested seeds per plot. The result obtained shows that, there was significant difference among the treatments in all the parameters measured at 0.05 level of probability using the Least Significant Difference (LSD). According to the results recorded, the highest mean yield of groundnut was obtained on plots treated with the combination of chemical and physical control methods (1444g) followed by plots treated with physical, chemical and cultural control methods combined (1296g). The highest mean number of pods per plant was recorded in the combination of physical, chemical and cultural control methods (18.00) followed by chemical and physical control methods as combined (15.00). The work shows that, the cultivation of groundnut with the control of groundnut Aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) using integrated pest control applied as recommended facilitates better growth and guarantees good crop yield. The use of physical, chemical and cultural control method is profitable in Ganye Area of Adamawa State and is therefore suggested for use to local farmers.

scholarly journals Survey of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Practice in Vegetable Crops of Rupandehi District, Western Nepal

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandra Bahadur Thapa
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Development Organization ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Field School ◽  
Significant Difference

In the present study, documentation of farmer’s knowledge on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) was carried out in Rupandehi district during the year 2016. The objective of this paper is to assess the knowledge of farmers about IPM and its effectiveness in this district. It was carried out by conducting semi-structured interview with the participants of IPM FFS, vegetable growing farmers, stakeholders and local people with the help of standard questionnaire, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and key informant interview. The IPM program is found to be conducted by an international non-government organization viz. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and government organizations viz. Plant Protection Directorate (PPD), Agronomy Development Directorate (ADD) and District Agriculture Development Organization (DADO) through Farmer’s Field School (FFS) in this district. In total forty IPM FFS was conducted from 1998 to 2015 which provided training about IPM in rice and vegetable crops to 1057 farmers in which 393 were male and 664 female. Although a significant difference has been found in the knowledge about the amount of pesticide used, biological method of pest control for IPM by FFS participant and nonparticipant farmers, it is not observed in their behavior during the cultivation of crops in the farm. The result showed that only 5% of participants of Farmer’s Field School (FFS) are following IPM practices in their own farm after taking training. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 5(2): 237-242

scholarly journals Simultaneous Quantification of Aflatoxin B1, T-2 Toxin, Ochratoxin A and Deoxynivalenol in Dried Seafood Products by LC-MS/MS

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 488
Author(s):  
Yijia Deng ◽  
Yaling Wang ◽  
Qi Deng ◽  
Lijun Sun ◽  
Rundong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Simultaneous Quantification ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Seafood Products ◽  
Processing And Storage

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi. These contaminate dried seafoods during processing and storage and represent a potential health hazard for consumers. A sensitive, selective and accurate liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was established for simultaneous quantification of four common mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), T-2 toxin (T-2), ochratoxin A (OTA) and deoxynivalenol (DON)) in dried shrimp, dried fish and dried mussel products. Mycotoxins were extracted from dried seafood samples by acetonitrile/water (85/15, v/v), subjected to ultrasound for 60 min at 20 °C and cleaned up by defatting with n-hexane. The sample matrix affected the linearity of detection (R2 ≥ 0.9974). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) in dried seafood products varied from 0.1 to 2.0 µg·kg−1 and 0.3 to 5.0 µg·kg−1, respectively. The method was validated by spiking samples with specific mycotoxin levels, and the recoveries, intra-relative standard deviation (RSDs) and inter-RSDs ranged between 72.2–98.4%, 2.8–10.6%, and 5.5–15.4%, respectively. This method was used to analyze 40 dried seafood products purchased from the Zhanjiang seafood market. Results of this product sampling showed that while no DON was detected, AFB1, T-2 and OTA were detected in 30.8%, 17.5% and 33.3% of the samples, respectively. AFB1, T-2 and OTA concentrations varied at 0.58–0.89, 0.55–1.34 and 0.36–1.51 µg·kg−1, respectively. Relatively high frequency of contamination and the presence of AFB1, OTA and T-2 residues indicate the need to monitor mycotoxins in dried seafood products.

Survey for Co-occurrence of Ochratoxin A and Aflatoxin B1 in Dried Figs in Turkey by Using a Single Laboratory-Validated Alkaline Extraction Method for Ochratoxin A

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1512-1515 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Z. SENYUVA ◽  
J. GILBERT ◽  
S. OZCAN ◽  
U. ULKEN
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Affinity Column ◽  
Alkaline Extraction ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Single Laboratory ◽  
Positive Results

A survey was carried out to determine the co-occurrence of ochratoxin A and aflatoxin B1 in dried figs from Turkey. Samples from two seasons of crops (2003 and 2004) intended for export to the European Union and the 2004 crop obtained from the domestic Turkish market were analyzed. Affinity column cleanup methods were employed for determining separately ochratoxin A and aflatoxin B1, but for ochratoxin A an alkaline extraction procedure was employed (in contrast to the conventionally employed acidic extraction), which gave consistently higher toxin recovery. In-house validation of the ochratoxin A method gave a limit of detection of 0.15 ng/g and a limit of quantification of 0.5 ng/g with a repeatability of 5.8% in the range 5 to 10 ng/g (with a mean recovery of 94% for spiked samples). Positive results for ochratoxin A were confirmed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. For the 2003 export figs (58 samples), 7 samples contained only aflatoxin B1, 2 samples contained only ochratoxin A, and 2 samples contained both toxins (with maximum concentrations of 35.1 ng/g for aflatoxin B1 and 13.0 ng/g for ochratoxin A). Similarly for the 2004 export figs (41 samples), 16 samples contained only aflatoxin B1, 4 samples contained only ochratoxin A, and 2 samples contained both toxins (with maximum concentrations of 20.6 ng/g for aflatoxin B1 and 26.3 ng/g for ochratoxin A). Of 20 retail samples of dried figs from Turkey, only one sample contained ochratoxin A (2.0 ng/g) and none were contaminated with aflatoxin B1. This survey revealed a 14 to 15% incidence of occurrence of ochratoxin A for 2 years, which is higher than previously reported.

scholarly journals Pesticide residues in strawberry fruits cultivated under integrated pest management and conventional systems in Cundinamarca (Colombia)

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Sánchez ◽  
David López V. ◽  
Gerhard Fischer ◽  
John Fabio Acuña C. ◽  
Aquiles Enrique Darghan
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Residual Level ◽  
Crop Cycle ◽  
Conventional Systems

Due to the high susceptibility of strawberry fruits to the attack of pests and diseases, a large amount of pesticides is applied during the crop cycle and harvest period. The inadequate use of these substances can generate residuals in agricultural products, which, through intake, pose a risk to human health. The objective of this study was to determine and compare the pesticide residues in strawberry fruits from two different production systems, distributed in the main producing areas of the Cundinamarca Department (Colombia). Eight samples of strawberry crops were collected in four producer municipalities (Guasca, Facatativa, Mosquera and Sibate), two to compare different systems (conventional production vs. production based on the Integrated Pest Management, IPM). Samples at a concentration of 394 molecules were examined by liquid and gas spectrometry. Fisher's exact test was used to determine the association between crop practices and the residual level in fruits. Twenty two different molecules were detected for the samples analyzed, with 37 detection events, of which eight were reported in IPM production systems and 29 in conventional producers. Results revealed a total of two molecules at excessive concentrations after Colombian regulations. Significant differences were found between the two production systems. This is attributable to the producers´ lack of knowledge and understanding about conventional management in Good Agricultural Practices, and the concepts of pesticide restriction period and residuality.

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