scholarly journals Potential impact of climate change on geographic distribution of plant pathogenic bacteria in Central Europe

2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. S27-S32 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Kůdela
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Ice Nucleation ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Cold Tolerant ◽  
Potential Impact

This review provides an overview of variety of bacterial plant pathogens which can serve as an example of how plant pathogenic bacteria can adapt very specifically to anticipated climate change in Central Europe. In the centre of attention are the themes such as: emerging of heat-loving bacteria; changes in the spectrum of pectolytic bacteria; an decrease of the frequency of occurrence of cold tolerant pseudomonads and an increase of more thermophilic xanthomonads; increased risk of xylem-limited bacteria which overwinter in insect vectors; reduced risk of damage of stone fruit trees by ice nucleation active pseudomonads and subsequent winter freeze temperatures. Of plant pathogenic prokaryotes, mollicutes and phloem-limited bacteria are not discussed in this review.

scholarly journals Gene Transfer Agents in Plant Pathogenic Bacteria: Comparative Mobilomics, Genomic Survey and Recombinogenic Impacts

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa O. Jibrin ◽  
Gerald V. Minsavage ◽  
Erica M. Goss ◽  
Pamela D. Roberts ◽  
Jeffrey B. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Rhodobacter Capsulatus ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Bacterial Spot ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
As Species ◽  
Genome Divergence ◽  
Transfer Agents

AbstractBackgroundGene transfer agents (GTAs) are phage-like mediators of gene transfer in bacterial species. Typically, strains of a bacteria species which have GTA shows more recombination than strains without GTAs. GTA-mediated gene transfer activity has been shown for few bacteria, with Rhodobacter capsulatus being the prototypical GTA. GTA have not been previously studied in plant pathogenic bacteria. A recent study inferring recombination in strains of the bacterial spot xanthomonads identified a Nigerian lineage which showed unusual recombination background. We initially set out to understand genomic drivers of recombination in this genome by focusing on mobile genetic elements.ResultsWe identified a unique cluster which was present in the Nigerian strain but absent in other sequenced strains of bacterial spot xanthomonads. The protein sequence of a gene within this cluster contained the GTA_TIM domain that is present in bacteria with GTA. We identified GTA clusters in other Xanthomonas species as well as species of Agrobacterium and Pantoea. Recombination analyses showed that generally, strains of Xanthomonas with GTA have more inferred recombination events than strains without GTA, which could lead to genome divergence.ConclusionThis study identified GTA clusters in species of the plant pathogen genera Xanthomonas, Agrobacterium and Pantoea which we have named XpGTA, AgGTA and PaGTA respectively. Our recombination analyses suggest that Xanthomonas strains with GTA generally have more inferred recombination events than strains without GTA. The study is important in understanding the drivers of evolution of bacterial plant pathogens.

Antibiotic Resistance in Plant-Pathogenic Bacteria

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
George W. Sundin ◽  
Nian Wang
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Continued Use

Antibiotics have been used for the management of relatively few bacterial plant diseases and are largely restricted to high-value fruit crops because of the expense involved. Antibiotic resistance in plant-pathogenic bacteria has become a problem in pathosystems where these antibiotics have been used for many years. Where the genetic basis for resistance has been examined, antibiotic resistance in plant pathogens has most often evolved through the acquisition of a resistance determinant via horizontal gene transfer. For example, the strAB streptomycin-resistance genes occur in Erwinia amylovora, Pseudomonas syringae, and Xanthomonas campestris, and these genes have presumably been acquired from nonpathogenic epiphytic bacteria colocated on plant hosts under antibiotic selection. We currently lack knowledge of the effect of the microbiome of commensal organisms on the potential of plant pathogens to evolve antibiotic resistance. Such knowledge is critical to the development of robust resistance management strategies to ensure the safe and effective continued use of antibiotics in the management of critically important diseases.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Cinnamon, Thyme, Oregano and Clove Essential Oils Against Plant Pathogenic Bacteria

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 1129-1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matěj Božik ◽  
Pavel Nový ◽  
Pavel Klouček
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Syzygium Aromaticum ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Bacteria

Essential oils are volatile substances from plants and many of them have antimicrobial activity. For that reason, they have become known as a useful alternative to chemical preservatives and pesticides. In this study, we tested essential oils of four aromatic plants. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), oregano (Origanum vulgare) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oils were investigated for their composition and antimicrobial effect against plant pathogenic bacteria (Pectobacterium spp. and Pseudomonas spp.). Both are commonly associated with diseased fruit trees in orchards and gardens. The chemical composition of the tested essential oils was identified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The cinnamon essential oil was most effective form tested oil. The experimental results indicated that the wild strains of tested bacteria are more resistant to essential oils than commonly used laboratory strains. In conclusion, certain essential oils could be used for the control of postharvest bacterial pathogens. The findings of the present study suggest that the essential oils have a potential to be used as antimicrobial agents.

scholarly journals Increasing risks of apple tree frost damage under climate change

2019 ◽  
Vol 157 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 515-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Pfleiderer ◽  
Inga Menke ◽  
Carl-Friedrich Schleussner
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Compound Events

AbstractAnthropogenic climate change is affecting agriculture and crop production. The responses of horticultural and agricultural systems to changing climatic conditions can be non-linear and at times counter-intuitive. Depending on the characteristics of the system, the actual impact can arise as a result of a combination of climate hazards or compound events. Here, we show that compound events can lead to increased risk of frost damage for apple fruit trees in Germany in a 2 °C warmer world of up to 10% relative to present day. Although the absolute number of frost days is declining, warmer winters also lead to earlier blossom of fruit trees, which in turn can lead to regionally dependent increased risks of the occurrence of frost days after apple blossom. In southern Germany, warmer winters may also lead to an increase in years in which apple yield is negatively affected by a lack of sufficient amount of cold days to trigger the seasonal response of the trees. Our results show how cropping system responses to seasonal climate can lead to unexpected effects of increased risk of frost damage as a result of warmer winters. An improved understanding of ecosystem responses to changes in climate signals is important to fully assess the impacts of climate change.

scholarly journals Plant-Pathogenic Bacteria as Biological Weapons – Real Threats?

2008 ◽  
Vol 98 (10) ◽  
pp. 1060-1065 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Young ◽  
C. Allen ◽  
T. Coutinho ◽  
T. Denny ◽  
J. Elphinstone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Bacterium ◽  
Biological Weapons ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Bacterium ◽  
Need For Care ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Animal Pathogens ◽  
Obvious Benefit ◽  
Special Category

At present, much attention is being given to the potential of plant pathogens, including plant-pathogenic bacteria, as biological weapons/bioterror weapons. These two terms are sometimes used interchangeably and there is need for care in their application. It has been claimed that clandestine introduction of certain plant-pathogenic bacteria could cause such crop losses as to impact so significantly on a national economy and thus constitute a threat to national security. As a separate outcome, it is suggested that they could cause serious public alarm, perhaps constituting a source of terror. Legislation is now in place to regulate selected plant-pathogenic bacteria as potential weapons. However, we consider it highly doubtful that any plant-pathogenic bacterium has the requisite capabilities to justify such a classification. Even if they were so capable, the differentiation of pathogens into a special category with regulations that are even more restrictive than those currently applied in quarantine legislation of most jurisdictions offers no obvious benefit. Moreover, we believe that such regulations are disadvantageous insofar as they limit research on precisely those pathogens most in need of study. Whereas some human and animal pathogens may have potential as biological or bioterror weapons, we conclude that it is unlikely that any plant-pathogenic bacterium realistically falls into this category.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review of Intracellular Microorganisms within Acanthamoeba to Understand Potential Impact for Infection

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 225
Author(s):  
Binod Rayamajhee ◽  
Dinesh Subedi ◽  
Hari Kumar Peguda ◽  
Mark Duncan Willcox ◽  
Fiona L. Henriquez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
Common Technique ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Potential Impact

Acanthamoeba, an opportunistic pathogen is known to cause an infection of the cornea, central nervous system, and skin. Acanthamoeba feeds different microorganisms, including potentially pathogenic prokaryotes; some of microbes have developed ways of surviving intracellularly and this may mean that Acanthamoeba acts as incubator of important pathogens. A systematic review of the literature was performed in order to capture a comprehensive picture of the variety of microbial species identified within Acanthamoeba following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Forty-three studies met the inclusion criteria, 26 studies (60.5%) examined environmental samples, eight (18.6%) studies examined clinical specimens, and another nine (20.9%) studies analysed both types of samples. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by gene sequencing was the most common technique used to identify the intracellular microorganisms. Important pathogenic bacteria, such as E. coli, Mycobacterium spp. and P. aeruginosa, were observed in clinical isolates of Acanthamoeba, whereas Legionella, adenovirus, mimivirus, and unidentified bacteria (Candidatus) were often identified in environmental Acanthamoeba. Increasing resistance of Acanthamoeba associated intracellular pathogens to antimicrobials is an increased risk to public health. Molecular-based future studies are needed in order to assess the microbiome residing in Acanthamoeba, as a research on the hypotheses that intracellular microbes can affect the pathogenicity of Acanthamoeba infections.

scholarly journals Gene Transfer Agents in Plant Pathogenic Bacteria: Comparative Mobilomics, Genomic Survey and Recombinogenic Impacts

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa O Jibrin ◽  
Gerald V. Minsavage ◽  
Erica M. Goss ◽  
Pamela D. Roberts ◽  
Jeffrey B Jones
Keyword(s):  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Rhodobacter Capsulatus ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Bacterial Spot ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
As Species ◽  
Xanthomonas Species ◽  
Transfer Agents

Abstract Background Gene transfer agents (GTAs) are phage-like mediators of gene transfer in bacterial species. Typically, strains of a bacteria species which have GTA shows more recombination than strains without GTAs. GTA-mediated gene transfer activity has been shown for few bacteria, with Rhodobacter capsulatus being the prototypical GTA. GTA have not been previously studied in plant pathogenic bacteria. A recent study inferring recombination in strains of the bacterial spot xanthomonads identified a Nigerian lineage which showed unusual recombination background. We initially set out to understand genomic drivers of recombination in this genome by focusing on mobile genetic elements. Results We identified a unique cluster which was present in the Nigerian strain but absent in other sequenced strains of bacterial spot xanthomonads. The protein sequence of a gene within this cluster contained the GTA_TIM domain that is present in bacteria with GTA. We identified GTA clusters in other Xanthomonas species as well as species of Agrobacterium and Pantoea. Recombination analyses showed that generally, strains of Xanthomonas with GTA have more inferred recombination events than strains without GTA, which could lead to genome divergence.Conclusion This study identified GTA clusters in species of the plant pathogen genera Xanthomonas, Agrobacterium and Pantoea which we have named XpGTA, AgGTA and PaGTA respectively. Our recombination analyses suggest that Xanthomonas strains with GTA generally have more inferred recombination events than strains without GTA. The study is important in understanding the drivers of evolution of bacterial plant pathogens.

scholarly journals Allelopathic Activity of Some Medicinal Plants against Erwinia carotovora

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Hamida M. E. Hamad ◽  
Ahlam A. K. Al-Ailla
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Erwinia Carotovora ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Control Effect ◽  
Medicinal Species ◽  
Allelopathic Potential ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Study Results

Many medicinal plants, exhibit allelopathy to biological management of plant pathogens by reducing their regeneration. This process involving secondary metabolites produced by plant influence the growth and development of agricultural and biological system. This research was to determine the allelopathic potential of aqueous extracts of different medicinal species (Artemisia herba alba, Pistacia atlantica and Juniperus phoenicea) against plant pathogenic bacteria (Erwinia carotovora subsp. Carotovora) in comparison to the antibiotic Streptomycin (positive control). Effect of water extracts evaluated for different concentrations of different extracts for each plant studied was examined under laboratory conditions in petri dishes. The results showed that all the extracts significantly inhibited growth of tested bacteria. The differences in their inhibition depend on to the type of plant and concentration of extract. However, Artemisia herba alba extracts had greater inhibitory potential. Based on the study results, aqueous extracts of three plant species (A. herba alba, P. atlantica and J. phoenicea) showed a negative allelopathic effects on plant pathogenic bacteria (Erwinia carotovora subsp. Carotovora).

scholarly journals Biscogniauxia Charcoal Canker—A New Potential Threat for Mid-European Forests as an Effect of Climate Change

Forests ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Patejuk ◽  
Anna Baturo-Cieśniewska ◽  
Wojciech Pusz ◽  
Agata Kaczmarek-Pieńczewska
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Coniferous Trees ◽  
Forestry Management ◽  
Molecular Investigation ◽  
Mediterranean Regions ◽  
Potential Impact

Biscogniauxia nummularia (Bull.) Kuntze is a fungus which induces strip-cankers on beech, commonly referred to as charcoal canker. The symptoms of infection are visible on the host tree’s bark as elongated, blackish bark lesions on the trunk and branches. Recent years have shown that, due to climate change causing local epidemics, the species is increasing its economic impact in Mediterranean regions. Until recently, B. nummularia was considered rare and uncommon in central Europe. However, in the last few years it has been noticed more often, mostly in coniferous trees, which are out of B. nummularia’s host range. A similar situation has been observed with the closely related species Biscogniauxia mediterranea (De Not.) Kuntze, which prior to 2017 had not been observed in central Europe at all. This study shows the genetic diversity of mid-European strains of Biscogniauxia spp. (based on the ITS, TEF1, TUB2 and ACT regions) and, as the first in Europe, presents a molecular investigation of this species isolated from coniferous trees. It is also the first attempt at estimating the potential impact of this pathogenic fungus on European forestry management in the close future.

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