scholarly journals Detection and characterisation of porcine circoviruses in wild boars in northeastern Serbia

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Nisavic ◽  
N Milic ◽  
A Radalj ◽  
M Mirilovic ◽  
B Vejnovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Domestic Pig ◽  
High Identity ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Pig Farming ◽  
Detection Frequency ◽  
Pcv2 Vaccination ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Porcine Circoviruses

The objective was to expand and update the knowledge on the presence and genotype diversity of porcine circoviruses 2 and 3 (PCV2 and PCV3) in the wild boar populations from the hunting grounds in northeastern Serbia. The presence of PCV3 was not determined, and PCV2 was confirmed in 40.32% of the organ samples from 124 wild boars hunted from 2018 to 2019, indicating their significance in virus circulation since traditional pig farms with irregular PCV2 vaccination strategies are widespread in this region. The most prevalent genotype was PCV2d, followed by PCV2b and PCV2a in 55.6%, 38.9%, and 5.5% of the examined samples, respectively. Nucleotide sequences of the detected strains were homogenous within the genotype and clustered within the subgroups PCV2d-2, PCV2b-1A/B, and PCV2a-2D with high identity to European, Chinese, and Serbian domestic pig sequences suggesting their origin. Wild boars presented with no clinical or pathological signs of infection, implying that these animals might be less susceptible to disease, particularly since the cofactors present in pig farming systems that support the disease development are absent in the wild. The high PCV2 detection frequency demonstrates the importance of wildlife monitoring to track virus population dynamics, especially in regions with free-range pig farming in order to plan adequate disease control strategies.

scholarly journals A Review of Risk Factors of African Swine Fever Incursion in Pig Farming within the European Union Scenario

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Silvia Bellini ◽  
Gabriele Casadei ◽  
Giorgia De Lorenzi ◽  
Marco Tamba
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
European Union ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Sociocultural Factors ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Pig Farming

African swine fever (ASF) is a notifiable viral disease of pigs and wild boars that could lead to serious economic losses for the entire European pork industry. As no effective treatment or vaccination is available, disease prevention and control rely on strictly enforced biosecurity measures tailored to the specific risk factors of ASF introduction within domestic pig populations. Here, we present a review addressing the risk factors associated with different European pig farming systems in the context of the actual epidemiological scenario. A list of keywords was combined into a Boolean query, “African swine fever” AND (“Risk factors” OR “Transmission” OR “Spread” OR “Pig farming” OR “Pigs” OR “Wild boars”); was run on 4 databases; and resulted in 52 documents of interest being reviewed. Based on our review, each farming system has its own peculiar risk factors: commercial farms, where best practices are already in place, may suffer from unintentional breaches in biosecurity, while backyard and outdoor farms may suffer from poor ASF awareness, sociocultural factors, and contact with wild boars. In the literature selected for our review, human-related activities and behaviours are presented as the main risks, but we also stress the need to implement biosecurity measures also tailored to risks factors that are specific for the different pig farming practices in the European Union (EU).

scholarly journals Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistances of Salmonella spp. Isolated from Wild Boars in Liguria Region, Italy

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 568
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Razzuoli ◽  
Valeria Listorti ◽  
Isabella Martini ◽  
Laura Migone ◽  
Lucia Decastelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Wild Boar Population ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
In The Wild

Salmonella spp. is an important zoonotic agent. Wild boars might host this pathogen in the intestinal tract and might represent a risk for Salmonella spp. transmission to humans. Wild boars are widely spread in Liguria, due to the environmental characteristics of the region. The aim of the study was the isolation, typing, and investigation of antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolated strains of Salmonella spp. During the 2013–2017 hunting seasons, 4335 livers of wild boars were collected and analyzed for the presence of Salmonella spp. A total of 260 strains of Salmonella spp. were isolated and characterized, with a prevalence of 6%. The isolated strains belonged to all six Salmonella enterica subspecies. Most of them were identified as Salmonella enterica subs. enterica of which 31 different serotypes were identified. The dominating serotype identified was S. Enteritidis. The antimicrobial resistance profiles of the isolated strains were analyzed against sixteen molecules. Of the isolated strains, 94.6% were resistant to at least one of the tested antimicrobials. This study showed the circulation of resistant Salmonella spp. strains in the wild boar population living in this area of Italy, underling the potential risk for these animals to disseminate this pathogen and its antimicrobial resistances.

scholarly journals A New Variant among Newcastle Disease Viruses Isolated in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2018 and 2019

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Augustin T. Twabela ◽  
Lam Thanh Nguyen ◽  
Justin Masumu ◽  
Patrick Mpoyo ◽  
Serge Mpiana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Comprehensive Knowledge ◽  
Current Vaccine ◽  
New Variant ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Republic Of The Congo

Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly transmissible and devastating disease that affects poultry and wild birds worldwide. Comprehensive knowledge regarding the characteristics and epidemiological factors of the ND virus (NDV) is critical for the control and prevention of ND. Effective vaccinations can prevent and control the spread of the NDV in poultry populations. For decades, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has reported the impacts of ND on commercial and traditional poultry farming systems. The reports were preliminary clinical observations, and few cases were confirmed in the laboratory. However, data on the phylogenetic, genetic, and virological characteristics of NDVs circulating in the DRC are not available. In this study, the whole-genome sequences of three NDV isolates obtained using the next-generation sequencing method revealed two isolates that were a new variant of NDV, and one isolate that was clustered in the subgenotype VII.2. All DRC isolates were velogenic and were antigenically closely related to the vaccine strains. Our findings reveal that despite the circulation of the new variant, ND can be controlled in the DRC using the current vaccine. However, epidemiological studies should be conducted to elucidate the endemicity of the disease so that better control strategies can be implemented.

scholarly journals Geographical Distribution and Risk Assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds in Tributaries of the Han River Watershed

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 956
Author(s):  
Jong-Kwon Im ◽  
Yong-Chul Cho ◽  
Hye-Ran Noh ◽  
Soon-Ju Yu
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
River Watershed ◽  
Han River ◽  
Detection Frequency ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Mean Concentration

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), with negative impacts on the aquatic ecosystem, are increasingly released into the environment by anthropogenic activities. Water samples were collected from five areas of the Han River Watershed (HRW) tributaries, South Korea, to detect 11 VOCs, which were classified as halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons (HAHs) and aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs). Among the 11 VOCs, 1,1-dichloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and vinyl chloride were undetected. The highest concentration compounds were chloroform (0.0596 ± 0.1312 µg/L), trichloroethylene (0.0253 ± 0.0781 µg/L), and toluene (0.0054 ± 0.0139 µg/L). The mean concentration (0.0234 µg/L) and detection frequency (37.0%) of HAHs were higher than those of AHs (0.0036 µg/L, 21.0%, respectively). The Imjin Hantan River area exhibited the highest mean concentration (0.2432 µg/L) and detection frequency (22.9%), because it is located near industrial complexes, thus, highlighting their role as important VOC sources. However, the detected VOCs had lower concentrations than those permitted by the EU, WHO, USA, and South Korea drinking water guidelines. Ecological risks associated with the VOCs were estimated by risk quotient (RQ); consequently, the predicted no-effect concentration was 0.0029 mg/L, and the toluene and styrene RQ values were >1 and >0.5, respectively. The findings may facilitate policymakers in designing pollution control strategies.

scholarly journals Perbandingkan Karakteristik Berbagai Zona Agroekologi Sistem Peternakan Babi; Studi Kasus Sistem Peternakan Babi di Pulau, Pesisir dan Dataran Rendah di Papua dan Papua Barat

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deny A Iyai
Keyword(s):  
Farming Systems ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Pig Farming ◽  
Key Words Pig ◽  
Household Members ◽  
Breed Selection ◽  
Papua Barat ◽  
Agro Ecological Zones

<p>The objective of this study was to compare the characteristics of pig farming<br />performances of the three different agro-ecological zones, i.e. at island, coastal and lowland ecological zones. Sites represented island pig farmers were Biak and Yapen. Samples subsequently were taken from Samofa District and South Yapen District comprised of Famboaman, Anotaurei, Mariadei and Mantembu villages. Sites in Manokwari were taken from six districts and 15 villages. Characteristic of farmers and pig keeping systems such as household information, pig population and reproduction, and social technical aspects, were studied. Participatory research using interview and observation was separately done towards 155 pig farmers. Statistical analysis used Duncan multiple comparisons and Chi-square (χ2) were used to analyse the data. Coastal pig farmers are younger than island and lowland pig farmers. They have middle number of experiences compared to island pig farmers. The majority of farmers is men-pig farmers and has adequate household members. It was found that many are not educated and are elementary graduation. Altough their objectives are directed to commercial production system. Coastal pig farmers have higher number of animal population added to this is herd size per household compared to the two other agro-ecological zones. Feeding systems are practised in proper combination, such as feeding ration of physiological ages every day and feeding processing. Natural mating is practised by the majority of pig farmers. Several of pig farmers know the sign of oestrus, gestating and practising procedures of breed selection. Distance to market and distance to town are experienced by lowland pig farmers compared to coastal and island pig farmers. Perception of pig farmers is satisfy and they have lack of extensionist visiting, lack in middlemen visiting and positive social acceptances.</p><p>Key words: pig farming systems, agro-ecological zones, pig production, West Papua</p>

scholarly journals Evaluation of the sustainability of contrasted pig farming systems: breeding programmes

animal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2016-2026 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Rydhmer ◽  
J.L. Gourdine ◽  
K. de Greef ◽  
M. Bonneau
Keyword(s):  
Farming Systems ◽  
Pig Farming ◽  
Breeding Programmes

scholarly journals Detection of antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus in the wild boars in Hiroshima prefecture, Japan

2007 ◽  
Vol 135 (6) ◽  
pp. 974-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. HAMANO ◽  
C. K. LIM ◽  
H. TAKAGI ◽  
K. SAWABE ◽  
M. KUWAYAMA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Neutralization Test ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Western Region ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Hiroshima Prefecture ◽  
Infectious Cycle

SUMMARYSerum specimens were collected from 25 wild boars in Hiroshima prefecture located in the western region of Japan from November 2004 to February 2005. The sera were tested for antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) by IgM capture and IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and plaque reduction neutralization test. Seventeen samples (68%) were positive for neutralizing antibody to JEV. All the neutralizing antibody-positive samples were positive for IgG-ELISA. One was also positive for IgM. The results indicate that approximately 70% of the wild boars were positive for anti-JEV antibody, and raises the possibility that wild boars may play a role in the infectious cycle of JEV in this region.

Genetic aspects of appetite and feed choice in animals

1992 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Domestic Pig ◽  
Domesticated Animals ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Nesting Behaviour ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Complex Genome

Body composition in wild animals is regulated within a band that encompasses variations due to seasonal food supply and physiological state (e.g. that of the reproducing, lactating female and the growing juvenile). This body composition is characteristic of the genotype and is notable for the avoidance of obesity (Pitts & Bullard 1968). Urgent behavioural responses are also invoked to minimize weight loss. Figure 1 illustrates this homeostasis diagrammatically for the non-lactating, mature animal.In this integrated complex, both food intake (quantity) and diet choice (quality) play a major role in achieving the required balance between food-energy intake and ‘net output’ of energy in its various forms such as activity, growth, lactation and change in body reserves. The development of such a system, through evolution, to achieve optimum reproductive fitness in a given environment, is consistent with the theory of optimal foraging which is characteristic of many animals in the wild. Newman (1991) has used such an approach in modelling diet selection by sheep.Domesticated animals have inherited the complex genome of their progenitors, albeit modified in certain respects through natural and artificial selection, in their new circumstances. Many aspects of the physiology and behaviour of the domesticated animal still relate to the environment in which they evolved. For example Jensen & Redbo (1987) have demonstrated the complex nesting behaviour retained by the modern domestic pig, under free ranging conditions similar to those of its wild progenitor.Two major non-genetic factors have emerged as major influences on the appetite of domesticated animals and man in modern times.

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