The effect of perennial forage crop on grain yields in submontane regions

J. Šroller; J. Pulkrábek; D. Novák; O. Faměra

doi:10.17221/4214-pse

The effect of perennial forage crop on grain yields in submontane regions

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/4214-pse ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 48 (No. 4) ◽

pp. 154-158

Author(s):

J. Šroller ◽

J. Pulkrábek ◽

D. Novák ◽

O. Faměra

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Crop Production ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Arable Land ◽

Regression Equations ◽

Forage Crops ◽

Forage Crop ◽

Grain Yields ◽

Yield Increase

The structure of crop production (areas under crops, crop yields, fertilization) in 15 agricultural farms in potato-production and mountain regions of the Czech Republic was analyzed to evaluate the relations between NPK fertilization level, percentage of perennial forage crops on arable land and grain yields as the basic indicator of crop production output. A multifactor analysis based on simple regression equations indicated direct relations between the two above-mentioned factors and yield. Correlation and regression analyses demonstrated a close correlation between grain yields and percentage of perennial forage crops on arable land especially when lower nutrient rates in fertilizers were used (below 100 kg NPK.ha arable land). This relation was expressed for the whole set of initial data by the equation: Grain yield t.ha–1 = log2 (NPK rate in kg.ha–1 arable land + X% of perennial forage crops). The coefficient of perennial forage crop effect (X) in the range of 0–1.47 can be explained by soil enrichment with nitrogen, mobilization of other nutrients, improvement of soil structure and reduction in the weed infestation of soil. The effect of perennial forage crops on grain yield increase was quantified (estimated) from the whole set of data using the above equation at X = 0 by the value +0.42 t.ha–1. The yield increase per 1 kg NPK.ha–1 of arable land amounts to 0.0501 t.ha–1, i.e. every 1% of forage crops on arable land increases the grain yield by 0.023 t.ha–1 within the set. The relation between actual and theoretical yield of the whole set is demonstrated by correlation coefficient (r = 0.9332) if the effect of perennial forage crops is estimated by coefficient X = 0.95, if the effect is estimated by coefficient X = 1.47, the correlation coefficient is even higher (r = 0.9977).

Productivity of crops grown on raised beds on duplex soils prone to waterlogging in Western Australia

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea06273 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 47 (11) ◽

pp. 1368 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

D. M. Bakker ◽

G. J. Hamilton ◽

D. J. Houlbrooke ◽

C. Spann ◽

A. Van Burgel

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Western Australia ◽

Arable Land ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Grain Yields ◽

Yield Increase ◽

Field Peas ◽

Yield Difference ◽

Raised Bed ◽

Flat Ground

Waterlogging of duplex soils in Western Australia has long been recognised as a major constraint to the production of agricultural crops and pastures. The work described in this paper examines the application of raised beds to arable land that is frequently waterlogged for the production of crops such as wheat, barley, field peas, lupins and canola. Raised beds are 138 cm wide, seed beds separated by 45 cm wide furrows 183 cm apart. These beds were made with a commercial bed former. Seven sites were selected across the south-eastern wheat belt of Western Australia with the experimental areas varying in size from 10 to 57 ha. These large sites were used to accommodate commercial farm machinery. Each site had raised beds formed with a commercial bedformer. The production from the bedded areas was compared with crops grown conventionally on flat ground under minimum tillage as the control. The experiments were established in 1997 and 1998 and the sites were monitored for a maximum of 5 years. In 11 of the 28 site-years of the experiments, grain yields on the raised beds were statistically significantly higher than the yield from crops grown on the control, with an average yield increase of 0.48 t/ha. Across the whole dataset, growing crops on raised beds did not produce significantly lower yields. Below average rainfall was received for much of the experimental period at several sites. Growing season rainfall had a large effect on grain yield and high rainfall over a period of 40 days after seeding significantly increased the grain yield difference between the raised bed and the control. These data indicate that the use of raised beds lead to higher grain yields when seasonal conditions are appropriate.

Snow management and deep tillage for increasing crop yields on a rolling landscape

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/s96-080 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 77 (3) ◽

pp. 479-486 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

B. G. McConkey ◽

D. J. Ulrich ◽

F. B. Dyck

Keyword(s):

Soil Water ◽

Water Conservation ◽

Crop Production ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Triticum Turgidum ◽

Canadian Prairies ◽

Deep Tillage ◽

Grain Yields ◽

Yield Increase ◽

Key Words Wheat

Snow management (tall vs. conventional height stubble) and one-time deep tillage were investigated for increasing water conservation and annual crop production on a rolling soil landscape developed on glacial till in the semiarid Brown soil zone of the Canadian prairies. Tillage depths were 0, 13, 25, and 45 cm. Gleysolic soils had more soil water at time of seeding and greater 3-yr mean durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) grain yields than the Chernozemic soils. On the Chernozemic soils, tall (25 cm) stubble increased over-winter soil water at seeding by 15 mm compared with conventional short (14 cm) stubble. Mean 3-yr durum grain yields were 165 kg ha−1 higher with tall than short stubble although yield increases were only significant (P < 0.05) in one year. Extended rotations with tall cereal stubble are particularly attractive for cropland with a rolling topography when a significant part of the landscape is occupied by Gleysolic soils. Water conservation and grain yields for fall chiselling to 13 cm were not different than those for no fall tillage. Fall chiselling to 25 cm or subsoiling to 45 cm increased grain yields by 300 kg ha−1 in the year following tillage compared with no fall tillage. This yield increase was not related to soil water and may be due to physical disruption of an apparent tillage pan that existed between 10 and 20 cm depths. Key words: Wheat, water conservation, snow, subsoiling, rolling landscape

Electromagnetic induction sensing of soil identifies constraints to the crop yields of north-eastern Australia

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr11199 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 49 (7) ◽

pp. 559 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Y. P. Dang ◽

R. C. Dalal ◽

M. J. Pringle ◽

A. J. W. Biggs ◽

S. Darr ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Electromagnetic Induction ◽

Crop Production ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Management Options ◽

Soil Constraints ◽

Eastern Australia ◽

North Eastern ◽

On Farm

Salinity, sodicity, acidity, and phytotoxic concentrations of chloride (Cl–) in soil are major constraints to crop production in many soils of north-eastern Australia. Soil constraints vary both spatially across the landscape and vertically within the soil profile. Identification of the spatial variability of these constraints will allow farmers to tune management to the potential of the land, which will, in turn, bring economic benefit. For three cropping fields in Australia’s northern grains region, we used electromagnetic induction with an EM38, which measures apparent electrical conductivity of the soil (ECa) and soil sampling to identify potential management classes. Soil Cl– and soluble Na+ concentrations, EC of the saturated extract (ECse), and soil moisture were the principal determinants of the variation of ECa, measured both at the drained upper limit of moisture (UL) and at the lower limit (LL) of moisture extracted by the crop. Grain yield showed a strong negative relation with ECa at both UL and LL, although it was stronger for the latter. We arrive at a framework to estimate the monetary value of site-specific management options, through: (i) identification of potential management classes formed from ECa at LL; (ii) measurement of soil attributes generally associated with soil constraints in the region; (iii) grain yield monitoring; and (iv) simple on-farm experiments. Simple on-farm experiments suggested that, for constrained areas, matching fertiliser application to realistic yield potential, coupled to gypsum amelioration, could potentially benefit growers by AU$14–46/ha.year (fertiliser) and $207/ha.3 years (gypsum).

Threshold Tolerance of New Genotypes of Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. to Salinity and Drought

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy8100230 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 230 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Kristina Toderich ◽

Elena Shuyskaya ◽

Zulfira Rakhmankulova ◽

Roman Bukarev ◽

Temur Khujanazarov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Crop Production ◽

Plant Density ◽

Pennisetum Glaucum ◽

Germination Rate ◽

Malonic Dialdehyde ◽

Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽

Soil Salinization ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Grain Yields

With continued population growth, increasing staple crop production is necessary. However, in dryland areas, this is negatively affected by various abiotic stresses, such as drought and salinity. The field screening of 10 improved genetic lines of pear millet originating from African dryland areas was conducted based on a set of agrobiological traits (i.e., germination rate, plant density, plant maturity rate, forage, and grain yields) in order to understand plant growth and its yield potential responses under saline environments. Our findings demonstrated that genotype had a significant impact on the accumulation of green biomass (64.4% based on two-way ANOVA), while salinity caused reduction in grain yield value. HHVBC Tall and IP 19586 were selected as the best-performing and high-yielding genotypes. HHVBC Tall is a dual purpose (i.e., forage and grain) line which produced high grain yields on marginal lands, with soil salinization up to electrical conductivity (EC) 6–8 dS m−1 (approximately 60–80 mM NaCl). Meanwhile, IP 19586, grown under similar conditions, showed a rapid accumulation of green biomass with a significant decrease in grain yield. Both lines were tolerant to drought and sensitive to high salinity (above 200 mM NaCl). The threshold salinity of HHVBC Tall calculated at the seedling stage was lower than that of IP 19586. Seedling viability of these lines was affected by oxidative stress and membrane peroxidation, and they had decreased chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis. This study demonstrated that ionic stress is more detrimental for the accumulation of green and dry biomass, in combination with increasing the proline and malonic dialdehyde (MDA) contents of both best-performing pearl millet lines, as compared with osmotic stress.

Physiological and Agronomic Strategies to Increase Mungbean Yield in Climatically Variable Environments of Northern Australia

10.20944/preprints201805.0182.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yashvir S. Chauhan ◽

Rex Williams

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Dry Matter Production ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Grain Yields ◽

South Wales ◽

Matter Production ◽

Variable Environments

Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] in Australia has been transformed from a niche opportunistic crop into a major summer cropping option for dryland growers in the summer-dominant rainfall regions of Queensland and New South Wales. This transformation followed stepwise genetic improvements in both grain yields and disease resistance. For example, more recent cultivars such as ‘Crystal’, ‘Satin II’ and ‘Jade-AU‘  have provided up to a 20% yield advantage over initial introductions. Improved agronomic management to enable mechanised management and cultivation in narrow (<50 cm) rows has further promised to increase yields. Nevertheless, average yields achieved by growers for their mungbean crops remain less than 1 t/ha, and are much more variable than other broad acre crops.  Further increases in yield and crop resilience in mungbean are vital. In this review, opportunities to improve mungbean have been analysed at four key levels including phenology, leaf area development, dry matter accumulation and its partitioning into grain yield. Improving the prediction of phenology in mungbean may provide further scope for genetic improvements that better match crop duration to the characteristics of target environments. There is also scope to improve grain yields by increasing dry matter production through the development of more efficient leaf canopies. This may introduce additional production risks as dry matter production depends on the amount of available water, which varies considerably within and across growing regions in Australia. Improving crop yields by exploiting photo-thermal sensitivities to increase dry matter is likely a less risky strategy for these variable environments. Improved characterisation of growing environments using modelling approaches could also better define and identify the risks of major abiotic constraints. This would assist in optimising breeding and management strategies to increase grain yield and crop resilience in mungbean for the benefit of growers and industry.

MIXED FARMING SYSTEMS IN TRANSITION: THE CASE OF FIVE VILLAGES ALONG A RAINFALL GRADIENT IN NORTH-WEST SYRIA

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479703001480 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 109-126 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

B. RISCHKOWSKY ◽

E. F. THOMSON ◽

R. SHNAYIEN ◽

J. M. KING

Keyword(s):

Crop Production ◽

Crop Yields ◽

National Policy ◽

Farming Systems ◽

Farm Income ◽

Forage Crops ◽

Rainfall Gradient ◽

North West ◽

Mixed Farming ◽

The Many

The changes taking place in the mixed farming systems of northwest Syria were examined by re-visiting, in 1996 and 2000, five villages along a rainfall gradient. The villages had been surveyed first in 1977–79. In those villages with moderate rainfall, intensification of crop production, namely a trend towards cereal monoculture and the planting of tree crops, did not lead to specialization in cropping at the expense of sheep ownership. In contrast, households in the areas too dry for most rainfed crops except barley (Hordeum vulgare) were more likely to sell their sheep because they depended heavily on off-farm income. Increases in crop yields were found but these only benefited the families in villages in the higher rainfall zones. Conversely, with the exception of ewe fertility, there was little evidence of improvements in sheep productivity. The mixed farming systems in the five villages sampled are still passing through a period of transition, and the cropping component will undoubtedly continue to change. This is less likely to happen to the small ruminant component in the near future unless the sector is given higher priority in national policy. As a strategy to increase feed production and balance the crop rotations, the prospects for closer crop/livestock integration at the farm level are limited by the many difficulties associated with the introduction of leguminous pasture and forage crops.

Efficiency of fall-banded urea for spring wheat production in Manitoba: Influence of application date, landscape position and fertilizer additives

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/s05-017 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 85 (5) ◽

pp. 649-666 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

K. H. D. Tiessen ◽

D. N. Flaten ◽

C. A. Grant ◽

R. E. Karamanos ◽

M. H. Entz

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Crop Yields ◽

N Uptake ◽

Landscape Position ◽

Nitrification Inhibitors ◽

Fertilizer N ◽

Total Recovery ◽

Grain Yields ◽

Application Date ◽

Early Fall

A 2-yr study was conducted to investigate the effects of application date, landscape position and a urease and nitrification inhibited formulation of urea on the efficiency of fall-banded N fertilizer under Manitoba conditions. To date, no studies have investigated how these factors interact to influence the efficiency of fall-banded N in western Canada. The effects of landscape position were apparent at three of the four sites, with significantly greater grain yields, straw yields and total recovery of N in the high landscape positions than in the low landscape positions. In the high landscape positions, there were no significant differences in crop response or recovered N among application dates in the fall and spring. However, in the low landscape positions, grain yields, grain yield increases and apparent recovered fertilizer N in the aboveground portion of the crop and in the soil (0–120 cm) were significantly greater for spring and late fall applications, when compared with early and mid-fall applications. At one site in the first year of the study, early fall-banded N with the urease and nitrification inhibitors produced greater increases in grain yield than early fall-banded N without the inhibitors in the low landscape positions. However, overall there was little agronomic benefit to the use of the additives, as there were few significant differences in crop yields or N uptake by the crop with the inhibitors than without, in either year or landscape position. The results demonstrate that selection of suitable timing for application of fertilizer N to optimize crop yields is much more critical for poorly drained areas within a field, or for poorly drained fields, than for better drained land. Key words: Fall-banded N, spring-banded N, landscape position, N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT), Dicyandiamide (DCD), wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Socioeconomic Factors and Sustainable Forage Crops Production in Turkey Aegean Region: A Multivariate Modeling

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12198061 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (19) ◽

pp. 8061

Author(s):

Celal Cevher ◽

Bulent Altunkaynak

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Crop Production ◽

Production Efficiency ◽

Forage Crops ◽

Forage Crop ◽

Aegean Region ◽

Socioeconomic Characteristics ◽

Agricultural Income ◽

Alfalfa Silage ◽

Positive Effect

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of farmers’ socioeconomic characteristics on sustainable forage crop production after forage crop subsidies. One of the innovative aspects of the study is the simultaneous modeling of alfalfa, silage corn and vetch production efficiency. For this, the multivariate linear regression model was used. In this way, the effect of socioeconomic characteristics on production is more clearly demonstrated by taking into account the dependency structure between forage crop production. For the study, 487 farmers in the Aegean region, where fodder crops can be produced throughout the year, were interviewed face-to-face and data were collected through a questionnaire. According to the results obtained, it was determined that the width of the land had a positive effect on the increase in alfalfa, silage corn, and vetch production. The number of animals was found to have a positive effect on alfalfa and silage maize production growth. The production of alfalfa was higher in rural farmers, and vetch production was higher in urban farmers. Farmers who do not have non-agricultural income focused on vetch production, and farmers with non-agricultural income focused on alfalfa production. It was seen that the majority of the farmers participating in the study were primary school graduates and lived in rural areas. In general, a significant increase was observed in the production of silage corn, vetch, and alfalfa, respectively. After the subsidies, it was concluded that this increase in the production of silage corn, vetch, and alfalfa was not at a level to meet the amount of forage crops needed by animal husbandry.

Nitrogen rate and timing effects on growth and yield of drill-sown rice

Crop and Pasture Science ◽

10.1071/cp16331 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 67 (11) ◽

pp. 1149 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

B. W. Dunn ◽

T. S. Dunn ◽

B. A. Orchard

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

N Uptake ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

N Recovery ◽

Rice Varieties ◽

Grain Yields ◽

Yield Increase ◽

Rate Of Increase ◽

Eastern Australia ◽

The Impact

Eight rice experiments were established at two sites in the Riverina district of south-eastern Australia in the 2012–13 and 2013–14 seasons. Two semi-dwarf rice varieties were drill-sown and nitrogen (N) fertiliser (urea) was applied at different rates at the 4-leaf stage before permanent water (pre-PW) and at panicle initiation (PI). The research assessed the impact of timing of N application on grain yield, compared the apparent N recovery of N fertiliser applied at the two stages, and determined an application strategy for N to obtain consistently high grain yields for current, semi-dwarf rice varieties when drill-sown. The apparent N recoveries achieved were 59% for N applied pre-PW and 25% for N applied at PI, averaged across years, sites, varieties and N rates. Grain yield increased significantly with increased rate of N applied at both stages, but the rate of increase from N applied at PI decreased as the rate of N applied pre-PW increased. The grain yield increase for N applied pre-PW was due to increased number of panicles at maturity and increased number of florets per panicle. Nitrogen applied at PI increased dry matter at maturity and number of florets per panicle. Application of N at PI increased grain yield over that when no N was applied; however, at low PI N-uptake levels, application of N at PI is not enough to achieve high grain yields. Therefore, sufficient N should be available to the crop from a combination of soil- and pre-PW-applied N for the crop to reach a level of N uptake at PI whereby high yields can be achieved. Nitrogen applied at PI did not appear to increase the potential for cold-induced floret sterility as much as pre-PW-applied N. Further research is required to confirm this in other seasons and for other rice varieties.

Mechanisms Underlying Nutrient Interaction of Compost and Mineral Fertilizer Application in Maize (Zea mays L.) Cropping System in Ghana

Frontiers in Soil Science ◽

10.3389/fsoil.2021.630851 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

Author(s):

Benedicta Essel ◽

Robert Clement Abaidoo ◽

Andrews Opoku ◽

Nana Ewusi-Mensah

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Block Design ◽

Cropping System ◽

Mineral Fertilizer ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Interactive Effects ◽

Nutrient Inputs ◽

Grain Yields ◽

Antagonistic Interactions

Mechanisms underlying interactive effects of nutrient inputs on crop yields are poorly understood especially throughout sub-Saharan Africa. This research thus sought to evaluate the possible mechanisms causing the interaction effects from compost and mineral fertilizer and quantify the relative contribution(s) of the mechanisms to added benefits in grain yield. The research involved a 3-year field experiment followed by a greenhouse incubation study. Both field and incubation experiments were 5 × 5 factorial arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design and Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications, respectively. The factors considered were five levels of mineral fertilizer (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of 90:60:70 kg ha−1 N:P2O5:K2O) and compost (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of 5 Mg ha−1 compost). The mechanisms evaluated were nutrient synchrony, priming, general soil fertility improvement (GFI), and balanced ratio of nutrients. The conjoint application of compost and mineral fertilizer significantly (p ≤ 0.05) influenced grain yields of maize, with 50%RRMF + 100%RRCo producing the highest average grain yields in 2015 and 2017 with relative average grain yield increases of 167 and 98% over the control (no application), respectively. The conjoint application of nutrients resulted in synergistic and antagonistic interactions. Synergistic interactions were observed in the first 2 years of the study, followed by antagonistic interactions in the third year. Three principal components cumulatively explained 86% of the variation among the mechanisms. The mechanisms which contributed most to the added benefits were priming effect, balanced nutrient ratio, and nutrient synchrony.