scholarly journals Comparison of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Spores Abundance Under Sengon (Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & Grimes) Planted on Deep Peat and Mineral Soils

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Tri Wira Yuwati ◽  
Wanda Septiana Putri ◽  
Badruzsaufari
Keyword(s):  
Peat Soil ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Common Species ◽  
T Test ◽  
Spore Density ◽  
Industrial Material ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mineral Soils

Mycorrhizae are known as soil fungi because of their habitat in the rooting area (rhizosphere). Nearly 97% of terrestrial plant species interact or symbiotic with mycorrhizae. Symbiosis is formed in the form of an exchange between nutrients and carbohydrates and helps plants absorb P. elements. In Kalimantan, sengon often used as industrial material because it is fast-growing species and widely cultivated by the community. Sengon is a common species planted in mineral soils; however, due to the rising demand of sengon timber, it has been planted on peatlands. This study aims to compare the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal spores and identify the morphology of arbuscular mycorrhizal spores associated with Sengon planted on peatlands and mineral soils. This study used a wet sieving method and root staining from the modification of Vierherling et al. 1996 and calculation of root mycorrhizal colonization with gridline techniques. The research used the normality test of data distribution and the T test (Independent sample T test) to determine trends and comparison of differences in the abundance of FMA spores. The study results showed a significant difference in the abundance of AMF in the form of colonization by calculating the percentage of AMF colonization in the sengon root in mineral soils and peatlands of 23.56% 41.67%, respectively. The spore density on mineral soils and peatlands were  18.05 / 50gr and 1.09 / 50gr, respectively. Identification results showed that there were four genera found in peat soil locations, namely the genus Glomus, Gigaspora, Scutellospora, and Acaulospora, while in the mineral soil were found three generas namely genus Glomus, Scutellospora, and Acaulospora. Out of the four generas, the most abundant in both soil types was Glomus.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EPIDERMAL LAYER OF CARROT ROOTS GROWN ON PEAT AND MINERAL SOIL

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 513-517
Author(s):  
E. W. CHIPMAN ◽  
F. R. FORSYTH
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Epidermal Layer ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
Mineral Soils

The epidermal layer of carrot roots grown on peat soil contained more ascorbic acid and less phenols, carotene, reducing sugars, and dry matter than those from a mineral soil. The increased level of phenol and the decreased level of the anti-oxidant ascorbic acid are the likely contributing causes of the increased browning of carrots in mineral soils relative to peat soils.

scholarly journals The microbial diversity and structure in peat land forest in Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-144
Author(s):  
MJH Talukder ◽  
Hui Sun
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
The Other ◽  
Swamp Forest ◽  
Peat Swamp Forest ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Peat Swamp ◽  
Significant Difference

Soil of tropical forest ecosystem plays very crucial part in controlling the universal carbon cycle. The isolation of microorganisms and their identification are important for understanding their vital role on transformation of organic matter of this ecosystem. Soil storage maximum microbial genetic diversity because of it’s a multilayered environment. No complete methods were discovered yet to cultivate majority of soil microorganisms. A little is known about microbial structure and their essentiality in tropical peat lands compared to most other terrestrial and oceanic habitats. In providing insight to the impacts of land-use of peat land on microbes in Central Kalimantan, Borneo Indonesia, we examined the community structure and diversity of bacteria and fungi in different peat forest soil including: i) natural peat swamp forest (well mixed swamp forest type); ii) disturbed peat soil and iii) mineral soils by using 454 pyrosequencing technology. The results showed that no significant difference was found for diversity and evenness among the sites of fungal community. However, natural peat swamp forest had the highest species richness (Chao1), which was significantly higher than the other two sites (P<0.05 and P<0.05). According to the OTUs analysis four fungi phyla were obtained of which 45 species were classified. The Ascomycota was the most abundant phylum, followed by Basidiomycota, Zygomycota and Glomeromycota. The natural peat swamp forest and disturbed peat soil harbored the maximum number Ascomycota. On the other hand, mineral soil and natural peat soil contained the highest number of Basidiomycota. The top species in natural peat swamp forest included Sugiyamaella paludigena, Polyancora globosa and Ganoderma gibbosum. The mineral soil enriched the abundance of Penicillium herquei, Sugiyamaella paludigena and the disturbed peat soil contained the highest frequency of Polyancora globosa, Gymnopilus lepidotus. According to the PCoA analysis, the community structure of fungus in natural peat soil differed significantly from mineral soil (P=0.04) and disturbed peat soil (P=0.039). No significant difference was found for bacterial species richness (Chao1) among the sites. The diversity of bacteria in disturbed peat soil significantly differed from the other sites (P<0.05 and P<0.05). eleven bacterial phyla and 53 genera were examined. All of the three sites contained the similar abundance of Proteobacteria. The natural peat swamp forest and disturbed peat soil harbored the most abundant Acidobactria. Genera Mycobacterium, Gp1, Gp13, Gp2, Burkholderia, Actinospica, Aciditerrimonas were found in all the sites. Genera Granulibacter, Gp4, Acidisoma, Clostridium_sensu, Clostridium_ XI were only observed in natural peat swamp forest. Genera Rudaea, Rhodopila, Streptomycetes were found only mineral soil. The PCoA analysis showed that the structure of bacteria in natural peat swamp forest significantly differed from the disturbed peat soil (P=0.045). Overall, the bacterial species richness and diversity are more among the sites than of the fungi. J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2019, 5(1): 133-144

scholarly journals ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH PEPPER TEN LINES RHIZOSPHERE CHILLIES Capsicum frutescens

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-115
Author(s):  
Wagner Gonçalves Vieira Junior ◽  
Diogo Jânio de Carvalho Matos ◽  
Thales Caetano de Oliveira ◽  
Leidiane Dos Santos Lucas ◽  
Isabelly Ribeiro Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Culture Collection ◽  
Mycorrhizal Colonization ◽  
Colonization Rate ◽  
Spore Density ◽  
Capsicum Frutescens ◽  
Morphological Comparison ◽  
Significant Difference

The peppers business is an important segment of the Brazilian agricultural market, with strong expression in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The objective of this work was to determine the mycorrhizal colonization rate, spore density and mycorrhizal fungi genotypes associated with the rhizosphere of ten lines of chilli peppers (Capsicum frutescens). The experimental design was completely randomized, with 10 treatments and 4 replicates, with the ten strains of Capsicum frutescens: IFET-1121; IFET-1109; IFET-1129; IFET-1119; IFET-1117; IFET-1137; IFET-1131; IFET-1127; IFET-1125 and IFET-1111. The spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) will be extracted from the soil using 50 cm³ of each composite sample, using the wet sieving technique. The determination of the percentage of mycorrhizal colonization occurred through the technique of intersection of the quadrants. The identification of mycorrhizal fungi species was by morphological comparison based on the descriptions of the reference cultures present in the International Culture Collection of Arbuscular and Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. The spore number and mycorrhizal colonization data will be submitted to classical statistical analysis using the Assistat program (2016). The genus Acaulospora, Claroideoglomus, Diversispora, Scutellospora, Sclerocystis, Glomus, Funneliformis and Gigaspora associated with the rhizosphere of the Capsicum frutescens strains were identified. The genera Glomus, acaulosporand Claroideoglomuswere found in all strains analyzed. The IFET - 1127 strain presented higher spore density values when compared to the other strains studied. No significant difference was found in the values of mycorrhizal colonization rate among the investigated strains

Soil water leachate from two forested catchments on the Precambrian Shield, Ontario

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 1353-1365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce D. LaZerte ◽  
Lem Scott
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Solubility Curve ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Precambrian Shield ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mineral Soils

A predominantly coniferous catchment on the Precambrian Shield had significantly more acid, base-poor, and Al-rich soil solutions than a predominantly deciduous catchment. Eight-year median depth profiles of the forest floor solutions revealed that ceramic tension lysimeters collected significantly higher levels of Al and Si, lower amounts of NO3−, and equal amounts of dissolved organic carbon than plastic zero-tension lysimeters. There was no significant difference between lysimeter types in the deeper mineral soils. NO3−, NH4+, K+, organic C, organic Al, Fe, and to a lesser extent Ca2+ and Mg2+ were more abundant in forest floor solutions than in the mineral soils. Inorganic Al, F−, Na+, and SO42− were more abundant in the mineral horizons, and Cl− was uniform throughout the profile. Calculations based on the Na profile and the weathering of plagioclase feldspars suggested that secondary Al and Si minerals were accumulating in the mineral soil. Long-term median inorganic Al concentrations followed the microcrystalline gibbsite solubility curve (−log(Al3+) = −9.2 + 3.0(pH); R2 = 0.97), and F− was closely correlated (R2 = 0.7). NO3−, NH4+, and K+ in the forest floor exhibited the strongest seasonal patterns, with peaks during the winter–spring snowmelt and late summer. Their levels increased severalfold in response to summer drought, but there was little response in the lower horizons. Apparently because of a decline in SO42− and possibly Ca2+ deposition, there was a long-term decline in Ca2+ and SO42− in the stream draining the PCl mineral horizons (approximately −2.1 ± 0.4 μequiv.•L−1•year−1), and a similar Ca2+ decline in the mineral soil solutions themselves. However, there was no change in pH or inorganic Al levels.

scholarly journals The Effect of PhET Simulation-based Instruction on 6th Grade Students’ Achievement Regarding the Concept of Greenhouse Gas

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 348-355
Author(s):  
Hasan Özcan ◽  
◽  
Gülcan Çetin ◽  
H. İlker Koştur ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Effect ◽  
Physics Education ◽  
T Test ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Based Instruction ◽  
Experimental Group

This study investigated the effectiveness of simulation-based instruction on students’ greenhouse effect achievement. The simulations were chosen from the Physics Education Technology Project (PhET) website. The research was a pretest-posttest with a control group design quasi-experimental study. The sample of the study consisted of 45 6th grade students taking a science course in a secondary school from a city located in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey in the 2017–2018 academic year. Participants were assigned randomly to control and experimental groups. There were 23 participants in the experimental group and 22 participants in the control group. While the control group was instructed with the constructive instructional methods, the experimental group was instructed by PhET simulation-based instruction over 1 week. Data were collected by the Greenhouse Effect Achievement Test. Independent samples t-test and paired samples t-test were used to analyze the data. The study results revealed that the PhET simulation-based instruction created a statistically significant difference between the control group and the experimental group in the students’ greenhouse effect in favor of the experimental group (p = 0.03).

scholarly journals Effect of different type of soil as growing media on physiological quality of harvested okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)

Food Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (S5) ◽  
pp. 173-179
Author(s):  
A.A.K. Fatin ◽  
N.H. Amira ◽  
M.H. Muaz
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Physiological Quality ◽  
Physical Features ◽  
Properties Of Soil

Soil properties are very important to be well understood before planting any crop. Different types of soil will possess different properties. The properties of soil will influence the yield and quality of crops. For instance, poor soil properties will produce low quality of okra, thus reducing consumer demand. It is necessary to find conditions that are suitable for soil in order to get the best okra quality to fulfil the demand of consumers. The purpose of this research is to determine the physiological quality of harvested okra on different types of soil which are peat soil (T1), mineral soil (T2) and alluvium soil (T3). Each treatment was replicated five times and was applied with the same amount of fertilizer (NPK 12: 12: 17: 2); 10 g. Parameters in term of quality of physical appearances were taken once after the fruits were harvested. The parameters taken include the length of fruit (cm), the diameter of fruit (mm), the colour of fruits and fruit tenderness. Parameters for growth performance were also taken for each treatment. The result obtained shows a high significant difference in term of physical features of okra such as length of fruit (cm), the diameter of fruit (mm) and fruit tenderness for each treatment. Harvested alluvium soil -based okra was found to be the most promising for fruit yield, physical quality and quantitative characteristics. This is because the result of parameters of alluvium soil (T3) is higher than peat soil and mineral soil in term of length of fruits; 17.18 cm, diameter of fruit; 19.42, yield produced; 9.8 and tenderness; 9.2. The T3 soil also has rich in micronutrients especially potassium. In conclusion, properties of soil whether chemically or physically will influence the yield and quality of crops either directly or indirectly.

scholarly journals Self-awareness Skill Training of Mothers as the Head of the Household and the Self-efficacy of Their Sons

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-222
Author(s):  
Maliheh Aziznejad ◽  
◽  
Sara Janmohammadi ◽  
Marhamat Farahaninia ◽  
Hamid Haghani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
T Test ◽  
The Self ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Family ◽  
Post Test

Background: The adults’ life is rooted in their childhood. Children living in single-parent families have less self-efficacy than others. Educating self-awareness skill reliance on the family is among the key aspects of self-efficacy promotion in early childhood. The present study aimed to determine the effect of self-awareness training of the mothers as the head of the household on the self-efficacy of their 10- to 12-year-old sons. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with a Pre-test-Post-test and a control group design. The study sample consisted of 10- to 12-year-old boys (N=71) from public schools of Ray City, Iran, and their heads of the family mothers. The study subjects were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The Pre-test was administered to both groups. Then, the mothers of the intervention group attended four 45-minute training sessions twice a week. Moreover, the Post-test was administered to the groups three months after the end of the intervention. The required data were collected by demographic characteristics form, Self-Consciousness Scale (SCS), and Self-efficacy Questionnaire for Children (SEQ-C). Furthermore, the obtained data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, including frequency distribution, mean and standard deviation, and inferential statistics, including the Chi-squared test, Fisher’s Exact test, Independent Samples t-test, Paired Samples t-test, and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) using SPSS. Results: The study results suggested a significant difference in self-awareness Mean±SD scores of the mothers in the intervention group before (41.77±10.59) and after (53.83±8.43) conducting the intervention (P<0.001); however, such difference was not significantly different in the control group before (47.31±12.45) and three months after the intervention (47.05±11.76). There was a significant difference between the self-efficacy Mean±SD scores of boys in the intervention group before (61.88±9.29) and after (70.44±8.12) providing the intervention (P<0.001); however, this difference was not significantly different in the control group before (65.68±11.33) and after the intervention provision (65.14±12.01). Conclusion: In this study, mothers’ self-awareness positively affected their sons’ self-efficacy. Thus, self-awareness enabled mothers to identify the emotions of themselves and their children and become aware of them and pay more attention to interacting with their children. These findings help school health nurses in providing a proper educational environment with the collaboration of mothers who are the head of the family.

scholarly journals LONG-TERM GROUNDWATER REGIME TRENDS IN THE AGRICULTURAL AREAS

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurelija RUDZIANSKAITĖ
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Hydrological Regime ◽  
Kendall Test ◽  
Groundwater Level Fluctuations ◽  
Mineral Soils

Long-term data on hydrological regime change of the groundwater situated in moraine sandy loam and peat in Lithuanian karst zone presented in the article. The aim of the paper was on the basis of long-term groundwater studies to determine the water level trends. Groundwater level fluctuations mainly dependent on the ground type. The nearest land surface groundwater level (61-174 cm) was measured in peat soil (well 1), in mineral soil (well 2) was deeper (309-584 cm). Correlation between data of the annual precipitation and groundwater level in mineral soils (r2 = 0.416, tact .= 3.48>t95%=1.74) was more significant than in peat soils (r2 = 0.185, tact.=1.96 >t95%=1.74). The highest fluctuations of groundwater level was determined in mineral soil (well 2). According to Mann-Kendall test, the groundwater level significantly increased in February, April and December. Due to warmer winters decreased the duration and depth of the frost, frequent thaw, this cause increased feeding of aquifer in winter.

scholarly journals An initial study of woody-debris decomposition to reduce risk of repeated-fire incidence in tropical peatland ecosystem

2021 ◽  
Vol 914 (1) ◽  
pp. 012046
Author(s):  
L Agustini ◽  
S S Hakim ◽  
S A Faulina ◽  
T W Yuwati ◽  
P B Santosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Initial Study ◽  
Microbial Inoculants ◽  
Pycnoporus Sanguineus ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fungal Mycelia

Abstract As peatland ecosystems were formed from layered partially decomposed plant biomass, they were considered more vulnerable to fire, especially during extreme drought season. Woody debris accumulation in the field may increase the risk of peatland fire. In order to minimize the chance of repeated fire, an initial study on woody debris decomposition by employing a consortium of wood-decay microbes (consists of Scedosporium apiospermum, Pycnoporus sp., Pycnoporus sanguineus, and unidentified cellulolytic bacterial isolate) was conducted. Series of experiments of in vitro-, semi-controlled-, and field- conditions were carried out. After 12-weeks of incubation, the in vitro trial showed that all treatments on mineral-soil basal media were colonized by fungal mycelia, including the control. Meanwhile, the treatments on peat soil seem less supportive for fungal growth since only six out of ten treatments have been colonized by fungal mycelia. In semi-controlled conditions, effects of microbial inoculation showed questionable results as the trials were randomly occupied by Schizophylum commune, which was not included in the microbial inoculants. Un-clear effects of the microbial inoculants were also observed on the field trial as no significant difference of dry-weight loss between the inoculated woody logs and the un-inoculated control. Further comprehensive studies to reduce woody debris in peatland areas are required.

scholarly journals Impact of forest biomass for energy harvesting on soil compaction – Irish case study

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 526-533
Author(s):  
J. Pohořalý ◽  
R. Klvač ◽  
T. Kent ◽  
M. Kleibl ◽  
E. Coates ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Logging Residue ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Irish Case

An assessment of soil compaction caused by machinery used in stump and/or logging residue extraction for energy on soils typical of Ireland. We determined unaffected soil conditions and to find the compaction grade after timber harvesting and bundling activities, and to compare those results with stands where timber harvesting was followed by stump extraction for energy. The investigation was carried out in Ireland on three different locations which had a slightly different proportion of stones in their soils. Two of the soils were purely mineral soils, and the third was a mineral soil affected by anthropogenic activities. To ensure comparable results as much as possible, the moisture content of the soil on wet basis was investigated. Each location was purposely treated. Therefore, on each location plots were identified as follows: plots unaffected by operation (reference area), plots after timber harvesting, plots after timber harvesting and bundling operation, and plots after timber harvesting and stump extraction operation. According to the experimental design 40 repetitions on each of the three different treatments were set. The results showed that the compaction of soil occurred on plots after timber harvesting, but there was not a significant difference between compaction grades with and without logging residue bundling operation. However, once the site was extracted of stumps, the soil became too loose and no significant difference was found compared to unaffected soil. &nbsp;

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