THE GENERAL COMPLEXITY OF THE PROBLEM TO RECOGNIZE HAMILTONIAN PATHS

2021 ◽  
pp. 120-126
Author(s):  
A. N. Rybalov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Generic Algorithm ◽  
Hamiltonian Paths ◽  
Finite Graphs ◽  
Large Sets ◽  
Cloning Technique ◽  
Algorithmic Problems ◽  
Hard Problems ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Generic Complexity

Generic-case approach to algorithmic problems has been offered by A. Miasnikov, V. Kapovich, P. Schupp, and V. Shpilrain in 2003. This approach studies an algorithm behavior on typical (almost all) inputs and ignores the rest of inputs. In this paper, we study the generic complexity of the problem of recognition of Hamiltonian paths in finite graphs. A path in graph is called Hamiltonian if it passes through all vertices exactly once. We prove that under the conditions P 6= NP and P = BPP for this problem there is no polynomial strongly generic algorithm. A strongly generic algorithm solves a problem not on the whole set of inputs, but on a subset, the sequence of frequencies of which exponentially quickly converges to 1 with increasing size. To prove the theorem, we use the method of generic amplification, which allows to construct generically hard problems from the problems hard in the classical sense. The main component of this method is the cloning technique, which combines the inputs of a problem together into sufficiently large sets of equivalent inputs. Equivalence is understood in the sense that the problem is solved similarly for them.

On generic complexity of the subset sum problem in monoids and groups of integer matrix of order two

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 10-15
Author(s):  
Alexander Nikolaevich Rybalov
Keyword(s):  
Linear Group ◽  
Modular Group ◽  
Special Linear Group ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Integer Matrix ◽  
Subset Sum ◽  
Algorithmic Problems ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Subset Sum Problems ◽  
Generic Complexity

Generic-case approach to algorithmic problems was suggested by A. Miasnikov, I. Kapovich, P. Schupp and V. Shpilrain in 2003. This approach studies behavior of an algo-rithm on typical (almost all) inputs and ignores the rest of inputs. In this paper, we prove that the subset sum problems for the monoid of integer positive unimodular matrices of the second order, the special linear group of the second order, and the modular group are generically solvable in polynomial time.

scholarly journals A generic algorithm for the membership problem in the semigroups of integer matrices

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
Alexander N. Rybalov
Keyword(s):  
Arbitrary Order ◽  
Membership Problem ◽  
Generic Algorithm ◽  
Algorithmic Problems ◽  
Almost All

Generic-case approach to algorithmic problems was suggested by A. Miasnikov, I. Kapovich, P. Schupp and V. Shpilrain in 2003. This approach studies behavior of an algorithm on typical (almost all) inputs and ignores the rest of inputs. In this paper we prove generic decidability of the membership problem and the mortality problem for semigroups of integer matrices of arbitrary order.

scholarly journals METHODOLOGY FOR FORMING AND IMPLEMENTING A TOUR AND DETERMINING ITS ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetiana Krasnoded ◽  
Tetiana Bakina ◽  
Olena Zakharchenko
Keyword(s):  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Tourist Destination ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Operator Activity ◽  
Tour Operator

The relevance of the study of issues in the context of tour operator activity is determined. Important issues of formation and promotion of the tour as the main component of tourist products are considered. A tour project is presented and an algorithm for creating a tourist product for several days for a specific tourist destination is demonstrated. The mechanism for determining the cost of a tour is revealed, which includes the cost of accommodation, meals, travel, excursion services and entertainment, support, insurance and other additional services provided to consumer tourists within the framework of a tourist project. At the same time, a mechanism for calculating individual elements of the tour price is presented. The method of calculating the company's profit and economic efficiency from the sale of the tour is revealed. General marketing directions in tourism are also proposed, which can be used to determine the preferences of tourists, present and promote almost all tourist products.

scholarly journals Extraction and Characterization of Collagen from Sand Sea Cucumber (Holothuria scabra)

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-327
Author(s):  
Gita Syahputra ◽  
Hariyatun Hariyatun ◽  
Muhammad Firdaus ◽  
Pugoh Santoso
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Type I ◽  
Indonesian Seas ◽  
Holothuria Scabra ◽  
Aquatic Product ◽  
Electron Microscopy Analysis ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Almost All

Sand sea cucumber (Holothuria scabra) is an aquatic product that belongs to Echinodermata, a habitant in almost all Indonesian seas. The main component of the sea cucumber is protein, one of which is collagen. This study aimed to extract and characterize collagen from the species using the acid-base extraction method. The characterization of sea cucumber collagen includes molecular weight, amino acid components, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry, and scanning electron microscopy analysis. This study has successfully extracted collagen from the sample using an extraction system: NaOH 0.1 M; CH3COOH 0.1 M; and distilled water under 45°C treatments, gave 6% yield. The collagen has a molecular weight 110-130 kDa. Based on the infrared spectra, the specific functional groups of the collagen are amide A (3379.29 cm-1), amide B (2924.09 cm-1), amide I (1681.93 cm-1), amide II (1560.41 cm-1), and amide III (1249.87 cm-1). The collagen falls into type I. We suggest an alternative resource of collagen from sand sea cucumber, other than poultry and mammals.   Keywords: characterization, collagen, extraction, fishery, sand sea cucumber

scholarly journals Variability of the lunar semidiurnal tidal amplitudes in the ionosphere over Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-164
Author(s):  
Ana Roberta Paulino ◽  
Fabiano da Silva Araújo ◽  
Igo Paulino ◽  
Cristiano Max Wrasse ◽  
Lourivaldo Mota Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Atmosphere ◽  
Electron Content ◽  
Semidiurnal Tide ◽  
Large Power ◽  
Total Electron ◽  
Power Spectral ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Variability ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Almost All

Abstract. The variability in the amplitudes of the lunar semidiurnal tide was investigated using maps of total electron content over Brazil from January 2011 to December 2014. Long-period variability showed that the annual variation is always present in all investigated magnetic latitudes, and it represents the main component of the temporal variability. Semiannual and triannual (two and three times a year, respectively) oscillations were the second and third components, respectively, but they presented significant temporal and spatial variability without a well-defined pattern. Among the short-period oscillations in the amplitude of the lunar tide, the most pronounced ones were concentrated between 7–11 d. These oscillations were stronger around the equinoxes, in particular between September and November in almost all latitudes. In some years, as in 2013 and 2014, for instance, they appeared with a large power spectral density in the winter hemisphere. These observed short-period oscillations could be a result of a direct modulation of the lunar semidiurnal tide by planetary waves from the lower atmosphere and/or due to electrodynamic coupling of E and F regions of the ionosphere.

scholarly journals N6-methyladenine modification in noncoding RNAs and its function in cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyu Yang ◽  
Xiang Hu ◽  
Jinting Liu ◽  
Ruiqing Wang ◽  
Chen Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Rna Modification ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Tumor Gene Expression ◽  
Tumor Gene

Abstract Non-coding RNAs are the main component of the extensive transcription results of the mammalian genome. They are not transcribed into proteins but play critical roles in regulating multiple biological processes and affecting cancer progression. m6A modification is one of the most abundant internal RNA modification of mammalian cells, and it involves almost all aspects of RNA metabolism. Recent research revealed tight correlations between m6A modification and ncRNAs and indicated the interaction between m6A and ncRNAs act a pivotal part in the development of cancer. The correlation between m6A modification and ncRNAs provides a new perspective for exploring the potential regulatory mechanism of tumor gene expression, and suggest that m6A modification and ncRNAs may be important prognostic markers and therapeutic targets for multiple cancers. In this review, we summarize the potential regulatory mechanisms between m6A methylation and ncRNAs, highlighting how their relationship affects biological functions in cancer.

On the generic complexity of the searching graph isomorphism problem

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Rybalov
Keyword(s):  
Graph Isomorphism ◽  
Isomorphism Problem ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Graph Isomorphism Problem ◽  
Algorithmic Problems ◽  
Generic Complexity

AbstractA generic-case approach to algorithmic problems was suggested by Myasnikov, Kapovich, Schupp and Shpilrain in 2003. This approach studies the behavior of an algorithm on typical inputs and ignores the rest of the inputs. In this paper we consider generic complexity of the searching graph isomorphism problem. We fit this problem in the frameworks of generic complexity and prove that its natural subproblem is generically hard provided that the searching graph isomorphism problem is hard in the worst case.

scholarly journals Complete Design and Finite Element Analysis of an all Terrain Vehicle

2012 ◽  
pp. 276-286
Author(s):  
Amrit Om Nayak ◽  
S. Kalaivanan ◽  
D. Manikandan ◽  
G. Ramkumar ◽  
T. Manoj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Operation And Maintenance ◽  
Successful Design ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Function Diagram ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Almost All

We have tried to design an all terrain vehicle that meets international standards and is also cost effective at the same time. We have focused on every single system to improve the performance of each component. Our vehicle can navigate through almost all terrain, which ultimately is the objective behind the making of any all terrain vehicle. We began the task of designing by conducting extensive research of each main component of the vehicle. We did not want to design certain areas such as the frame, and then make the rest to fit. We considered each component to be significant, and thereby designed the vehicle as a whole trying to optimize each component while constantly considering how other components would be affected. This forced us to think outside the box, research more thoroughly, and redesign components along the way in order to have a successful design. We used the necessary parameters to create a Qualitative Function Diagram (QFD) to determine which parameters were the most critical. These key parameters ranging from most critical to least critical are safety, reliability, low cost, ease of operation and maintenance, and overall performance.

scholarly journals THE MAIN COMPONENT FOR DESIGNING SMART LEARNING

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-88
Author(s):  
Iman Nurjaman
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Learning Environments ◽  
Technological Design ◽  
Learner Participation ◽  
Self Regulated Learning ◽  
Smart Learning ◽  
Smart Learning Environments ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Almost All

This paper discusses key components in designing smart learning. The concept of smart learning emphasises the importance of technological design to make learning better. In fact, many different definitions can be found in almost all the articles that emphasise multiple aspects and characteristics of smart learning published since 2014 in the journal Smart Learning Environments. This finding illustrates the main components of smart learning to improve knowledge and develop smart learning designs. Based on the results of the literature review it was found that, there are some common and crucial elements identified by most researchers in this field. The first highlights that smart learning is technology. In addition to technology, there are other important components, that is self regulated learning, the needs and characteristics of learner, participation & feedback

scholarly journals In Search of the Roots of American Inequality Exceptionalism: An Analysis Based on Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) Data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet C. Gornick ◽  
Branko Milanovic ◽  
Nathaniel Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Labor Income ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
Working Paper ◽  
The Us ◽  
Market Income ◽  
Working Age ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Group Inequality

Earlier work has established that the US has exceptionally high inequality of disposable household income (i.e., income after accounting for taxes and transfers). There is a debate whether it is due to an unusually high inequality of market (pre-tax-pre- transfer) income or to weak redistribution. In this paper, we look more deeply at market income inequality, focusing on its main component – labor income – across a group of 24 OECD countries. We disaggregate the working-age population into household types, defined by the number and gender of the household’s earners and the partnership and parenting status of its members. We conclude that within-group inequality of labor incomes in the US is, in almost all groups, high by OECD standards. The roots of US inequality exceptionalism are not to be found in an unusual demographic composition, nor in unusually high or low mean incomes of some demographic groups, but in pervasive high inequality within each of these groups. (Stone Center on Socio-Economic Inequality Working Paper)

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