On the Lexicographic Description of the Preposition Putyom in Modern Discourse

This article analyzes the system of meanings of the preposition putyom in modern discourse, describes the features of the semantic composition in each meaning, traces semantic links of the selected meanings with the productive name and provides their lexicographic description. The analyzed material included 609 documents of the main corpus of the Russian National Corpus for 2009–2019. The search was performed on a user subcorpus of 6,555 documents which amounted to 13,596,479 words. The complex study of 330 usage samples of the preposition putyom by means of contextual and component analyses has revealed that 167 of them were substantive, 13 adverbial and 150 prepositional ones. The lexicographic identifiers used were as follows: 1) recurrent links with the context, determining the lexico-semantic valence of the preposition putyom; 2) grammatical valence, implemented in specific syntactic links; 3) the possibility of lexical and grammatical replacement of constructions with the preposition putyom by an adverbial participle and a noun in the instrumental case; 4) possible partial synonymy relations; 5) data from lexicographic sources. The range of partial synonyms was established in accordance with the definitions in explanatory dictionaries. The analysis has shown seven meanings of the preposition putyom,grammarticalized in varying degrees, with differentiable semantic and compatibility features. Characteristic valences as well as semantic functions have been determined for each meaning and a dictionary entry proposed. It has been established that the “left” component of the preposition putyom in any implementation is a verb form or a verbal noun with procedural or productive semantics, while the “right” one is a verbal noun with procedural or effective semantics. The polysemy of the preposition putyom is predetermined by a change in hierarchy when contextual conditions change. All the meanings of the preposition putyom have a common motivating base, i.e. the 6th meaning of the noun put’ (way). The polysemy of the preposition putyom is caused by the initial semantic potential of the motivating meaning. The preposition putyom is motivated by both explicit and implicit semes of the meaning-generating noun put’ and in implication inherits the semes of its primary meaning. In all the meanings it retains this “mode of action” inherited from the motivating meaning of the noun put’. In six of seven meanings, it enters into a partial synonymy only with derivative prepositions of the genitive and dative cases and is semantically identified in these relations. The partial nature of synonymy indicates the insufficiency of a synonymous definition and requires a descriptive component inclusion.

Antioxidant Compounds from Microalgae: A Review

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md19100549 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (10) ◽

pp. 549

Author(s):

Noémie Coulombier ◽

Thierry Jauffrais ◽

Nicolas Lebouvier

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Natural Products ◽

Mode Of Action ◽

Natural Antioxidants ◽

Culture Conditions ◽

Antioxidant Compounds ◽

Oxygen Species ◽

Synthetic Antioxidants ◽

Metabolic Plasticity ◽

The demand for natural products isolated from microalgae has increased over the last decade and has drawn the attention from the food, cosmetic and nutraceutical industries. Among these natural products, the demand for natural antioxidants as an alternative to synthetic antioxidants has increased. In addition, microalgae combine several advantages for the development of biotechnological applications: high biodiversity, photosynthetic yield, growth, productivity and a metabolic plasticity that can be orientated using culture conditions. Regarding the wide diversity of antioxidant compounds and mode of action combined with the diversity of reactive oxygen species (ROS), this review covers a brief presentation of antioxidant molecules with their role and mode of action, to summarize and evaluate common and recent assays used to assess antioxidant activity of microalgae. The aim is to improve our ability to choose the right assay to assess microalgae antioxidant activity regarding the antioxidant molecules studied.

Attributive function of the instrumental case with the semantics of the method of action in the dialects of the Carpathian region

The Journal of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Series "Philology" ◽

10.26565/2227-1864-2020-87-05 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

Mode Of Action ◽

Peripheral Zone ◽

Semantic Features ◽

Individual Action ◽

Semantic Meaning ◽

Subordinate Clauses ◽

Carpathian Region ◽

Verb Constructions ◽

Instrumental Case ◽

External Characteristics

The article clarifies the structural and semantic features of the attributive in the form of the instrumental case with the semantics of the mode of action in the dialects of Transcarpathia. The functional essence of the attributive is considered, which are called the signs of individual actions, situations of objective reality. Highlighted the functional essence of the attributive instrumental case in the position of the adverb. The purpose of this article is to highlight the formal-syntactic features and semantic manifestations of the peripheral zone of attributiveness, namely, the attributes with the semantics of the mode of action in the form of the instrumental case. The instrumental attributes in the studied dialects characterize various actions, situations and retain semantic and morphological connections with words, phrases, and sentences. They can be synonymous with nouns in other indirect cases or with verb constructions in the form of subordinate clauses. Their ability to convey variable, temporal and situational signs is associated with a specific subject correlation with the attributives in the form of the instrumental case. Achievement of this goal presupposes the solution of the following specific tasks: 1) to establish the initial semantically elementary sentence that underlies the attributives with the semantics of the mode of action, the lexical meanings of the supporting and dependent components; 2) find out the functional and semantic meaning of the attributive syntaxem. Within the framework of the attributive components in the form of the instrumental case, having the semantics of the mode of action, one can distinguish groups: the names of the methods of production processes, the names of the external characteristics of movement in space, the names of the generalized characteristics of the action, characteristics as a result of an action, the external characteristics of a person or animal; the names of the external characteristics of plants; the names of a qualitative characteristic of an individual action.

Russian and Siberian-Tatar language contacts in middle of XX century

SHS Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/shsconf/20185001072 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 50 ◽

pp. 01072

Author(s):

Anna Isakova

Keyword(s):

Spoken Language ◽

Language Functioning ◽

The Third ◽

European Languages ◽

Semantic Development ◽

Western European ◽

The Right ◽

This article is devoted to the language contacts between the Siberian Tatars and the Russians in the XX century. We have executed a research of the Russian borrowed lexicon in the dictionary of dialects of the Siberian Tatars, written by D.G. Tumasheva in 1992. 93 borrowed lexemes from Russian and Western European languages relating mainly to the household sphere of language functioning of the Siberian Tatars have been revealed. We assume that there were Russian loanwords in the language of the Siberian Tatars in the third period of the development of the Tatar people’s spoken language, namely in the 40-60s of the XX century. The author revealed several borrowed lexemes from the dictionary of dialects of the Siberian Tatars, pertaining to the household lexicon of the language of the Siberian Tatars. The direct permanent intense and stable contacts between the Russian and Tatar unrelated languages led to the emergence of broad and thematically diverse formation of Russian loanwords in the Tatar language. The household sphere of functioning of the Siberian Tatar language is less susceptible to intrusion of foreign vocabulary. Thus, in order to analyze its structural and semantic development, there was an attempt to analyze the identified borrowing according to two corpuses of the Tatar language, namely to identify the right words and confirm the use of the language, as well as to determine the frequency of their usage. According to the Tatar National Corpus “Tugantel” and the Corpus of written Tatar, the most frequent borrowings are өstәl (TNC 4682, CWT-16155), kөpkә (TNC -1242, CWT 9547), Torba (TNC -206, CWT-1141).

ON TRADITIONAL CONCEPTION AND UPGRADING OF ONE APPLIED SEMANTIC DICTIONARY

Computational Linguistics and Intellectual Technologies ◽

10.28995/2075-7182-2020-19-1049-1064 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

N. N. Leontyeva ◽

◽

M. V. Ermakov ◽

S. A. Krylov ◽

S. Yu. Semenova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Corpus Linguistics ◽

Automatic Processing ◽

Formal Representation ◽

Structural Representation ◽

Current Version ◽

Linguistic Information ◽

Traditional Conception ◽

Dictionary Entry ◽

Corpus Data ◽

The paper deals with upgrading of an electronic semantic dictionary of RUSLAN for automatic processing of Russian texts. The previous versions of the dictionary were created in the 1990-es and early 2000-es mainly for automatic processing of the Russian Federation’s state papers. Now the Authors inherit the basic formalism of the Dictionary, including the metalanguage and the structure of the dictionary entry. The current version is revised and enlarged in a number of ways. While the initial versions mostly predate the advent of corpus linguistics, the current version is based on corpus data. The Russian National Corpus was used as a source of sample sentences, as well as for determining statistically and empirically which linguistic information is pragmatically relevant. A structural representation for the sample sentences was designed, and a procedure for selecting lexical units from the corpus to use in a pragmatic description of polysemy. A formal representation of situations, previously outlined in the works of Nina N. Leontyeva, has also been detailed and largely realized. Among the lexicon, verbs in particular have received a more flexible description compared to the previous versions, and aspectual meanings are reflected with more nuance.

The project of an ideographic dictionary of the Russian special vocabulary of construction

10.17223/978-5-907442-19-1-2021-31 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Nadezhda A. Trofimova ◽

Keyword(s):

Russian Language ◽

Dictionary Entry ◽

The Russian Language ◽

The project of an ideographic dictionary of the Russian construction vocabulary is presented. The main principles of dictionary compilation, the thematic groups of lexical units, and the dictionary entry are presented. Lexical units previously unrecorded in the terminological dictionaries and the National Corpus of the Russian Language are analyzed.

Methods of translating nonequivalent units in the Russian-English Dictionary of Phraseological Euphemisms

Litera ◽

10.25136/2409-8698.2021.12.37168 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 137-146

Author(s):

Yulia Svyatoslavovna Arsentyeva

Keyword(s):

Dictionary Entry ◽

Bilingual Dictionary ◽

Additional Information ◽

The Subject ◽

Characteristic Features ◽

This article explores the problem of adequate translation of English equivalents of the Russian phraseological euphemisms in the compiled by the authors “Russian-English Dictionary of Phraseological Euphemisms” – the first bilingual dictionary of euphemisms. Special attention is given to preservation of the significative and denotative component of the meaning of Russian phraseological euphemisms in their translating into English. The subject of this research is the methods of adequate transmission of the semantics of nonequivalent reinterpreted Russian euphemisms. The goal lies in the description of possible methods of translating nonequivalent Russian phraseological euphemisms into English: the right part of the dictionary entry is still under study. The novelty of this research lies in the discussion of possible methods of translating nonequivalent phraseological euphemisms that combine the characteristic features of both phraseological and euphemistic nominations. These typical characteristics are reflected in the right part of the dictionary entry. The acquires results prove that existence of four methods of translating nonequivalent phraseological euphemisms: using loanwords, lexical, descriptive and compound translation; the letter is crucial in delivering necessary information on the Russian phraseological euphemisms. The conclusion is made on the need to include additional information on the peculiarities of euphemistic nomination of the Russian phraseological euphemisms in form of descriptive translation into English, as opposed to the method of translating nonequivalent phraseological units in the existing bilingual phraseological dictionaries.

Proceedings of the International Conference on Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar ◽

Mixed categories and argument transfer in Korean light verb constructions

10.21248/hpsg.2001.7 ◽

2002 ◽

Author(s):

Incheol Choi ◽

Stephen Wechsler

Keyword(s):

External Argument ◽

Verbal Noun ◽

Complex Predicate ◽

Light Verb Constructions ◽

Light Verb ◽

Linguistic Evidence ◽

Light Verb Construction ◽

Mixed Categories ◽

Adverbial Clauses ◽

The Korean Light Verb Construction (LVC) contains a Sino-Korean main predicate (tayhwa-lul), a Light Verb (ha-ta), and semantic arguments of the main predicate (John-i, Tom-kwa): John-i Tom-kwa tayhwa-lul ha-yess-ta. John-Nom Tom-with talk-Acc do-Pst-Dc 'John talked with Tom.' We defend a three-part analysis: (i) The subject of the main predicate is thematically controlled by the LV's subject. Evidence: Korean verbs assigning Accusative take an external argument (Wechsler/Lee 1996; Burzio's Generalization). Since the main predicate is Accusative, ha-ta must theta-mark its subject. Moreover ha-ta selects a non-stative Verbal Noun (VN) (cp. *kyumson-ul ha-ta 'humble-Acc do-Dc'); non-stative theta-structures typically take an external argument (Kang 1986). This control arises through complex predicate formation. (ii) Oblique arguments (PPs) are optionally transferred (cp. Grimshaw/Mester 1988) — but Accusative NPs are not. Evidence comes from relativization and pronoun replacement. (iii) Accusative is assigned by a mixed category Verbal Noun. This can be supported by adverbial clauses with VN's assigning Accusative without LV's. We review cross-linguistic evidence for both argument transfer (German; Hinrichs & Nakazawa; i.a.) and mixed categories (many languages, Malouf; i.a.) and show that Korean LVCs provide the right environment for both to occur.

Proceedings of the International Conference on Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar ◽

syntax and semantics of left-node raising in Japanese

10.21248/hpsg.2000.19 ◽

2001 ◽

Author(s):

Shûichi Yatabe

Keyword(s):

Semantic Composition ◽

Right Node Raising ◽

In this paper, I argue (i) that Japanese has constructions that are almost the exact mirror images of the right-node raising constructions in English, and (ii) that the properties of those constructions, which I refer to as left-node raising constructions, can be captured straightforwardly if and only if the CONTENT values of domain objects, not those of signs, are assumed to be the principal locus of meaning assembly. In the theory proposed, it is claimed that semantic composition (including "quantifier retrieval") takes place not when some signs are syntactically combined to produce a new, larger sign but when some domain objects (which are essentially prosodic constituents) are merged (by the total or partial compaction operation) to produce a new domain object (i.e. a new, larger prosodic constituent).

The real distribution of the English “group genitive”

Studies in Language ◽

10.1075/sl.34.3.02den ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 532-564 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

David Denison ◽

Alan K. Scott ◽

Kersti Börjars

Keyword(s):

Noun Phrases ◽

The Real ◽

Real Distribution ◽

Actual Use ◽

British National Corpus ◽

The Right ◽

English Group ◽

The English possessive ’s (POSSLS) is widely regarded as a clitic which attaches at the right edge of noun phrases. The so-called “group genitive”, where POSSLS attaches after a postmodifier (the man in the corner’s hat), is crucial to theoretical accounts. We evaluate both theoretical and descriptive treatments. We then describe the actual use of POSSLS in the spoken component of the British National Corpus, with particular attention to postmodified possessors, demonstrating that the crucial pattern is surprisingly marginal and that at least one other pattern has been missed entirely. This leads to discussions of grammaticality versus usage, of postmodification, and of the factors that condition the use of possLs and their relevance to theory.

Evolution of Number Names in Modern Russian

Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta Serija 2 Jazykoznanije ◽

10.15688/jvolsu2.2019.4.7 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 88-104

Author(s):

Mariya Shulga

Keyword(s):

Russian Language ◽

Singular Number ◽

Systematic Description ◽

Part Of Speech ◽

Instrumental Case ◽

Countable Noun ◽

Syntactic Relations ◽

The Russian Language ◽

National Corpus ◽

Modern Russian

The paper deals with the evolution of morphological forms and syntactic relations of numerals which give names to categories of numbers. The ways of formation of a number name тысяча / tysjatscha and its part-of-speech signs are illustrated with the texts taken from the Russian National Corpus. It's the first systematic description of transition of a noun into a number name regarded as a complex grammatical process – morphological unification of case forms (instrumental case тысячью / tysjatschju); substitution of countable noun government by coordination with it in every indirect case; loss of syntactic forms of gender and number (i.e. their ability to correlate with words in gender and number); loss of morphological forms of the plural number and their substitution by forms of the singular number; formation of compound numerals on the bases of the numeral тысяча / tysjatscha; signs of morphological separation of the number name тысяча / tysjatscha and the name of quantity. The development and grammatical adaptation of тысяча / tysjatscha in the line of numerals is reported to have taken long. The article presents a sequence of obtaining new features of the numerals. Evolution of numerals is presented as a relevant grammatical process that implements synthetic potential of the Russian language grammatical system.